IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
FEBRUARY 2000 Session
IN RE: ESTATE OF BERNIE F. RIGGS (DECEASED)
A Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Dyer County
No. 95P83; The Honorable Lee Moore, Chancellor
No. W1999-01905-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 10, 2000
This appeal arises from a dispute over the disposition of the assets of Bernie F. Riggs (“Husband”).
Plaintiff Julia Mae Riggs (“Wife”) filed suit, alleging that Defendant Campbell (“Daughter”) had
used undue influence and had improperly disposed of Husband’s assets through a power of attorney.
The trial court found in favor of Daughter, holding that all transactions were valid and in accordance
with Husband’s wishes. Wife appeals.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CRAWFORD , P.J., and LILLARD,
J., joined.
Earl F. Johnson, John W. Palmer, Dyersburg, Attorneys for Appellant
Thomas E. Weakley, Dyersburg, Attorney for Appellees, the seven surviving children of Bernie F.
Riggs
William T. Jordan, Jr., Dyersburg, Attorney for Appellee, Joyce Campbell, Executrix of the Estate
of Bernie F. Riggs
OPINION
Following the death of Husband, Wife filed a Notice and Petition for Statutory Property, Year’s
Support, and Elective Share.1 Wife later filed two amended petitions, alleging that part of Husband’s
assets had been improperly disposed of by Daughter. Wife alleged that Daughter lacked proper
authority and exerted undue influence on Husband in conducting several monetary transactions prior
to Husband’s death. In particular, Wife claimed that a two thousand dollar check written to Daughter
and two certificates of deposits (CDs) were properly part of the marital estate.
1
Wife’s petition is based on Tenn. Code. Ann. §30-2-101, -102, and §31-4-101.
A hearing on these issues was held on June 30, 1998.2 In addition to testimony offered by
the parties, the trial court viewed a video of Husband in which he talked about the desired disposition
of his estate. Following the trial, both parties submitted supplemental memorandum. The trial court
found in favor of Daughter, holding that there was no undue influence and that the transactions were
valid and in accordance with Husband’s wishes. The trial court did, however, grant Wife her year’s
support. Wife appeals based on the following facts.
Husband and Wife were married on July 2, 1960. Although Husband and Wife did not have
children together, both parties had children from previous marriages. Throughout the course of the
marriage, the couple maintained their separate assets, with each party paying half of the couple’s
shared living expenses. On July 17, 1991, Husband executed his last will and testament, devising
all certificates of deposit and his checking account to his living children. At that time, Husband had
CDs in survivorship accounts providing for payout of fifteen thousand dollars to each of his eight
children upon his death.
Due to the couple’s age and infirmity, Daughter assumed the primary responsibility of caring
for the day to day needs of Husband and Wife in the years prior to Husband’s death. In the fall of
1994, Husband was diagnosed with terminal cancer and given a life expectancy of about three
months. Shortly after Husband was diagnosed, Husband’s children gathered to hear Husband’s
wishes regarding his estate.3 At this meeting, Husband expressed his desire that the majority of his
assets, including his CDs and checking accounts, be divided among his children. All of Husband’s
desires were consistent with his previously executed will.
Husband appointed Daughter through a general power of attorney on April 26, 1995. At the
time of appointment, the purpose of the power of attorney was to allow Daughter to take care of a
legal matter regarding some of Husband’s rental property. One of Husband’s children predeceased
him on May 28, 1995. On June 1, 1995, Daughter, acting under Husband’s instruction and pursuant
to her power of attorney, took the deceased child’s name off of the CDs. Daughter discovered that
the names of some of Husband’s other children had been inadvertently left off the CDs. Daughter
added these names to the CDs pursuant to Husband’s wishes.
Daughter created an additional CD in the name of three of her siblings under Husband’s
direction. In order to fund this CD, Daughter wrote a check from one of Husband’s checking
accounts. Daughter was an authorized signatory on this checking account. This new CD in
combination with the previous CDs, would provide an equal payout of around twenty thousand
dollars to each of Husband’s seven surviving children upon his death.
2
W e note that two of Husband’s grandchildren were allowed to intervene in the action based on their claim that
Husba nd had intended to create a Totten tru st in favor o f all his heirs. The grandchildren’s claim was later dismissed
by the trial court and was not appealed. Accordingly, this claim will not be addressed.
3
A video tape of this m eeting w as viewe d by the trial court.
-2-
In July of 1995, under Husband’s instruction, Daughter wrote a check for two thousand
dollars to herself from one of Husband’s accounts. According to Daughter, this money was a
birthday present for Daughter and her husband and payment for some of the expenses Daughter had
incurred. Wife was present when this incident took place.
Husband passed away on August 7, 1995. The CDs and contents of Husband’s checking
account passed to Husband’s children by right of survivorship. Thereafter Husband’s will was
admitted to probate, and Daughter was appointed executrix of the estate pursuant to the will
provisions. Daughter kept detailed records of her actions as executrix and provided thorough
accountings to the court.
Shortly thereafter, Wife initiated the action from which this appeal stems. On appeal, Wife
asserts that the trial court erred in finding that Daughter did not exert undue influence on Husband.
In addition, Wife asserts that the court erred in excluding part of Husband’s assets from the marital
estate.
ANALYSIS
As a preliminary matter, we note that the actions complained of by Wife were not performed
by Daughter in her role as executrix of Husband’s estate. Both the writing of the two thousand dollar
check and the CD transactions took place prior to Husband’s death. The actions complained of
occurred while Daughter was serving as attorney-in-fact for Husband, pursuant to the power of
attorney. With this in mind, we now turn to the issue on appeal.
It is widely recognized that a person authorized to act on behalf of another by virtue of a
power of attorney has a confidential relationship with the person who executed the power of
attorney. See Mitchell v. Smith, 779 S.W.2d 384, at 389 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989) citing In re Elam's
Estate, 738 S.W.2d 169, 173 (Tenn.1987). The existence of a confidential relationship between
parties together with a transaction by which the dominant party obtains a benefit from the other
party, gives rise to a presumption of undue influence. The presumption of undue influence is
rebuttable by proof of the fairness of the transaction established by clear and convincing evidence.
Matlock v. Simpson, 902 S.W.2d 384, at 386 (Tenn. 1985).
In order for the presumption of undue influence to arise, the dominant party must be
obtaining a benefit from the party bestowing the power of attorney. In theory, the dominant party,
through the exertion of undue influence, is forcing the submissive party to take action to benefit the
dominant party. The facts in this case are not analogous to the example given above. In the case at
bar, Daughter did not coerce Father into taking action regarding the CDs and two thousand dollar
check. Instead, Daughter took action on behalf of Father at his request. Therefore, we are
unpersuaded that Daughter’s actions are governed by the undue influence analysis. The only action
that could conceivably be subject to an undue influence analysis is Father’s initial action in granting
Daughter a power of attorney. Since no party has raised this issue in regard to undue influence, we
find it unnecessary to address it.
-3-
From our review of the record, it seems clear that Father intended that his children receive
all of the money held in his CDs. This intention was expressed both in Father’s will and the
videotaped discussion with his family. Furthermore, we find it unlikely that Daughter acted
improperly in receiving the two thousand dollar gift from Father. Daughter had provided numerous
services for Father and Wife in the months prior to the gift. Daughter wrote out the check and signed
it under Father’s direction in the presence of Wife. Accordingly, we find no evidence that Daughter
in any way coerced Father regarding these transactions.
Daughter’s actions are, however, subject to the Tennessee Uniform Durable Power of
Attorney Act, pursuant to §36-4-108 and §36-4-109 of the Tennessee Code. These statutory
provisions provide a general listing of acts a person may or may not do when acting pursuant to a
power of attorney. Wife argues that Daughter violated §34-6-108(C)(1) and (6), which limit, among
other things, the attorney in fact from making gifts or grants or changing a right of survivorship.4
However, Wife fails to consider that the document granting Daughter power of attorney expressly
provided that Daughter had power to carry out all of Father’s personal business. 5 Pursuant to §
34-6-108(b), the person granting the power of attorney can broaden or limit the powers of attorney
in fact.6 As previously noted, all of Daughter’s actions pursuant to the power of attorney were
consistent with Father’s intentions. Accordingly, Daughter’s actions did not violate the Tennessee
Uniform Durable Power of Attorney Act.
4
Tenn. C ode An n. §34-6 -108 pr ovides in relevant p art:
(c) Nothing contained in this section and § 34-6-109 shall be construed to vest an attorney in fact with, or authorize an
attorney in fact to exerc ise, any of the follow ing powe rs:
(1) Make gifts, grants, or other transfers without consideration, except in fulfillment of charitable pledges made
by the p rincipal w hile com petent;
(6) Change, add or delete any right of survivorship designation on any property, real or personal, to which the
principal holds title, alone or w ith others;
5
The Power of Attorney provides Daughter with the power to“execute and perform all and every other act and
acts, thing or things in law needful and necessary to be done in and about the premises and to conduct all of my personal
and business affairs that same as I could do if acting personally and do and perform all acts necessary to carry on said
personal or business affairs as fully, completely and amply, to all intents and purposes as I myself might or could do
if acting pe rsonally...”
6
Tenn. C ode An n. §36-4 -108(b ) provid es in releva nt part:
Nothin g contain ed in this section an d § 34-6 -109 sh all be construed to limit the power of the principal either
to:
(1) Grant an y addition al powe rs to the atto rney in fact, including any powers otherwise excluded under
subsection (c)
-4-
As a final issue, we find it appropriate to address Wife’s position as surviving spouse in
relation to Tennessee Code Annotated §31-1-105.7 Pursuant to this statute, a fraudulent conveyance
made for the purpose of lessening the surviving spouse’s share can be voided by the surviving
spouse. In order to determine whether the donor-spouse had a fraudulent intent, all of the facts and
circumstances surrounding the transfers must be considered. McClure v. Stegall, 729 S.W.2d 263,
at 265 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987) citing Warren v. Compton, 626 S.W.2d 12, 17 (Tenn. Ct. App.1981).
In particular, the court must consider the following factors: whether the transfer was made without
consideration; the size of the transfer in relation to the decedent's total assets; the time between the
transfer and the decedent's death; relations which existed between decedent and surviving spouse
at the time of the transfer; and the source from which the property came. Sherrill v. Mallicote, 57
Tenn. App. 241, 417 S.W.2d 798 (1967).
In the case at bar, we are persuaded that Father had no intent to defraud Wife of her share of
the estate. Although the transfers of the CDs were made without consideration, these transfers do
not reflect Husband’s intent to defraud Wife. Instead, they reflect only Husband’s wish that the
majority of his estate be divided among his children. From all accounts, it seems that Husband and
Wife enjoyed a stable relationship. Wife was aware of the contents of Husband’s will and was
present when Husband stated his wishes at the family meeting. Wife was also present when
Husband provided Daughter with the gift check of two thousand dollars. These actions did not
reflect an intent to defraud Wife. In addition, Wife owned and maintain her own property as well
as receiving property from Husband at his death. See Finley v. Finley, 726 S.W.2d 923 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1986) (Evidence supported finding that husband's establishment of joint bank account with his
children from a prior marriage was not made fraudulently, with an intent to defeat present spouse's
elective share of estate; therefore, joint bank account was not void.)
After a careful examination of the record, applying the above principles, we find that there
is no evidence of any intent by the Husband to defraud Wife by the transfer of any assets.
Accordingly, the trial court’s decision as to these assets is correct.
7
Tenn. Co de. Ann. § 3 1-1-105 p rovides: Any con veyances m ade fraudulen tly to children or others, with an
intent to defeat the surviving spouse o f his distributiv e or elective share, is void able at th e election of the surviving
spouse.
-5-
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed. Costs of
appeal are taxed to Appellant, Jack Davis8, for which execution may issue if necessary.
.
___________________________________
ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE
8
Jack Davis was substituted as the appellant by this Court’s order dated February 28, 2000 inasmuch as the
original appellant, Julia Mae Riggs, is now deceased.
-6-