IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
November 14, 2006 Session Heard at Memphis1
SHAUN HOOVER v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
Circuit Court for Lauderdale County
No. 5936 Joseph Walker III, Judge
No. W2005-01921-SC-R11-HC - Filed on January 23, 2007
We granted permission to appeal in this habeas corpus case to consider the legality of a sentence
imposed pursuant to a plea agreement. The agreed sentence exceeds the maximum available term
in the offender Range but does not exceed the maximum punishment authorized for the offense. For
the reasons explained herein, we conclude that the plea-bargained sentence is legal. Thus, the
judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals dismissing the petition for writ of habeas corpus is
affirmed.
Tenn. R. App. P. 11; Judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals Affirmed
WILLIAM M. BARKER, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JANICE M. HOLDER ,
CORNELIA A. CLARK and GARY R. WADE, JJ., and SHARON G. LEE, SP . J., joined.
Gary F. Antrician, District Public Defender, Somerville, Tennessee, for Appellant, Shaun Hoover.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General; Gordon W.
Smith, Associate Solicitor General; and Seth P. Kestner, Assistant Attorney General, Tennessee, for
Appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Background
The petitioner, Shaun Hoover (“Hoover”), was charged with first degree murder and
especially aggravated robbery for the 1997 shooting and robbery of Berry Young. Subsequent to his
indictment, Hoover negotiated a plea agreement with the State. In exchange for Hoover pleading
1
Oral argument in this case was presented November 14, 2006, in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee, as
part of this Court’s S.C.A.L.E.S. (Supreme Court Advancing Legal Education for Students) project.
guilty to the lesser-included offenses of second degree murder and attempt to commit especially
aggravated robbery, the State agreed that Hoover should be classified as a Range I, standard offender
and that he should receive concurrent sentences of thirty-five years with a release eligibility of 100
percent for second degree murder and twelve years with a release eligibility of thirty percent for
attempt to commit especially aggravated robbery. On November 29, 1999, the Shelby County
Criminal Court entered a judgment in accordance with the plea agreement.2
Almost six years later, on March 3, 2005, Hoover filed a habeas corpus petition challenging
the legality of the thirty-five-year sentence he received for second degree murder. Hoover argued
that the sentence is illegal because it exceeds the maximum twenty-five-year sentence statutorily
authorized for a Range I offender convicted of second degree murder. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
112 (a)(1) (2006). The trial court granted Hoover habeas corpus relief, stating “the thirty-five[-]year
sentence for second degree murder . . . is for [a] term in excess of the provisions of the 1989 Act.”
The State appealed, and the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the trial court’s judgment,
holding that Hoover’s thirty-five-year sentence is legal because it does not exceed the maximum
sixty-year sentence available for Class A felonies such as second degree murder. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-210(c) (2006); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-111(a), (b)(1) (2006). We granted Hoover’s
application for permission to appeal to consider the legality of the guilty plea and to clarify any
confusion stemming from our decision in McConnell v. State, 12 S.W.3d 795 (Tenn. 2000). For the
reasons herein explained, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals.
II. Analysis
The right to seek habeas corpus relief is guaranteed by article I, section 15 of the Tennessee
Constitution, which provides that “the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the General Assembly shall declare the public safety
requires it.” However, the grounds upon which habeas corpus relief will be granted are narrow.
Hickman v. State, 153 S.W.3d 16, 20 (Tenn. 2004). A petitioner is entitled to habeas corpus relief
only if the petition establishes that the challenged judgment is void, rather than merely voidable. Id.;
Taylor v. State, 995 S.W.2d 78, 83 (Tenn. 1999). A judgment is void “only when ‘it appears upon
the face of the judgment or the record of the proceedings upon which the judgment is rendered’ that
a convicting court was without jurisdiction or authority to sentence a defendant, or that a defendant’s
sentence of imprisonment or other restraint has expired.” Archer v. State, 851 S.W.2d 157, 164
(Tenn. 1993) (quoting State v. Galloway, 45 Tenn. (5 Cold.) 326, 336-37 (Tenn. 1868)); see also
State v. Ritchie, 20 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tenn. 2000). A sentence imposed in direct contravention of
a statute is void and illegal and subject to attack in a habeas corpus proceeding. Smith v. Lewis, 202
2
The plea agreement was negotiated and structured pursuant to the provisions of the 1989 Criminal Sentencing
Reform Act (“1989 Act”). Because the relevant statutory language has not changed since the judgment was entered in
1999, statutory citations in this opinion are to the current version of the Tennessee Code Annotated.
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S.W.3d 124, 127 (Tenn. 2006); Stephenson v. Carlton, 28 S.W.3d 910, 911 (Tenn. 2000).3 In this
appeal, Hoover claims that the judgment entered against him is void because it includes an illegal
sentence. Whether habeas corpus relief should be granted is a question of law to which we apply
de novo review and afford no presumption of correctness to the lower court’s judgment. Hogan v.
Mills, 168 S.W.3d 753, 755 (Tenn. 2005).
Before considering the merits of Hoover’s claim, we must address the State’s argument that
Hoover’s challenge to the legality of his thirty-five-year sentence is premature. The State avers that
the challenge is premature because Hoover would remain in custody on the twelve-year concurrent
sentence for attempt to commit especially aggravated robbery even if he receives habeas corpus relief
on the thirty-five-year sentence for second degree murder. In addition, the State posits that Hoover
may not challenge the validity of his thirty-five-year sentence until he serves “an uncontestedly valid
sentence” of twenty-five years. We reject the State’s arguments. As we recently explained, when
a sentence is illegal and void, the illegality inheres upon entry of the judgment imposing the
sentence. Smith, 202 S.W.3d at 128. The illegality does not “spring into being” at some future point
in time. Id. Thus, the State’s arguments that Hoover’s habeas corpus claim is premature are without
merit. Having addressed this threshold issue, we turn to Hoover’s assertion that his thirty-five-year
sentence is illegal.
Second degree murder is a Class A felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-210(b) (2003). The
statutorily authorized punishment for Class A felonies is a determinate sentence of not less than
fifteen years nor more than sixty years. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-111(a), (b)(1) (2006). A Range
I offender convicted of a Class A felony may receive a sentence of not less than fifteen nor more than
twenty-five years. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a)(1) (2006). While Hoover’s plea-bargained
thirty-five-year sentence is outside the parameters of Range I offenders, the plea-bargained sentence
is well within the overall punishment range authorized for Class A felony offenses, such as second
degree murder. A review of this Court’s decisions establishes that it is this latter range—the overall
punishment range authorized for the plea offense—that controls the determination of whether an
agreed sentence is legal.
In State v. Mahler, 735 S.W.2d 226 (Tenn. 1987), a decision under the Criminal Sentencing
Reform Act of 1982 (“1982 Act”), the petitioner, indicted for first degree murder, negotiated a plea
bargain by which he agreed to plead guilty to second degree murder in exchange for the State’s
recommendation of a fifty-year sentence as a Range II offender. 735 S.W.2d at 227. Mahler agreed
to the Range II offender classification and sentence despite the fact that his prior criminal record was
not sufficient to qualify him as a Range II offender. Id. We denied Mahler’s post-conviction
challenge to the legality of his plea-bargained sentence. Id. Noting that the overall statutory range
of punishment for the offense of second degree murder under the 1982 Act was ten years to life, we
held:
3
A void or illegal sentence also may be challenged in a timely filed post-conviction petition. See, e.g., State
v. Mahler, 735 S.W .2d 226, 228 (Tenn. 1987); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-102(a) (2006) (providing a one-year
statute of limitations for the filing of post-conviction petitions).
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The sentence imposed was clearly within statutory limits fixed for the offense of
murder in the second degree. In our opinion any question as to the classification of
appellant as a Range II offender or as to his release eligibility was waived by the
guilty plea. It was not a constitutional error in and of itself and at most rendered the
sentence subject to attack on direct review by appeal. Appellant waived any right of
appeal in the guilty plea proceedings, and expressly agreed to be sentenced with the
classification and parole eligibility imposed.
Id. at 228. We emphasized that the plea agreement in Mahler differed from “other cases where
sentences were imposed which were higher or lower than that authorized by the statute designating
the punishment for the crime” and noted that the sentences in “those [other] cases” were “subject to
being later vacated or corrected.” Id. (citing State v. Hamlin, 655 S.W.2d 200, 201 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1983)).
Ten years later, in Hicks v. State, 945 S.W.2d 706 (Tenn. 1997), a case arising under the
1989 Act, we considered “whether a plea[-]bargained Range II sentence is valid when coupled with
Range I release eligibility.” Id. at 706. Hicks, who had received a Range II sentence of ten years
for voluntary manslaughter coupled with a thirty percent Range I release eligibility, mounted a post-
conviction challenge to the legality of the agreed sentence. Id. In rejecting this challenge, we
discussed Mahler and two intermediate appellate court decisions that had applied Mahler: State v.
Terry, 755 S.W.2d 854 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988), and Gentry v. State, No. 02C01-9304-CC-00052,
1994 WL 284115 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 29, 1994), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. Oct. 3, 1994).
Hicks, 945 S.W.2d at 707-09. In our discussion of these cases, we emphasized and re-affirmed two
propositions. First, a plea-bargained sentence is legal so long as it does not exceed the maximum
punishment authorized for the plea offense. Id. at 707. Second, a knowing and voluntary guilty plea
waives any irregularity as to offender classification or release eligibility. Id. at 709. We observed
that the General Assembly evinced its intent to permit the practice approved in Mahler when it failed
in the 1989 Act to limit the use of offender classification and release eligibility as plea bargaining
tools. Id.
Three years after Hicks, we decided McConnell v. State, 12 S.W.3d 795 (Tenn. 2000). Like
Hoover, McConnell had been charged with first degree murder, and he pleaded guilty to second
degree murder and received a plea-bargained sentence of thirty-five years. McConnell, 12 S.W.3d
at 796. The plea agreement in McConnell was erroneously structured pursuant to the 1982 Act. Id.
However, the 1989 Act applied at the time McConnell committed the offenses. Id. at 797. We
granted McConnell post-conviction relief. Id. at 800. Hoover now asserts that McConnell is
controlling law and that it entitles him to habeas corpus relief.
Admittedly, McConnell’s explanation of the rationale supporting the decision to grant post-
conviction relief is not a model of clarity. Indeed, Hoover is correct that language in McConnell
suggests that relief was granted because the plea-bargained sentence exceeded the maximum
sentence authorized by the 1989 Act for a Range I offender convicted of second degree murder. See
McConnell, 12 S.W.3d at 800 (“We conclude that thirty-five-year sentences for a Range I offender
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for second degree murder and robbery by use of a deadly weapon are not permitted by the 1989
Act.”) However, as the State points out, a contextual reading of the entire opinion reveals that
McConnell did not repudiate the rule announced in Mahler and subsequently re-affirmed in Hicks.
Indeed Hicks and Mahler were cited with approval in McConnell. McConnell, 12 S.W.3d at 798.
Furthermore, McConnell itself declared that it “in no way” altered “the ability of the State and
defendants to use offender classification and release eligibility as subjects of plea bargain
negotiations.” Id. As the Court of Criminal Appeals has correctly concluded, post-conviction relief
was granted in McConnell because the plea agreement was structured pursuant to a wholly
inapplicable statute, not because the agreed sentence exceeded that available for the offender
classification. See, e.g., Bland v. Dukes, 97 S.W.3d 133, 135 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002), perm. to
appeal denied, (Tenn. 2002).
Thus clarified, McConnell does not entitle Hoover to habeas corpus relief. A plea-bargained
sentence may legally exceed the maximum available in the offender Range so long as the sentence
does not exceed the maximum punishment authorized for the plea offense. Hoover’s plea-bargained
sentence is well below the maximum punishment authorized for the Class A felony offense of second
degree murder. We reiterate that offender classification and release eligibility are non-jurisdictional
and may be used as bargaining tools by the State and the defense in plea negotiations.4 Hoover
waived any irregularity concerning his offender classification or release eligibility when he pleaded
guilty. Thus, Hoover is not entitled to habeas corpus relief.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, we reject Hoover’s argument that McConnell entitles him to
habeas corpus relief. We clarify that post-conviction relief was granted in McConnell because the
plea agreement was structured pursuant to an inapplicable statute. Consistent with State v. Mahler,
735 S.W.2d 226 (Tenn. 1987), and Hicks v. State, 945 S.W.2d 706 (Tenn. 1997), we hold that a
plea-bargained sentence is legal so long as it does not exceed the maximum punishment authorized
for the plea offense. Because Hoover’s plea-bargained sentence is well below the maximum
punishment authorized for the plea offense of second degree murder, the agreed sentence is legal.
Thus, Hoover is not entitled to habeas corpus relief. The judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals
dismissing the petition for writ of habeas corpus is affirmed.
4
W e caution, however, that the State may not confer through plea negotiations release eligibility for criminal
offenses that are statutorily ineligible for early release. See, e.g., Smith v. Lewis, 202 S.W .3d 124, 128 (Tenn. 2006)
(holding a plea-bargained sentence illegal because it included early release eligibility even though a statute expressly
prohibited early release eligibility for the plea offense).
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It appearing that the defendant is indigent, costs of this appeal shall be paid by the State of
Tennessee, for which execution may issue if necessary.
_________________________________________
WILLIAM M. BARKER, CHIEF JUSTICE
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