State v. Land

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. SAMUEL D. LAND.

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
No. II-1098-332 Timothy L. Easter, Circuit Judge

No. M1999-01023-CCA-R3-CD - Decided April 28, 2000

The appellant, Samuel D. Land, was found guilty by a jury of one count of felony evading arrest and
one count driving on a revoked license, second offense. He was sentenced, as a career offender, to
twelve years in the Department of Correction for the felony offense. A concurrent sentence of eleven
months, twenty nine days was imposed for the misdemeanor offense. In this appeal as of right, the
appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress a statement made after his
constitutional right to counsel had attached and the trial court’s denial of his motion for mistrial
resulting from allegedly prejudicial comments made by the court. Additionally, he raises numerous
evidentiary issues and challenges the sufficiency of the convicting offense. After review, we find
one issue regarding hearsay evidence meritorious. We conclude, however, that this error is harmless.
Furthermore, we find that no other error of law requiring reversal exists. We affirm the judgments
of conviction entered by the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3(b) Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Williamson County Circuit Court
are Affirmed

HAYES , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SMITH, J. and OGLE , J., joined.

Eric L. Davis, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Samuel D. Land

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, Michael Moore, Solicitor General, Todd Kelley,
Assistant Attorney General, Ronald L. Davis, District Attorney General, and Jeff P. Burks, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

The appellant, Samuel D. Land, was charged by presentment with theft over $10,000, driving
under the influence, second offense, driving on a revoked license, second offense, and felony evading
arrest. Prior to trial, the State entered a nolle prosequi as to the offenses of theft over $10,000 and
driving under the influence. A jury found the appellant guilty of the offenses of evading arrest, a
class D felony, and driving on a revoked license, a class A misdemeanor. Following trial, the
appellant pled guilty to the offense of driving on revoked second offense. The appellant was
sentenced as a career offender to twelve years in the Department of Correction for the felony offense
and eleven months, twenty-nine days in the Williamson County Jail for the misdemeanor. In this
appeal as of right, the appellant contends:

I. The trial court erred in denying the appellant’s motion to suppress his statement
to Detective Brown;

II. The trial court erred in denying a mistrial when the court informed the jury that
the trial would be delayed as the result of “late-filed notices” by the defense;

III. The trial court improperly admitted hearsay statements under the excited
utterance exception;

IV. The trial court improperly permitted a witness to testify as to statements made
by appellant’s mother during a telephone conversation;

V. The evidence introduced at trial failed to establish the appellant’s guilt for both
offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.

After review, we affirm.

Background

On August 22, 1998, Trooper Richard Cash and Trooper Israel Silva of the Tennessee
Highway Patrol were “running a stationary radar [at mile-marker 74] on I-65" in Williamson County.
During the operation, the troopers observed a vehicle approaching from the rear at a very high rate
of speed. Trooper Cash made a visual estimate that the vehicle was traveling at over one hundred
miles per hour. As the vehicle passed their patrol car, he was able to identify a white male as the
sole occupant and driver of the dark-color Ford vehicle. Trooper Cash advised Trooper Silva to
activate the radar, however, because of heavy traffic, the equipment failed to “clock” the vehicle.
The troopers then initiated pursuit in an attempt to “pace” the vehicle. The troopers reached a speed
of one hundred and fifteen miles per hour during their pursuit. The pursued vehicle exited I-65 at
the Cool Springs exit, made a “sharp lane change,” and passed a vehicle on the right. At this point,
the troopers were close enough to the pursued vehicle to activate the patrol car’s emergency lights.
The pursued vehicle made a right turn on to Mack Hatcher Boulevard, proceeding to the intersection
of Franklin Road where the vehicle went through a red traffic signal. The vehicle passed several
other vehicles. The patrol car slowed down because of other traffic and lost the fleeing vehicle. As
the troopers proceeded in the direction of the pursued vehicle, they observed skid marks on the road
and the pursued vehicle in a ditch on the side of the road. Upon approaching the vehicle, the
troopers discovered that the vehicle was unoccupied, the doors were ajar and the engine was

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smoking.

During a check of the license tag on the 1996 Ford Taurus, the troopers discovered that the
vehicle was registered to William Land and obtained Mr. Land’s address. Trooper Cash proceeded
to the residence of William Land, approximately one-half mile from the location of the disabled
vehicle. Trooper Cash, accompanied by officers of the Franklin Police Department, arrived at the
Land residence at approximately 2:20 a.m. Mrs. Land answered the door. Trooper Cash informed
Mrs. Land that “her vehicle had been wrecked a short distance from her home. Mrs. Land, the
appellant’s mother, became angry and “started cursing.” She exclaimed, “He, [the appellant], stole
my car, he stole my car!” Trooper Cash accompanied Mrs. Land to the appellant’s bedroom; the
appellant was not there. Mrs. Land told Trooper Cash, “He’s drunk, he stole my car.” She also
informed Trooper Cash that her car keys were in her purse and that the appellant took the keys out
of her purse and stole her vehicle. She advised that she wanted to file criminal charges. Trooper
Cash, having been provided the appellant’s name and birth date from his mother, checked the
appellant’s driving status and learned that the appellant’s license had been revoked due to May 19,
1998, convictions for driving under the influence and driving on a revoked license.

On September 8, 1998, Franklin Police Detective Richard Brown contacted Mrs. Land
regarding this incident. Pursuant to this telephone conversation during which Mrs. Land again stated
that the appellant took her vehicle without her permission, Detective Brown obtained a warrant
against the appellant for theft of the vehicle. The appellant was ultimately located, resulting in his
arrest on September 13, 1998. On September 21, 1998, Detective Brown encountered the appellant
in the hallway of the General Sessions Court as the appellant was being escorted to meet with his
appointed counsel. The appellant informed Detective Brown that “ [t]he charge of theft is not
correct, it should have been unauthorized use of a vehicle since it was [my] parents’ vehicle.”

Based upon this proof, the jury returned guilty verdicts as to the offenses of Driving on a
Revoked License and Felony Evading Arrest. The appellant waived his right to have the jury
determine the charge of driving on revoked, second offense, and entered a guilty plea.

I. Motion to Suppress
On February 16, 1999, the trial court conducted a suppression hearing regarding the
statements made to Detective Richard Brown on September 21, 1998. Detective Brown testified that
he saw the appellant with his attorney standing in the back hallway of the General Sessions Court
near the inmate holding cell. The appellant, who was in custody at the time, informed Detective
Brown, “The charge of theft is not correct, it should have been unauthorized use of a vehicle since
it was my parents’ vehicle.” Detective Brown denied initiating the conversation with the appellant,
although he conceded that he “may have said ‘hello’.”

The appellant refuted Detective Brown’s testimony by stating that, while he was waiting to
speak with his attorney, Detective Brown approached him, offered his hand, and said “How are you
doing, David?” The appellant related that the following colloquy occurred:

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 Appellant: Fine, except for these charges.
Brown: Now, I’ve got you on a theft charge, that’ll do good.
Appellant: No you don’t, I wasn’t in the car.
Brown: That’s not what I hear.
Appellant: [The] police charged me with unauthorized use of a vehicle . . . how are
you getting a theft when I wasn’t in the vehicle.

The appellant asserted that he then terminated the conversation and “walked off.”

Based upon the proof at the hearing, the trial court denied the motion finding the appellant’s
proof not credible and that the appellant’s statement was not a response to police initiated
interrogation. The appellant now contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress. Specifically, the appellant “submits that Detective Brown’s actions and conduct were
specifically designed as an attempt to elicit incriminating statements from the defendant,” and was
unconstitutional custodial interrogation. Additionally, notwithstanding his motion to suppress, the
appellant contends that the statement “should not have been admitted [during the trial] as an
admission of a party opponent” as the appellant was “not making any assertion as to his guilt or
innocence.” Rather, the appellant argues that he was “merely making a legal conclusion as to the
appropriate charge as the allegation involved the use of his parents’ vehicle.

A. Suppression
The appellant, in contesting the admission of his statement to Detective Brown, is essentially
claiming a violation of his Sixth Amendment1 right to counsel during custodial interrogation.2 It is
a firmly established tenet of constitutional law that, after the initiation of formal charges against an
accused, the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches, guaranteeing the accused the right to rely
on counsel as a medium between him and the State at any critical confrontation with State officials,

1
Although any review of whether an accused’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel may
necessarily involve consideration of his Fifth Amendment right to counsel via Miranda, the two are
distinguished in purpose. The right to counsel provided by Miranda under the Fifth Amendment
protects against coercions relative to self-incrimination, while the right to counsel under the Sixth
Amendment guarantees, after formal charges have been brought, the right to legal assistance at any
critical confrontation with State officials, irrespective of coercion. Notwithstanding the nature of
the respective rights, we note that the United States Supreme Court in Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S.
625, 106 S.Ct. 1404 (1986), merely integrated the Fifth Amendment analysis of Edwards v. Arizona,
into Sixth Amendment analysis. Michigan v. Harvey, 494 U.S. at 345, 110 S.Ct. at 1177.
2
Since adversarial proceedings had been initiated by way of the arrest warrant, the appellant’s
Sixth Amendment right to counsel had attached. See Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. at 639, 106
S.Ct. at 1407; Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 97 S.Ct. 1232 (1977); see also State v. Mitchell,
593 S.W.2d 280, 283 (Tenn.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 845, 101 S.Ct. 128 (1980); State v. Butler, 795
S.W.2d 680, 685 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

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irrespective of coercion. See Maine v. Moulton, 474 U.S. 159, 176, 106 S.Ct. 477, 487 (1985). Once
formal criminal proceedings begin, the Sixth Amendment renders inadmissible in the prosecution’s
case-in-chief statements “deliberately elicited” from a defendant without an express waiver of the
right to counsel. Michigan v. Harvey, 494 U.S. 344, 348, 110 S.Ct. 1176, 1179 (1990). The accused
may not be subjected to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available
to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication with the police. See Michigan
v. Jackson, 475 U.S. at 636, 106 S.Ct. at 1411. Accordingly, “the prosecution may not use
statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the
defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege
against self-incrimination.” Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612 (1966).

It is clear from the record that the appellant’s statement was made while he was in custody
and after his Sixth Amendment rights had attached. Thus, the only question is whether the statement
was made in response to improper police interrogation by Detective Richard Brown. This
determination involves questions of both fact and law, which this court reviews de novo. See
generally State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Harries v. State, 958 S.W.2d 799,
802 (Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 1997) (cases that involve mixed questions
of law and fact are subject to de novo review)); State v. Bridges, 963 S.W.2d 487, 490 (Tenn. 1997).

The trial court’s factual finding that Detective Brown did not solicit the voluntary statement
made by the appellant will not be disturbed unless this finding is plainly wrong or without support
in the evidence. See generally State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998) (appellate court
should uphold trial court’s decision on suppression motion unless record preponderates against
finding). The relevant evidence presented at the suppression hearing consisted of the testimony of
Detective Brown and the testimony of the appellant. Detective Brown related that the appellant
voluntarily and spontaneously made the statement to him. The appellant’s testimony, that Detective
Brown initiated the conversation, contradicts Detective Brown’s version. The evidence introduced
by the State is consistent with the finding of the trial court. The appellant’s testimony to the contrary
does not dispel the finding. See Henning, 975 S.W.2d at 279 (credibility questions and resolution
of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to trial court as trier of fact). We find that such
support exists in the record.

Next, the trial court’s ruling that Detective Brown’s conduct did not constitute interrogation
is a conclusion of law that we review de novo. Custodial interrogation is limited to “questioning
initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived
of his freedom of action in any significant way.” Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. at 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602.
[T]he term “interrogation” refers not only to express questioning, but also to any
words or actions on the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest
and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an
incriminating response from the suspect.

Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 1689-1690 (1980) (footnotes omitted).
There is a difference between police initiated custodial interrogation and communications, exchanges,

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or conversations initiated by the accused himself. See Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct.
1880 (1981). It is well established that questioning initiated by the accused is not interrogation in the
Innis sense. Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. at 484, 101 S.Ct. 1880. At the very least, the police must
have asked a question that was “probing, accusatory, or likely to elicit an incriminating response”
before a court may conclude that there was interrogation.

In the case sub judice, the statement was an unsolicited comment by the appellant. There is
no constitutional protection from statements volunteered by the accused. Edwards v. Arizona, 451
U.S. at 484, 101 S.Ct. at 1880. Since the police surely cannot be held accountable for the
unforeseeable results of their words or actions, the definition of interrogation can extend only to
words or actions on the part of police officers that they should have known were reasonably likely to
elicit an incriminating response. Innis, 446 U.S. at 301-301, 100 S.Ct. at 1682. Additionally, where
a defendant makes a statement without being questioned or pressured by a government agent, the
statement is admissible, if the statement was freely and voluntarily made by the defendant. Colorado
v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 164, 107 S.Ct. 515, 520 (1986); Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433, 441,
94 S.Ct. 2357, 2362 (1974). Given the trial court’s findings that the appellant initiated the discussion
with Detective Brown and that Detective Brown did not pose any statements to the appellant
reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response, we hold that the trial court did not err in
concluding that the appellant’s statement was not the product of unconstitutional custodial
interrogation. Accordingly, the motion to suppress the statement was properly denied. This issue is
without merit.

B. Statement as Hearsay
The appellant next challenges the admissibility of the above statement to Detective Brown,
upon the additional ground that the statement constitutes inadmissible hearsay. The statement was
admitted as a statement “offered against a party that is (A) the party’s own statement.” See Tenn.
R. Evid. 803(1.2). A “statement” is defined as “(1) an oral or written assertion.” see Tenn. R. Evid.
801(a) (emphasis added). The appellant argues that his remarks to Detective Brown do not constitute
an assertion and, therefore, fail to qualify as admissible hearsay. In this regard, the appellant notes
that, although the Rules of Evidence fail to define the term “assert,” the term is defined elsewhere as
“to state as true; declare; maintain.” See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 116 (6TH ed. 1990); WEBSTER’S
THIRD NEW INTERNAT IONAL DICTIONARY , UNABRIDGED v.1 p 131(1981). Under this definition, the
appellant maintains that his “remarks” do not constitute an “assertion” and, hence, a “statement,”
because he was “merely making a legal conclusion as to the appropriate charge.”

Our rules of evidence define hearsay as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant
while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”3
Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). A “statement” is then defined as an oral or written assertion or nonverbal
conduct intended as an assertion. Tenn. R. Evid. 801(a). “Assertion” is not defined in the Rules, but
“has the connotation of a forceful or positive declaration.” See WEBSTER’S NINTH NEW COLLEGIATE

3
We note that our Rule 801(a), (b), and (c) are verbatim of Federal Rule of Evidence 801(a),
(b), and (c).

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DICTIONARY 109 (1985 ed.). The definition of ‘statement’ assumes importance because the term is
used in the definition of hearsay in subdivision (c).4 The key to the definition is that nothing is an
assertion unless intended to be one. See Advisory Committee’s Note, Fed. R. Evid. 801(a).
Consequently, the effect of the definition of “statement” is to exclude from the operation of the
hearsay rule “all evidence of conduct, verbal or nonverbal, not intended as an assertion.” See
Advisory Committee’s Note, Fed. R. Evid. 801(a); see also Advisory Commission Comments, Tenn.
R. Evid. 801.

In determining whether certain conduct constitutes an assertion, the Advisory Committee Note
provides “It can scarcely be doubted that an assertion made in words is intended by the declarant to
be an assertion. Hence, verbal assertions readily fall into the category of the statement.” Advisory
Committee’s Note, Fed. R. Evid. 801. Notwithstanding, not all verbal utterances are readily
ascertainable as assertions, such as the case now before this court. An utterance must, in order to be
an assertion, be offered with the intent to state that some factual proposition is true. See generally
United States v. Lewis, 902 F.2d 1176, 1179 (5th Cir. 1990) (citing D. Binder, Hearsay Handbook §
2.03 (2d ed. & 1989 supp); Inc. Publishing Corp. v. Manhattan Magazine, Inc., 616 F.Supp. 370, 388
(S.D.N.Y. 1985)); United States v. Zenni, 492 F.Supp. 464, 469 (E.D. Ky. 1980). When an utterance
is offered on the theory that it is not a statement, and hence, not hearsay, a preliminary determination
is required to determine whether an assertion is intended. Advisory Committee’s Note, Fed. R. Evid.
801(a).

In certain circumstances, an utterance, while not directly assertive in form, may implicitly
contain certain assertions. See generally NEIL P. COHEN ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE
§801.3, at 494 (3d ed. 1995).5 Implicit assertions are not always readily apparent; to illustrate:
an inspector at an airport security station might run a metal detector over a passenger
and say “go on through.” In the absence of the inspector, would testimony of this
event be objectionable hearsay, if offered for the proposition that the passenger did not
have a gun on him at that time? . . . If an assertion were intended the evidence would

4
“An out of court utterance must have two characteristics before it is rendered inadmissable
as hearsay: It must be a ‘statement’–that is a verbal assertion or conduct intended as an assertion,
and it must be offered to probe the truth of the matter it asserts.” See Weaver v. Tech Data Corp.,
66 F.Supp.2d 1258, 1264 (M.D. Fla. 1999) (citing United States v. Cruz, 805 F.2d 1464, 1477 (11th
Cir. 1986)).
5
“The term ‘matter asserted’ as employed in [Federal] Rule 801(c) and at common law
includes both matters directly expressed and matters the declarant necessarily implicitly intended to
assert. When the declarant necessarily intended to assert the inference for which the statement is
offered, the statement is tantamount to a direct assertion and therefore is hearsay. . .. To illustrate,
the question 'Do you think it will stop raining in one hour?’ contains the implicit assertion that it is
currently raining. The fact that it is currently raining is a necessary foundation fact which must be
assumed true for the question asked to make sense." Id. (quoting M ICHAEL H. GRAHAM, HANDBOOK
OF FEDERAL EVIDENCE 708-709 (3d ed. 1991)).

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 be excluded [unless meeting a recognized hearsay exception.] If not, it would be
admissible. . . .

Zenni, 492 F. Supp. at 469 n.21. Other implied assertions are obvious; for example, the question:
“Why did you stab me Brutus?” impliedly asserts that the questioner was stabbed by Brutus.” See
Brown v. Commonwealth, 487 S.E.2d 248, 252 (Va. App. 1997) (citing Carlton v. State, 681 A.2d
1181, 1184 (Md. App.), cert. denied, 686 A.2d 634 (Md. 1996)). Likewise, the question “Do you
need change?” impliedly asserts that the questioner has change. Id. As demonstrated by these
examples, the extent to which an utterance may or may or may not contain an implied assertion
depends on the nature of the utterance and the circumstances surrounding it. Id.

In the present case, the appellant commented, “the charge of theft is not correct, it should have
been unauthorized use of a vehicle since it was my parents’ vehicle.” It is apparent from this
statement that the appellant was necessarily implying or asserting that he had been driving the vehicle.
The statement is an assertion. Moreover, the State offered the statement to prove by implication the
appellant’s identity as the perpetrator of the charged offenses. Thus, we conclude that the statement
was offered for the truth of the matter asserted and is not admissible unless it meets a recognized
exception to the rule against hearsay.6

Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2)(A) provides a hearsay exception for a statement offered against a
party that is “the party’s own statement in either an individual or a representative capacity.” See
NEIL P. COHEN ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE §803 (1.2).2, at 513. This means that any
assertion a party spoke, wrote, or did may be used against that party as an admission. Id. The rule
is simple and absolute.7 Since the declarant is a party in the case, he or she can testify, explain,

6
We note that if the utterance is not an assertion, then the statement is not hearsay and is
admissible if it satisfies general admissibility requirements, e.g. relevance, probative value, etc.
7
Our supreme court has noted:
The hearsay evidence rule rests primarily upon the basis that the declarant is not
present and available for cross-examination. It is for this reason that where the
alleged declarant is a criminal defendant, strictly speaking the rule does not come into
play. The mere fact that an assertion is offered to prove its truth and that
cross-examination would be helpful does not make the statement hearsay where a
party defendant in a criminal action is the declarant.

. . .Paine, Tennessee Law of Evidence, Section 54, [provides], "(a)n admission is
hearsay because it is usually unsworn and uncross-examined and is offered as
substantive evidence." Therefore, [Paine states], "(w)e make an exception . . . since
we believe that the party-declarant is estopped from claiming that his prior statements
are unreliable." This accords with Tennessee Law.

We note that Rule 801, Federal Rules of Evidence, Section (d)(2), provides that a

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amplify or deny the statement. Id. Accordingly, the appellant’s statement is admissible as an
exception to the rule against hearsay and was properly admitted by the trial court. This issue is
without merit.

II. Failure to Grant a Mistrial
Prior to the start of the appellant’s trial, the appellant requested a continuance which was
denied by the trial court. In denying the motion, the trial court advised the jury
Ladies and Gentlemen, the case I anticipate trying today is State of Tennessee v.
David Land. The defendant has filed some late-filed notices this morning, which is
going to cause us to take a short recess and a delay. I do not anticipate our delay will
be over 10 minutes.

The appellant contends that the court’s admonition to the jury denied him a fair trial by “plant[ing]
the seed in the venire’s collective mind that the defense was in a state of unpreparedness, that it was
seeking to unnecessarily delay the proceedings, and that the defense’s motions were an irritant to the
Court.” The appellant moved for a mistrial which was denied by the trial court. The appellant
contests the trial court’s ruling.

A mistrial should be declared in criminal cases only in the event that a manifest necessity
requires such action. State v. Millbrooks, 819 S.W.2d 441 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). In other words,
a mistrial is an appropriate remedy when a trial cannot continue, or a miscarriage of justice would
result if it did. State v. McPherson, 882 S.W.2d 365, 370 (Tenn. Crim. App.1994). The decision to
grant a mistrial lies within the sound discretion of the trial court and this court will not interfere with
the exercise of that discretion absent clear abuse appearing on the face of the record. See State v.
Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 147 (Tenn. 1998), cert. denied, – U.S. –, 119 S.Ct. 1501 (1999)(citing State
v. Adkins, 786 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tenn. 1990)). Moreover, the burden of establishing the necessity
for mistrial lies with the party seeking it. State v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1996).

statement is not hearsay if:

The statement is offered against a party and is (A) his own statement.

This appears to us as a better view; however, whether a criminal defendant's own
statement be treated as an exception to the hearsay evidence rule, or as an admission
not governed by the rule, the result is the same. The admission is competent proof.

State v. Jones, 598 S.W.2d 209, 223 (Tenn. 1980), overruled on other grounds by, State v.
Shropshire, 874 S.W.2d 634 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993), and, superseded by statute as stated in, State
v. Shuck, 953 S.W.2d 662 (Tenn. 1997).

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 The trial court, in the present case, informed the jury as to the status of the proceedings before
it. No comment was made upon the evidence nor was a erroneous instruction of the applicable law
provided. While the comments could be construed as a criticism of defense counsel, the comment
alone is not sufficient to require the declaration of a mistrial. See generally State v. Moffitt, 754
S.W.2d 584, 589 (Mo. App. 1988).

The trial court has a deep responsibility for the orderly and dignified conduct of courtroom
proceedings. When the circumstances are those which may imprison a criminal defendant, the tension
of the court room drama and the human frailties and emotional factors inevitably involved serve to
make the judge’s task more difficult. Order and decorum must be maintained. The factual inquiry
must be conducted within the issues and at all times under the applicable rules of law. The judge
must not indicate a belief in either the guilt or innocence of the accused nor may he let such belief be
reflected or even conjectured by the jury in his treatment of either counsel. See State v. Caughron,
855 S.W.2d 526, 536 (Tenn. 1993) (citing Brooks v. State, 213 S.W.2d 7, 10 (Tenn. 1948)).

With consideration of these principles and the context of the comments, we conclude that the
trial court’s comments challenged by the appellant did not infringe upon the appellant’s right to a fair
trial. Rather, the comments were merely an attempt to inform the jurors of the status of the case for
which they had been summoned. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the appellant’s motion for mistrial. This issue is without merit.

III. Excited Utterance
During the State’s case-in-chief, Trooper Cash testified, over defense objection, concerning
statements made to him by Mrs. Land. The challenged statements arose from a meeting between
Trooper Cash and Mrs. Land soon after the occurrence of the offenses. Specifically, upon arriving
at the Land residence, Trooper Cash informed Mrs. Land that her vehicle had been wrecked a short
distance from her house. Trooper Cash testified that Mrs. Land became angry, began cursing and
stated to him that the appellant “stole my car, he stole my car.” Trooper Cash then received
permission to check the appellant’s bedroom. The appellant was not in his bedroom, however,
numerous empty beer cans cluttered the floor. Mrs. Land then exclaimed, “He’s drunk. He stole my
car.” She explained that “her keys were in her purse, he got my keys and stole my car.” The trial
court admitted the statements as excited utterances under Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2). The appellant argues
that the trial court erred in permitting Trooper Cash to testify as to Mrs. Land’s exclamations that the
appellant “stole her car.” Specifically, he asserts that Mrs. Land did not have any personal
knowledge, as required by Tenn. R. Evid. 602, that the appellant “stole her car;” rather “she had
merely speculated that the [appellant] had taken her car that night.”

Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tenn. R. Evid. 801. Hearsay
statements, in general, are inadmissible. Notwithstanding, the reliability and circumstantial
guarantees of trustworthiness of certain nontestimonial statements have permitted courts to carve out
various limited exceptions to the hearsay rule. One such exception is commonly referred to as the

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excited utterance exception. The admission of excited utterances is governed by Tenn. R. Evid.
803(2), which admits statements relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant
was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition. The underlying theory of this
exception is that circumstances may produce a condition of excitement which temporarily stills the
capacity of reflection and produces utterances free of conscious fabrication. For a statement to qualify
as an excited utterance, the following criteria must be established:

(1) there must be a startling event or condition that causes the stress of excitement;

(2) the statement must relate to the startling event or condition; and

(3) the statement must be made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement.

See NEIL P. COHEN , ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE § 803(2).2, at 533-534. The only
competency requirement for an excited utterance under Rule 803(2) is that the declarant must have
had an opportunity to observe the facts contained in the extrajudicial statement. See NEIL P. COHEN
ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE § 803(2).3, at 535. See also Tenn. R. Evid. 602. Thus, an
excited utterance is inadmissible if the declarant lacked personal knowledge.8

The appellant concedes that the statements satisfy the 803(2) definition of an excited
utterance. Notwithstanding, he argues that the statements fail to satisfy the personal knowledge
requirement of Rule 602, which provides:

A witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to
support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence
to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness’s own
testimony.

Again, one of the requirements for the admission of an excited utterance is that the declarant appear
to have had an opportunity to personally observe the matter of which he or she speaks. See 6
Wigmore, Evidence § 1751, p. 222; McCormick, Evidence (3d ed.), § 297, p. 858. While
foundationally, the declarant must have personal knowledge, that knowledge may be inferred from
the statements themselves and the surrounding facts and circumstances. See State v. Rawlings, 402
N.W.2d 406, 409 (Iowa 1987). In determining whether a witness is competent for purposes of Rule
602, the trial court must determine whether a witness had a sufficient opportunity to perceive the

8
Admissible testimony is limited to matters of which the witness has
acquired personal knowledge through any of [the witness’s] own
senses. . . . . . .[T]o be admitted pursuant to an exception contained in
Rule 803 or 804, the declarant of the extrajudicial statement must also
be shown to have personal knowledge as to the matter related.

Michael H. Graham, Handbook of Federal Evidence § 602.1 at 392-93 (3d ed. 1991).

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subject matter about which he or she is testifying. See NEIL P. COHEN ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF
EVIDENCE , § 602.4, p. 313. Thus, the party offering the testimony must introduce sufficient evidence
to support a jury finding that the witness had personal knowledge of the matter. Id.

While the rule fails to define what constitutes “knowledge,” the rule does not require “absolute
certainty.” NEIL P. COHEN ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE , § 602.4, p. 314. Nevertheless, the
witness/declarant’s statement may not be based on mere speculation. Id. For example, the Arizona
Supreme Court held that it was error to admit hearsay statements regarding the identity of the person
who had placed a bomb under the declarant’s car, since there was no showing that the declarant had
personal knowledge of the bomber’s identity. See State v. Adamson, 665 P.2d 972 (Ariz.), cert.
denied, 464 U.S. 865, 104 S.Ct. 204 (1983). The court found error despite its belief that the
statements otherwise qualified as both excited utterances and dying declarations. According to the
court:
There is . . . a general requirement imposed on declarations coming in under all
exceptions to the hearsay rule that the declarant, like witnesses, must have had an
opportunity to observe or personal knowledge of the fact declared. State v. Mincey,
636 P.2d 637 (Ariz. 1981); State v. Dixon, 489 P.2d 225 (Ariz. 1971); Ariz. R. Evid.
602.

Adamson, 665 P.2d at 977. Indeed, the court held that the declarant’s statements should not have
been admitted because the statements were not based on events perceived by the declarant through
one of the physical senses. Id. See also Jones v. State, 12 S.W. 704 (Ark. 1889) (when declarant
could not and did not see who shot him, statement identifying shooter properly excluded); State v.
Weir, 569 So.2d 897, 900 (Fla. App. 1990), decision quashed, holding approved, 591 So.2d 593 (Fla.
1991) (evidence showing declarant did not accurately observe facts basis for court’s exclusion of
dying declaration); People v. Kent, 404 N.W.2d 668, 671 (Mich. App. 1986)(hearsay statements
identifying defendant as perpetrator excluded absent proof that declarant had personal knowledge that
defendant started fire).

In the present case, there is no evidence that Mrs. Land had personal knowledge that the
appellant took the vehicle and was driving the vehicle on the night of the offense. The failure of the
State’s proof to show that Mrs. Land either saw or otherwise perceived the appellant’s taking of her
vehicle leaves the record in doubt as to whether her statement that “he stole my car, he stole my car”
was an expression of Mrs. Land’s knowledge or merely an expression of speculation. Accordingly,
the admission of Mrs. Land’s statement to Trooper Cash upon arriving at the Land residence was
error. The trial court's error, however, does not justify reversal of the judgment. Other evidence exists
regarding the appellant’s guilt. We conclude the outcome of the trial would not have been different
had the statements not been presented to the jury. Accordingly, we find the error harmless. Tenn.
R. App. P. 36(b); Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(a).

IV. Admission of Mrs. Land’s Statements to Detective Brown
During direct examination of Detective Brown, the State attempted to elicit statements made

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by Mrs. Land to Detective Brown during a September 8, 1998, telephone conversation.9 The trial
court sustained defense objection finding the statements made by Mrs. Land during the conversation
constituted inadmissible hearsay. Notwithstanding, it was during this examination that Brown was
permitted to testify concerning the appellant’s September 21st statement made in the General Sessions
hallway that “the charge should have been unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, instead of theft,
because it was his parents’ vehicle.”10 During cross-examination of Detective Brown, defense counsel
repeatedly questioned Brown regarding the State’s proof of intent to support the charge for theft of
the vehicle. Bound by the court’s earlier ruling, Brown was unable to relate his telephone
conversation with Mrs. Land which substance was the proof supporting the theft charge. Thus, the
inference was raised that the State had no proof of a theft and had wrongfully charged the appellant
of the crime. On re-direct, the State again inquired as to Mrs. Land’s September 8th statements to
Detective Brown. The State asserted that the defense had “opened the door” by inquiring into proof
of intent to support the theft charge. The trial court agreed that the defense “opened the door” and
permitted the State to introduce the hearsay statements of Mrs. Land which it had previously held
inadmissible.

Clearly, the statements of Mrs. Land made during the telephone conversation with Detective
Brown constitute hearsay and do not fall within a recognized hearsay exception. See Tenn. R. Evid.
801. Notwithstanding, we conclude that the statements were properly admitted during redirect
examination under the doctrine of curative admissibility. 11 Most often employed in criminal cases
where the “door” to a particular subject is opened by defense counsel on cross-examination, the doctrine
of curative admissibility permits the State, on redirect, to question the witness to clarify or explain the

9
The substance of the statements related that Mrs. Land informed Detective Brown that the
appellant had removed the keys from her pocketbook, took her vehicle, and had done so without her
permission.
10
Although the charge of theft of the vehicle was dismissed immediately prior to the start of
trial, testimony was related by Detective Brown during direct examination that the appellant had
been charged with this offense by the Franklin Police Department.
11
Although Tennessee has not expressly adopted the doctrine of curative admissibility,
previous decisions of this court reflect an implicit adoption of the same. See, e.g., State v. Chearis,
995 S.W.2d 641, 645 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (officer permitted to testify on redirect examination
to previously excluded evidence because defense “opened the door” by eliciting on cross-
examination the basis for the search of the defendant); Harrison v. State, 527 S.W.2d 745, 748
(Tenn. Crim. App.), cert. denied, (Tenn. 1975) (defense called Chancery Court Clerk to testify
regarding certain divorce matters between defendant and deceased, defense counsel did not introduce
petition as exhibit, State permitted to cross-examine clerk on specific allegations in bill, since
defense counsel had “opened the door”); State v. Raymond L. Covington, No. 01C01-9109-CC-
00267 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, May 13, 1992) (defense counsel opened door by direct
questioning of witness, prosecutor was entitled to rebut the appellant’s insinuation by showing that
the tape was not beneficial to either State or defense).

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matters brought out during, or to remove or correct unfavorable inferences left by, the previous cross-
examination. See People v. Manning, 695 N.E.2d 423, 433 (Ill. 1998) (citations omitted). This
doctrine provides that “[w]here a defendant has injected an issue into the case, the State may be allowed
to admit otherwise inadmissable evidence in order to explain or counteract a negative inference raised
by the issue defendant injects.” See State v. Armentrout, 8 S.W.3d 99, 111 (Mo. 1999) (citing State
v. Weaver, 912 S.W.2d 499, 510 (Mo. banc 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 856, 117 S.Ct. 153 (1996));
see also Rastall v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 697 A.2d 46, 52 (D.C. 1997) (in the interest of fairness,
otherwise inadmissible evidence may be admitted to the extent necessary to remove prejudice when a
party opens the door to its admission); U.S. v. Monroe, 437 F.2d 684, 686 (D.C. Cir. 1970) (doctrine
of “curative admissibility” allows one party to introduce evidence that might otherwise be excluded to
counter unfair prejudicial use of the same evidence by the opposing party); 21 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Evid.
§ 5039 (1977). In other words, “[i]f A opens up an issue and B will be prejudiced unless B can
introduce contradictory or explanatory evidence, then B will be permitted to introduce such evidence,
even though it might otherwise be improper.” Manning, 695 N.E.2d at 433 (citations omitted).

The rule is derived from the fundamental guarantee of fairness. That is, the rule operates to
prevent one party from manipulating the rules of evidence so as to leave the jury with feelings about
the case that are unjustified, even though the jury’s emotional response to the case is, theoretically, not
a consideration in determining admissibility. See 22 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Evid. § 5165. Specifically,
in a criminal case, “[t]he rule operates to prevent an accused from successfully gaining exclusion of
inadmissible prosecution evidence and then extracting selected pieces of this evidence for his own
advantage, without the Government being able to place them in their proper context.” Lampkins v.
United States, 515 A.2d 428, 431 (D.C. 1986) (citations omitted).

Notwithstanding, the doctrine’s applicability is limited by, “the necessity of removing prejudice
in the interest of fairness.” Crawford v. United States, 198 F.2d 976, 979 (1952) (D.C. Cir. 1952)
(citations omitted). It is not an unconstrained remedy permitting introduction of inadmissible evidence
merely because the opposing party brought out evidence on the same subject. Manning, 695 N.E.2d
at 434 (citation omitted). The rule is protective and goes only so far as is necessary to shield a party
from adverse inferences and is not to be converted into a doctrine for injecting prejudice. Id. (citation
omitted). Only that evidence which is necessary to dispel the unfair prejudice resulting from the cross-
examination is admissible. United States v. Winston, 447 F.2d 1236 (D.C. Cir. 1971). See also Dyson
v. United States, 450 A.2d 432, 454 (D.C. 1982) (citations omitted) (introduction of incompetent or
irrelevant evidence by a party opens the door to admission of otherwise inadmissible evidence only to
extent necessary to remove any unfair prejudice which might otherwise have ensued from the original
evidence). Since the application of the doctrine of curative admissibility is based on the notion that the
jury might be misled if contradictory evidence was excluded, the doctrine should not justify admission
of that evidence when it is likely to do more harm in this respect than good. See 27 Fed. Prac. & Proc.
Evid. § 6096 (1990).

When constitutional rights are involved, the court must be particularly certain that the case is
appropriate for curative admissibility by requiring a clear showing of prejudice before the open the door
rule of rebuttal may be involved. Lampkins, 515 A.2d at 431 (citations omitted). If the trial court

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decides to admit such testimony on a theory of curative admissibility, however, its decision will not be
reversed on appeal unless the appellant can demonstrate a clear abuse of discretion. See generally
Chearis, 995 S.W.2d at 645. In the present case, the record reflects that defense counsel repeatedly
posed to Detective Brown the unanswerable question as to the State’s proof supporting the appellant’s
intent for the theft offense, i.e., “where is you evidence of [the appellant’s] intent.” Although the issue
of the appellant’s intent for the theft charge was irrelevant as the charge itself had been nolled by the
State, the appellant’s voluntary interjection of the issue, absent objection by the State, “opened the
door” for the admission of otherwise inadmissible evidence to the extent necessary to remove the unfair
prejudice. See Lampkins, 515 A.2d at 431 (citation omitted); see also State v. McNeil, 518 S.E.2d 486,
501 (N.C. 1999), petition for certiorari filed, (Jan. 7, 2000) (“The law ‘wisely permits evidence not
otherwise admissible to be offered to explain or rebut evidence elicited by the defendant himself.”).
Assuming that the State would not be permitted to place the fact in the proper context, defense
counsel’s cross-examination was a calculated move intended to relay to the jury the inference that the
appellant was arrested on the charge of theft with no basis or proof. Thus, the State could introduce
otherwise inadmissible evidence to the extent necessary to remove the unfair prejudice which might
otherwise have ensued from the original evidence. See California Ins. Co. v. Allen, 235 F.2d 178, 180
(5th Cir. 1956).

We conclude that the trial court correctly determined that Mrs. Land’s statements relating that
the appellant had taken her keys from her purse and had taken the vehicle were admissible on redirect
examination. These statements were necessary to dispel the prejudice that the appellant was arrested
absent proof. Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the jury
to hear the out-of-court statements of Mrs. Land. See generally Chearis, 995 S.W.2d at 645
(“admissibility of testimony and other evidence, as well as the scope of redirect examination, is within
the discretion of the trial court, whose ruling will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion”).

Moreover, we recognize that the appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses
against him is implicated by the admission of the hearsay statements. See generally Ohio v. Roberts,
448 U.S. 56, 62-65, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2537-2539 (1980). In this respect, we conclude that no violation
of the appellant’s right to confrontation resulted as the declarant, the appellant’s mother, was a witness
called by both the State and the defense.12 Thus, the appellant had the opportunity to confront this
witness regarding the out of court statements. Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

V. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his final issue, the appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction.
Specifically, he contends the proof introduced at the trial failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
his identity as the driver of the vehicle. In this regard, he asserts that no direct evidence exists

12
In addressing confrontation violations, other courts have held that “[where] the prejudice
was obvious and substantial, the fact that appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to confront the
witnesses against him was implicated does not prevent application of the “open-the-door rule of
rebuttal.” See Winston, 447 F.2d at 1240-1241.I

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establishing his identity as the driver. In essence, the appellant argues that the "finger of guilt" does not
point unerringly to him as the perpetrator of this crime.

Initially, a defendant is cloaked with the presumption of innocence. State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). However, a jury conviction removes this presumption of innocence and
replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating
that the evidence is insufficient. Id. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not
reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v. Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 518 (Tenn. 1997). On appeal, the
State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all legitimate or reasonable
inferences which may be drawn therefrom. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992), cert.
denied, 507 U.S. 954, 113 S.Ct. 1368 (1993). It is the appellate court's duty to affirm the conviction
if the evidence viewed under these standards was sufficient for any rational trier of fact to have found
the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
317, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn.1994), cert. denied, 513
U.S. 1086, 115 S.Ct. 743 (1995); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). This rule is applicable to findings of guilt
predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

Circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. See State v. Leming,
3 S.W.3d 7, 13 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561, 569 (Tenn. 1993)).
However, if a conviction is based purely on circumstantial evidence, the facts and circumstances must
be so overwhelming as to exclude any other explanation except for the defendant's guilt. State v.
Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tenn.1987). In addition, "it must establish such a certainty of guilt of
the accused as to convince the mind beyond a reasonable doubt that the [appellant] is the one who
committed the crime." Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d at 896. When reviewing the sufficiency of circumstantial
evidence, this court must remember that the jury decides the weight to be given to circumstantial
evidence, the inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances
are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence. Leming, 3 S.W.2d at 13.

The State presented proof at trial establishing that state troopers observed a vehicle operated by
a white male traveling at an excessive rate of speed on I-65. The troopers pursued the vehicle. Despite
the patrol car’s emergency lights and siren, the driver failed to yield to the troopers’ pursuit. As a result
of its excessive speed, the vehicle lost control and left the roadway. By the time the troopers arrived,
the driver had disappeared. The vehicle was registered to the appellant’s parents. The appellant resided
with his parents. Both the appellant and the vehicle had disappeared from the residence. The wreck
occurred a short distance from the appellant’s residence. After his arrest, the appellant admitted to
Detective Brown that he should have only been charged with unauthorized use of the vehicle because
the car belonged to this parents. During the trial, the appellant presented the testimony of his mother
to suggest that another person may have committed the offenses. The jury rejected this evidence in
favor of the proof submitted by the State. We conclude that this evidence excludes every reasonable
hypothesis but that of the appellant’s guilt for the offenses of felony evading arrest and driving on a
revoked license. See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-16-603(b)(1)(1997); Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-50-504(a)(2)
(1998). This issue is without merit.

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 For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgments of conviction entered by the
Williamson County Circuit Court.

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