COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Frank and Millette
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
MICHAEL SMALLWOOD, S/K/A
MICHAEL T. SMALLWOOD
MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗ BY
v. Record No. 0592-07-4 JUDGE LeROY F. MILLETTE, JR.
APRIL 29, 2008
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
M. Langhorne Keith, Judge
Teresa E. McGarrity, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Whitney E.
Minter, Senior Assistant Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Michael T. Smallwood (Smallwood) was convicted in a jury trial of one count of
carjacking, in violation of Code § 18.2-58.1. On appeal, Smallwood contends the trial court
erred (1) by admitting evidence of a prior domestic dispute between Smallwood and the victim,
and (2) by excluding evidence that a prosecution witness was awaiting trial on a felony charge.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court on both issues.
I. BACKGROUND
Smallwood and Melissa L. Patterson (Patterson) dated for approximately eight years and
are the natural parents of two minor children. Smallwood and Patterson shared an apartment in
Washington, D.C. until mid-December 2005. On December 18, 2005, Smallwood and Patterson
had a domestic dispute, which led Patterson to file a police report. At trial, Patterson testified
that “[she and Smallwood] got into an argument . . . and ended up fighting and [she] passed out.”
∗
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
After the dispute, Patterson left the apartment she shared with Smallwood and took their children
to a friend’s home. Patterson then went to the police department “[s]o they could take pictures of
[her] face. [She] had a bruise on [her] face.”
Shortly thereafter, Smallwood removed the children from school. Although Smallwood
called Patterson repeatedly on her cell phone to speak with her, she refused to meet with him.
Smallwood kept the children out of school for two days before Patterson could convince him to
take them back to school. When Smallwood returned the children to school, Patterson picked
them up and took them to her mother’s home in South Carolina. On December 27, 2005,
Patterson and the children returned to Virginia.
On December 28, 2005, Patterson arrived at her workplace, MITRE Corporation
(MITRE) in McLean, Virginia, at approximately 7:30 a.m. She parked and exited her sports
utility vehicle. Before Patterson reached the entrance to MITRE, Smallwood jumped out of the
back seat of a vehicle and approached Patterson, who took a deep breath because she was in
shock. Smallwood grabbed Patterson’s arm and said if she hollered he would blow her f***ing
brains out. Smallwood pulled Patterson back to her vehicle. Smallwood placed Patterson in the
passenger side front seat of her vehicle and began to walk around to the driver’s side. Patterson
testified that when Smallwood was walking around the vehicle she reached over and honked the
horn to get a passerby’s attention. Smallwood returned to the passenger side of the vehicle and
pushed Patterson into the back seat through the space between the two front seats. Smallwood
returned to the driver’s seat, started the vehicle, and drove from the MITRE parking lot.
After leaving the MITRE parking lot, Smallwood drove first to an acquaintance’s home
and then to Patterson’s apartment in Washington, D.C., which Smallwood previously shared with
her. A policeman in an unmarked police car began following Smallwood and Patterson, and the
pursuit quickly evolved into a high-speed chase through Washington, D.C. Smallwood eluded
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the policeman and drove to an apartment in Bladensburg, Maryland, where they remained for
several hours before police apprehended Smallwood.
Smallwood was indicted on one count of abduction in violation of Code § 18.2-47 and
one count of carjacking in violation of Code § 18.2-58.1. 1 Trial by jury was held on October
23-26, 2006.
On the first day of trial, the court heard argument on Smallwood’s motion in limine,
which sought to exclude, in pertinent part, evidence of Smallwood’s alleged assault of Patterson
on December 18, 2005 and evidence that Smallwood had allegedly assaulted Patterson on prior
occasions. 2 The parties’ arguments focused on Smallwood’s alleged assault of Patterson on
December 18, 2005. The prosecution argued that
[w]hat the Commonwealth intends to do in this case is not to show
the propensity to commit a crime, but rather that the assaults that
occurred . . . relate to the end result of why [the defendant]
abducted [the victim] on the 28th of December. They have a
relationship that goes back, to the Commonwealth’s understanding,
about nine years, about to 1997. . . . What the Commonwealth’s
intention is, is to refer to December 18th of 2005, 10 days prior to
this incident, where he assaulted her. That assault led to a
cascading effect . . . . The Commonwealth’s position is that
10-day period is what built up this rage, or this anger, within this
1
Pursuant to Code § 18.2-58.1(B),
[a]s used in this section, “carjacking” means the intentional
seizure or seizure of control of a motor vehicle of another with
intent to permanently or temporarily deprive another in possession
or control of the vehicle of that possession or control by means of
partial strangulation, or suffocation, or by striking or beating, or by
other violence to the person, or by assault or otherwise putting a
person in fear of serious bodily harm, or by the threat or presenting
of firearms, or other deadly weapon or instrumentality whatsoever.
(Emphasis added).
2
The prosecution had knowledge of Smallwood’s 1998 conviction for assaulting
Patterson and a 2002 conviction involving Patterson, but sought only to introduce evidence of
Smallwood’s alleged assault of Patterson on December 18, 2005.
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particular Defendant, and what led him to do the acts that he did.
So it is not to show propensity, but it is to show motive, it is to
show his intent, it is to show his feelings, and the prior relationship
towards each other, in particular those 10 days before the 28th of
December.
The court denied Smallwood’s motion in limine as to the December 18, 2005 incident,
holding the Commonwealth could use the incident to “show [Patterson was] afraid . . . the
probative value outweighs the prejudice.” Thereafter, Patterson testified about the December 18,
2005 domestic dispute.
The prosecution also called Frank Cope, Jr. (Cope) as a witness to corroborate
Patterson’s account of what took place leading up to and on December 28, 2005. 3 Cope was
incarcerated, awaiting trial on a felony charge, and had befriended Smallwood while they were
both in the Fairfax County jail. During the course of Smallwood’s conversations with Cope,
Smallwood revealed the details surrounding his case, which Cope recounted to the jury. Before
Cope took the stand, defense counsel asked the court to allow cross-examination about the fact
that Cope was charged with a felony and argued that such information went to his motive to
fabricate. The court denied the request, holding that to question Cope in this manner would not
be proper impeachment: “Well, you can ask [Cope] what hopes and plans he has, but I agree
with [the Commonwealth]; you can’t ask him what he’s charged with because that’s not proper
impeachment.” The court held, however, that defense counsel could ask Cope about the fact that
he had a case pending in Fairfax County.
3
The prosecution called another jailhouse informant, Eugene Curry (Curry), to
corroborate Patterson’s testimony. Curry testified Smallwood told him about the facts
surrounding his incarceration. His testimony included,
[t]hat [Smallwood] had pulled up at [Patterson’s] job and was
waiting for her to arrive, and once she pulled up, he got out of a car
that he was in. She got out of her vehicle, he grabbed her by the
arm, told her to get back into the truck, and left from there.
Cope testified he had never met Curry.
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The jury found Smallwood guilty of one count of carjacking. The jury was unable to
come to a unanimous decision on the abduction charge, and the court granted the
Commonwealth’s uncontested motion to nolle prosequi that charge.
Smallwood timely appealed his conviction of carjacking, arguing the trial court erred by
admitting evidence of his prior bad acts, specifically pertaining to his December 18, 2005
domestic dispute with Patterson, and by excluding evidence that Cope was awaiting trial on a
felony charge.
II. ANALYSIS
The two issues on appeal pertain to admissibility of evidence and are therefore governed
by the same standard of review. “Evidence is relevant if it tends to prove or disprove, or is
pertinent to, matters in issue.” Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 257, 546 S.E.2d 728, 730
(2001). “In determining whether relevant evidence should be admitted, the trial court must apply
a balancing test to assess the probative value of the evidence and any undue prejudicial effect of
that evidence.” McCloud v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 242, 257, 609 S.E.2d 16, 24 (2005). “The
determination to admit such relevant evidence rests within the trial court’s sound discretion and
will be disturbed on appeal only upon a showing of an abuse of that discretion.” Juniper v.
Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 412, 626 S.E.2d 383, 415 (2006).
1. Admission of the December 18, 2005 Domestic Dispute
As a general rule, evidence of crimes or other bad acts committed by the accused is
incompetent and inadmissible for the purpose of proving the accused committed or likely
committed the particular crime charged. Kirkpatrick v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 269, 272, 176
S.E.2d 802, 805 (1970). This general rule “must sometimes yield to society’s interest in the
truth-finding process, and numerous exceptions allow evidence of prior misconduct whenever
the legitimate probative value outweighs the incidental prejudice to the accused.” Dunbar v.
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Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 387, 390, 512 S.E.2d 823, 825 (1999). Evidence of other
independent acts of an accused is admissible when it is ‘“relevant to an issue or element in the
present case.’” Reynolds v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 220, 224, 481 S.E.2d 479, 481 (1997)
(quoting Sutphin v. Commonwealth, 1 Va. App. 241, 245, 337 S.E.2d 897, 899 (1985)). This
Court has consistently recognized the following exceptions, which provide that evidence of prior
bad acts may be properly admitted to:
(1) prove motive to commit the crime charged; (2) establish guilty
knowledge or to negate good faith; (3) negate the possibility of
mistake or accident; (4) show the conduct and feeling of the
accused toward his victim, or to establish their prior relations;
(5) prove opportunity; (6) prove identity of the accused as the one
who committed the crime where the prior criminal acts are so
distinctive as to indicate a modus operandi; or (7) demonstrate a
common scheme or plan where the other crime or crimes constitute
a part of a general scheme of which the crime charged is a part.
Lafon v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 411, 417, 438 S.E.2d 279, 283 (1993) (emphasis added).
In order to deem evidence of prior bad acts admissible, the trial court must find the
evidence (1) falls into one of the above-mentioned exceptions; and (2) the legitimate probative
value of the evidence exceeds the incidental prejudice to the defendant. Bullock v.
Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 255, 261, 498 S.E.2d 433, 435 (1998). “‘The responsibility for
balancing the competing considerations of probative value and prejudice rests in the sound
discretion of the trial court. The exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal in the
absence of a clear abuse.’” Id. at 261, 498 S.E.2d at 435-36 (quoting Hewston v.
Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 409, 414, 444 S.E.2d 267, 269 (1994)).
We have also recognized the test for admission of evidence of other crimes is met when
there is a causal relation or logical and natural connection between the prior bad act and the
charged offense. Kirkpatrick, 211 Va. at 272, 176 S.E.2d at 805 (holding that evidence of other
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offenses is permissible in cases “where the evidence is connected with or leads up to the offense
for which the accused is on trial”).
During the hearing on Smallwood’s motion in limine, the Commonwealth argued the
December 18, 2005 evidence was proffered not to show propensity, but to show Smallwood’s
motive, intent, feelings, and his prior relationship with Patterson, particularly during the ten days
leading up to the carjacking and alleged abduction. This rationale fits one of the well-established
exceptions: “to show the conduct and feeling of the accused toward his victim, or to establish
their prior relations.” Callahan v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 135, 141, 379 S.E.2d 476, 480
(1989) (holding that evidence of the accused’s threats and assaults against his victims was
properly admitted, as it was probative of the relationship between the accused and his victims
and of his motive and intent).
The relationship between Smallwood and Patterson sets the backdrop for what transpired
on December 28, 2005. The events of December 18, 2005 and the following ten days have
probative value to show Smallwood and Patterson’s relationship, Smallwood’s motive and
intent, and the existence of fear in Patterson when the charged crimes took place. The December
18, 2005 domestic dispute bears a logical and natural connection to the events of December 28,
2005, and the facts that establish their nexus are probative of the existence or non-existence of
the elements of carjacking set forth in Code § 18.2-58.1. The trial court properly distinguished
the present case, in which the accused and victim had a pre-existing relationship, from one where
the accused and victim are strangers:
As I understand your defense, you’re going to say Mr. Smallwood
drove up, and [Patterson] hopped in the car willingly, and drove
off with him, and so there was . . . no carjacking, and the
Commonwealth is going to say that can’t be because he was
making these phone calls threatening her, and it grew out of this
assault, and it seems to me that’s -- it may be prejudicial, but it’s
very probative. . . . [I]f this was a case of mistaken identity, then I
would think the Commonwealth’s evidence would not be probative
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of anything, it would just be prior bad acts, but it seems to me it’s
part and parcel of why, from the Commonwealth’s point of view,
the victim couldn’t possibly have willingly gotten in the car, given
the history of what happened from the 18th on.
The Commonwealth had a high hurdle to overcome to establish Patterson’s fear, particularly in
light of the defense’s argument that what took place on December 28, 2005 was consensual.
In determining the admissibility of appellant’s prior bad acts, the trial court took the
requisite second step of balancing the probative value and prejudicial effect of the evidence and
held “[the Commonwealth] can show [Patterson was] afraid . . . the probative value outweighs
the prejudice.” The facts adduced at trial support the court’s decision that the balance tilted in
favor of the probative value of what transpired between Smallwood and Patterson from
December 18 to 28, 2005. In the absence of an abuse of discretion, we will not disturb the trial
court’s determination.
2. Denial of Cross-Examination on Cope’s Unadjudicated Felony Charge
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment grants a criminal defendant the right
to cross-examine witnesses called by the prosecution. James v. Commonwealth, 254 Va. 95, 98,
487 S.E.2d 205, 207 (1997). This confrontation right was held applicable to state prosecutions
under the Fourteenth Amendment in Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406 (1965). Dearing v.
Commonwealth, 260 Va. 671, 673, 536 S.E.2d 903, 904 (2000). The United States Supreme
Court has ‘“recognized that the exposure of a witness’ motivation in testifying is a proper and
important function of the constitutionally protected right of cross-examination.’” Delaware v.
Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 678-79 (1986) (quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316-17
(1974)).
The trial court denied defense counsel’s request to cross-examine a prosecution witness,
Cope, about the fact he was charged with a felony. The charge had not been adjudicated. The
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court determined defense counsel could ask Cope what “hopes and plans he ha[d]” but could not
“ask him what [he was] charged with because that’s not proper impeachment.”
It was error to deny Smallwood the opportunity to question Cope about the fact that Cope
was charged with a felony. The jury was entitled to this isolated piece of information for the
purpose of weighing Cope’s credibility and any motive to fabricate he might have had when he
testified against Smallwood.
“When a federal constitutional error is involved, a reversal is required unless the
reviewing court determines that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Pitt v.
Commonwealth, 260 Va. 692, 695, 539 S.E.2d 77, 78 (2000).
“Whether such an error is harmless depends upon a host of factors,
all readily accessible to reviewing courts. These factors include
the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case,
whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of
evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the
witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination
otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the
prosecution’s case.”
Dearing, 260 Va. at 673, 536 S.E.2d at 904 (quoting Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684).
We find the trial court’s error in denying Smallwood the opportunity to cross-examine
Cope about the nature of Cope’s pending felony charge was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
It is clear that such error was harmless when reviewed in light of the testimony defense counsel
was able to elicit from Cope for impeachment purposes. During cross-examination, Cope
testified that he had been convicted of a felony, was currently incarcerated, had been convicted
of a theft charge, currently had charges pending against him in Fairfax County for which he had
not yet been sentenced, had contacted his attorney first, not a deputy in his cell block, regarding
his knowledge of Smallwood’s case, talked to his attorney about testifying in the case and
instructed her to contact the Commonwealth, and that his case pending in Fairfax County had
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been continued. Thus, the jury had numerous facts serving to impeach Cope’s credibility and the
omission of the fact that he had a felony charge pending against him did not affect the verdict.
The record contains substantial evidence supporting Smallwood’s conviction. Testimony
from Cope and Curry, a second jailhouse informant who never met Cope, corroborated the
victim’s testimony. In addition, a MITRE employee testified she saw a male and female
roughhousing, pushing, shoving, and speaking loudly in the MITRE parking lot on the morning
of December 28, 2005. The jury also viewed video footage captured by a surveillance camera,
which depicted the events Patterson described as having taken place in the MITRE parking lot
that morning.
After reviewing the extent of defense counsel’s cross-examination of Cope, the
testimony corroborating Cope’s testimony, and the overall strength of the prosecution’s case
against Smallwood, we find the erroneous exclusion of the fact that Cope was charged with a
felony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Smallwood’s conviction.
Affirmed.
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