IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
FILED
AT KNOXVILLE August 26, 1999
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
JULY 1999 SESSION Appellate C ourt
Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * C.C.A. # 03C01-9803-CR-00103
Appellee, * KNOX COUNTY
VS. * Hon. Richard R. Baumgartner, Judge
JAMES O. MARTIN, * (Aggravated Arson)
Appellant. *
For Appellant: For Appellee:
David L. Bacon, Attorney Paul G. Summers
602 South Gay Street Attorney General and Reporter
Suite 600
Knoxville, TN 37902 Todd R. Kelley
Assistant Attorney General
425 Fifth Avenue North
Second Floor, Cordell Hull Building
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Randall E. Nichols
District Attorney General
Scott Green
Assistant District Attorney General
City-County Building
Knoxville, TN 37902
OPINION FILED:__________________________
AFFIRMED
GARY R. WADE, PRESIDING JUDGE
OPINION
The defendant, James O. Martin, was tried and convicted of
aggravated arson. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-302. The trial judge imposed a
twenty-two year sentence. In this appeal of right, the defendant claims that the
evidence was insufficient, that it was physically impossible for the defendant to
commit this crime, and that his right to a fair and impartial jury was violated by the
inclusion of a biased juror. We find no error and affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
On the evening of October 12, 1996, Arson Investigator Lynn Kirby of
the Knoxville Fire Department was called upon to investigate a fire at the residence
of Mr. and Mrs. William Brashears at 916 Dinwiddie Street in Knoxville.
When Investigator Kirby arrived at the scene, he found two cans of
charcoal lighter fluid on the roof, pieces of a sheet, a piece of towel, a melted plastic
jug, and a Tvarstki Vodka bottle. It was his opinion that the fire was initiated on the
roof where melted plastic was found.
At trial, the state presented proof that just prior to the fire, the
defendant went to the residence of Jackie Neubill at 1008 Dinwiddie Street, left
there to acquire three bottles of Tvarstki Vodka, and, upon his return, announced,
"Somebody needs to burn [William Bill Brashears'] house down." The defendant
had been drinking heavily by the time he made the remark, appeared to be
depressed over the loss of one or more family members, and ultimately expressed
anger towards Brashears, "blaming [him] for his family being destroyed...." Ms.
Neubill had two cans of Kroger charcoal lighting fluid sitting on her back porch just
before the fire. She stated that the two cans were missing just after the fire and
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confirmed that the defendant had access to her porch. Ms. Neubill testified that two
canisters found at the scene of the fire were identical in size and make as those
taken from her back porch.
Brashears was alerted by neighbors that his house was on fire. After
the fire was extinguished, he observed an altercation in the street involving the
defendant, who had been accused by others present of setting the fire. At one
point, the defendant stated, "Hell, yeah, I set the guy's house on fire. The son[-]of
[-]a[-]bitch caused me to lose my kids and everything. He has turned me in."
Brashears, his wife, and their one-year-old grandchild were in the house at the time
the fire was set. Brashears confirmed that he had previously complained to the
Knoxville Police Department about the behavior of the defendant. He testified that
about two months prior to the fire, the defendant had helped his stepfather put a
roof on the Brashears' residence.
Just prior to the fire, the defendant went to the residence of Prentice
Hatmaker. Hatmaker's sister-in-law, Lillian Irene Smith, testified that, while there,
the defendant suggested to Hatmaker, "Come on. Let's go down here and burn this
... house...." Later in the conversation, she recalled that the defendant said, "Well, if
you can't do it ... I will do it." She stated that the defendant left the Hatmaker
residence and, upon his return about ten or fifteen minutes later announced, "W ell,
it is taken care of now." Ms. Smith testified that she heard fire trucks arrive about
ten minutes thereafter.
David Long, who was at the Hatmaker residence at the time of the
defendant's visit, testified that he purchased a gallon of gas at the defendant's
request just prior to the fire. The defendant informed Long that he had run out of
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gas and needed some for his van. Long returned the gasoline in a plastic anti-
freeze container.
After the fire started, the defendant walked to the Neubill house "very
excited" and said, "Listen for the fire trucks." Ms. Neubill stated that because the
defendant was "very intoxicated" at the time, she did not initially take him seriously.
When Ms. Neubill heard the fire trucks, the defendant stated, "I tried to use a
[Molotov] cocktail, and it didn't work." The defendant stated that the 80-proof Vodka
would not burn but the 100-proof would.
The defendant, who testified on his own behalf, acknowledged three
prior offenses of grand larceny, escape, and theft. He claimed that he had no
knowledge of setting fire to James Brashears' residence but did concede that he did
things when he was drunk that he did not remember afterward. He denied being
depressed over any family loss on the date of the fire but did acknowledge that
Prentice Hatmaker had said that Brashears, who was a frequent user of a citizens
band radio, had bragged about giving information to police which led to the prior
arrest of the defendant and Hatmaker on unrelated charges. He asserted that
Hatmaker brought up the subject of burning the Brashears' house on the night of the
fire and the defendant answered, "The house won't burn ... [i]t is stone...." The
defendant stated that he otherwise had no recollection of what happened the rest of
the evening because of his use of an anti-depressant medication and his
consumption of alcohol.
I
Initially, the defendant claims that the evidence was insufficient
because the state failed to prove that the defendant "knowingly" committed a crime
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of aggravated arson. On appeal, of course, the state is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which might be drawn
therefrom. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). The credibility of
the witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and the reconciliation of
conflicts in the proof are matters entrusted to the jury as trier of fact. Byrge v. State,
575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). When the sufficiency of the
evidence is challenged, the relevant question is whether, after reviewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the state, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.
Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). The statute
provides as follows:
Arson.--(a) A person commits an offense who knowingly
damages any structure by means of fire or explosion:
(1) Without the consent of all persons who have a
possessory, proprietary or security interest therein; or
(2) With intent to destroy or damage any structure to
collect insurance for the damage or destruction or for any
unlawful purpose....
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-301. The offense is aggravated under the following
circumstances:
(1) When one (1) or more persons are present therein;
or
(2) When any person, including firefighters and law
enforcement officials, suffers serious injury as a result of
the fire or explosion.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-302(a). Aggravated arson is a Class A felony. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-14-302(b).
The mens rea of "knowing" requires that "the person is aware of the
nature of the conduct" or the accompanying circumstances. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
11-302(b). Voluntary intoxication is not a defense to prosecution. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 39-11-503(a). Evidence of such intoxication may, however, be admitted to negate
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the mens rea. Id. The jury must consider the extent and effect of the intoxication
upon the defendant's ability to act knowingly. Whether the defense applies is a
question for the jury. See State v. Bullington, 532 S.W.2d 556, 560-61 (Tenn.
1976); State v. Givens, 631 S.W.2d 720, 721 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982).
Here, the evidence established that the defendant was intoxicated at
the time of the offense. Nevertheless, there were other circumstances which
warranted the jury's conclusion that the defendant had the mental capacity to
knowingly set the fire. The state proved that the defendant made several
statements prior to the fire that he intended to burn the Brashears' residence. He
bought bottles of Vodka from the liquor store and arranged for David Long to
purchase a gallon of gasoline in a plastic container. There was proof that he took
two charcoal lighter canisters from the Neubill residence just before the fire was set.
Because the defendant thought Brashears had "snitched" to police his involvement
in a prior offense, the defendant had a possible motive. There was also proof that
the defendant was familiar not only with the Brashears' residence but also the
materials which made up the roof. From all of this, a rational trier of fact could have
determined that the defendant possessed the requisite culpable mental state
despite his level of intoxication.
II
Next, the defendant claims that the evidence was insufficient to
overcome the presumption of innocence. The defendant contends that the
evidence showed it was physically impossible for the defendant to have committed
the crime alleged by the state.
The defendant relies on the "physical facts rule" which is the "accepted
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proposition that in cases where the testimony of a witness is entirely irreconcilable
with the physical evidence, the testimony can be disregarded." State v. Hornsby,
858 S.W.2d 892, 894 (Tenn. 1993). "'[W]here undisputed physical facts are entirely
inconsistent with and opposed to testimony ... the physical facts must control. No
jury can be allowed to return a verdict based upon oral testimony which is flatly
opposed to physical facts, the existence of which is incontrovertibly established.'"
Id., 858 S.W.2d at 894 (quoting Wood v. United States, 342 F.2d 708, 713-14 (8th
Cir. 1965)).
In order for the physical facts rule to apply, the "facts used to negate
the testimony must be 'well-established and universally recognized physical laws.'"
Hornsby, 858 S.W.2d at 895 (quoting Nelms v. Tennessee Farmers Mutual Ins. Co.,
613 S.W.2d 481, 483 (Tenn. App. 1978)). It has also been clearly established by
the courts that "in order for testimony to be considered incredible as a matter of law,
it must be unbelievable on its face, i.e., testimony as to facts ... that the witness
physically could not have possibly observed or events that could not have occurred
under the laws of nature." Hornsby, 858 S.W.2d at 894.
The only evidence presented by the defendant to support his claim
was his own testimony that it was physically impossible for him to climb on the
victim's roof. Such evidence is not sufficient for the physical facts rule to apply. The
jury chose to discredit the defendant's testimony. Such a choice was reasonable
and this court will not reweigh the evidence.
III
The defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing Claude
Phillip Foster to serve as a member of the jury. The defendant claimed that juror
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Foster had served as his bailbondsman in the past and, after a failure to appear,
"had chased him into North Carolina and one other state...." The defendant
contended that juror Foster did not respond during voir dire when the jurors were
asked whether they had been victims of crimes when, in fact, two members of his
family had been murdered some two months prior to trial. Defense counsel
apparently learned of these circumstances when juror Foster revealed the
information during voir dire in a subsequent case. The state asserts that the
defendant was fully aware that juror Foster had served as a bailbondsman and
chose not to utilize a preemptory challenge or otherwise make objection.
After the trial, juror Foster testified that he did not recall the defendant
and that, during deliberations, there was no extraneous information communicated
to any of the members of the jury. He stated that it was only after trial, when it was
brought to his attention, that he recalled having made a security bond for the
defendant while employed by Freedom Bonding Company. Juror Foster explained
that he did not remember the defendant because their meeting took place some
seven years prior to the trial and that he had made appearance bonds for over 800
other individuals while employed as an agent. Juror Foster also testified that during
voir dire the question posed to the jury was whether the prospective jurors had any
family members who were involved in law enforcement. He believed that his silence
indicated a truthful response. He also stated that he interpreted the question about
whether the prospective jurors had been victims of crime to relate to crimes similar
to arson. He explained that he did not answer the victim of crime question because
the murder of his brother's step-daughter and her husband by their son was "totally
... different [and not] relevant."
The trial court accredited the juror's testimony that he had no
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recollection of the defendant at the time of the trial. The trial court also concluded
that the juror responded truthfully to the question, "Have any of you been the victim
of a crime?" While three or four other jurors indicated that they had been victims of
a crime, juror Foster did not. When the trial court learned that juror Foster had a
brother whose step-daughter and her husband that had been killed by their son, it
decided that Foster just did not meet the definition of victim of that particular crime
and that he had, in fact, been truthful by not responding to the question. Finally, the
trial court found as fact that juror Foster had no bias against the defendant and any
argument to the contrary qualified as "pure speculation."
Juror disqualifications are based upon either (1) propter defectum or
(2) propter affectum. Partin v. Henderson, 686 S.W.2d 587 (Tenn. App. 1984).
Objections based on general disqualifications, such as familial relationship, are
within the propter defectum class and as such, must be challenged before a verdict.
Id. at 589. In contrast, disqualification based on propter affectum exists due to
some bias or partiality toward one party in the litigation. Id.; Toombs v. State, 270
S.W.2d 649, 651 (Tenn. 1954). Propter affectum objections may be made after the
return of the jury verdict. Id.; Durham v. State, 188 S.W.2d 555, 557 (Tenn. 1945).
Because the defendant claims bias or partiality in favor of the state, this is a case of
propter affectum. State v. Furlough, 797 S.W.2d 631, 652 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
In our view, the juror was truthful when he failed to respond to the
question about whether he had been the actual victim of a crime. Defense counsel
did not provide any definition to the term and there were no follow-up questions to
broaden the inquiry. From the testimony presented, it does not appear that the juror
intentionally withheld the information. More importantly, the evidence has not
established that juror Foster was prejudiced against the defendant. The trial court
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accredited the juror's testimony that he had no recollection of the defendant. That
the defendant apparently did not recall juror Foster during jury selection lends
credence to that claim. The evidence in the record does not preponderate against
the conclusion of the trial court that there was no bias. Our review suggests that the
verdict was not influenced by the nature of the meeting between the defendant and
juror Foster some seven years prior to trial but instead was based upon the
overwhelming proof of his guilt of aggravated arson.
Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.
________________________________
Gary R. Wade, Presiding Judge
CONCUR:
_____________________________
David H. Welles, Judge
_____________________________
Joe G. Riley, Judge
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