IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED
JUNE 1997 SESSION
December 1, 1997
Cecil W. Crowson
Appellate Court Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) No. 01C01-9607-CR-00301
)
Appellee )
) DAVIDSON COUNTY
V. )
) HON. J. RANDALL WYATT, JR.,
JOHNNY E. MCCLAIN, JR., ) JUDGE
)
Appellant. ) (Especially Aggravated Robbery;
) Facilitation of Attempted Murder;
) Aggravated Robbery; Aggravated
) Assault)
)
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
Mark E. Chapman John Knox Walkup
3608 Chesapeake Drive Attorney General and Reporter
Nashville, TN 37207
(At trial) Daryl J. Brand
Assistant Attorney General
Lionel R. Barrett 450 James Robertson Parkway
Washington Square Two Nashville, TN 37243-0493
222 Second Avenue, North
Suite 417
Nashville, TN 37201 Victor S. Johnson, III
(On appeal) District Attorney General
Nicholas D. Bailey
Assistant District Attorney
222 Second Avenue, North
Suite 500
Nashville, TN 37201-1649
OPINION FILED: ___________________
AFFIRMED
William M. Barker, Judge
OPINION
The appellant, Johnny E. McClain, Jr.,1 appeals as of right his convictions in the
Davidson County Criminal Court of especially aggravated robbery, aggravated
robbery, facilitation of attempted first degree murder, and two counts of aggravated
assault. As a Range II offender, the appellant received an effective sentence of
seventy-five years in prison for his convictions. Finding no reversible error in the
record on appeal, we affirm both the appellant’s convictions and sentences.
Appellant raises three issues on appeal: (1) the sufficiency of the convicting
evidence; (2) whether the trial court erred in excluding certain photographs; and
(3) whether the trial court erred in sentencing the appellant.
The evidence at trial established that on August 1, 1994, while returning to their
home in Scranton, Pennsylvania, from a vacation trip in Florida, James W alsh, his
wife, Donna, and their two young sons, Eddie and Jimmy, stopped in Nashville to
spend the night. They planned to visit Opryland theme park the following day and,
accordingly, reserved a room at the Ramada Inn on Music Valley Drive near Opryland.
Upon arrival at the motel, Mr. Walsh parked his automobile near the front of the
motel lobby and went in to register. Because there were a large number of other
guests checking into the hotel, the check-in process for Mr. Walsh took approximately
thirty to forty-five minutes. While Donna Walsh was waiting in the car while her
husband and two sons went inside to register at the motel, she noticed three black
men parked in a red car beside them. She testified that the three men stayed in their
car the entire time, never going inside the motel.
After receiving his room key from the front desk of the Ramada Inn, Mr. Walsh
drove his family to the rear of the building, parked his automobile, and began
1
This appeal originally included appellant’s co-defendant, Gary W. Stalworth, who was tried
jointly with the appellant. However, the prosecution of his appeal was abated by his death on July 24,
1997. A s a resu lt, we will not add ress the issues ra ised on b ehalf of M r. Stalworth .
2
unloading the family luggage. As he was closing the cartop luggage carrier, he
noticed a black man approaching him. Because the man was a stranger, Mr. Walsh
started to walk away, but the man said, “What’s up?” The man continued walking
toward Mr. Walsh. As he neared the front of the Walshs’ automobile, the man raised
his shirt and pulled out a handgun. He pointed it at Mr. Walsh and demanded his
money.
By this time, Mrs. Walsh and the two boys had walked to the front of the car.
Mr. Walsh pulled out his wallet and gave the man the money inside, which, according
to Walsh, was either twenty-one dollars or forty-one dollars. The robber was angered
by the small amount of cash and demanded more money, pointing the gun at Mrs.
Walsh and the children. Mrs. W alsh removed a plastic money pouch containing all
their vacation money from her purse and handed it to her husband. Mr. Walsh asked
the gunman if he could keep a portion of the cash so that he and his family could
make the return trip home. This angered the gunman even more. He demanded all
the money and stated that he would kill Mr. Walsh if he did not comply. He then
cocked the gun and pointed it at Mr. Walsh’s family and said he was going to shoot.
In an effort to protect his family, Mr. Walsh lunged at the gunman. The robber
pointed the gun in his face and Mr. Walsh pushed it away. As he did so, the gun fired
and the bullet struck Mr. Walsh in his left shoulder. Walsh struck the gunman,
knocking him to the pavement. They then struggled for the gun, which again fired, but
the bullet missed both men. As the struggle continued, the gun fired again, the bullet
passing very close to Mr. Walsh’s ear, but again missing. Suddenly, the gunman
pushed away from Mr. Walsh, jumped to his feet, and started to casually walk away.
Mr. Walsh struggled to his feet, yelled at the man, and dove at the man’s feet. At that
point, the gunman began to run and Mr. Walsh, weakened by his injury, was unable to
catch him. Nevertheless, the man turned and fired a fourth shot at Mr. Walsh,
narrowly missing him. Walsh watched as the gunman ran toward another man
standing about fifty yards away. Mr. Walsh yelled to the second man for help.
3
However, the second man joined the gunman and they both ran in the direction of the
motel entrance. The two men jumped into a small red foreign car that was moving
slowly toward them. Thereafter, the car began to speed away.
As the robbery and shooting were occurring, Patrick Hamblin, an off-duty
Cheatham County Deputy, was across the street from the Ramada Inn at a
convenience store. He heard the gunshots and witnessed two men struggling on the
ground in the parking lot of the Ramada Inn. He quickly drove his pickup truck to the
motel parking lot to offer assistance. He watched the scene closely as he drove on
Music Valley Drive and saw one man jump up, begin to walk away, and then turn and
fire a shot at the other man. He also observed the shooter run toward a small red car
with a second man joining him approximately halfway between the place where the
struggle had occurred and the red car. Hamblin reached the exit of the Ramada Inn
parking lot at the same time the red car began to attempt to speed away. He drove
his pickup truck so as to block the drive, almost hitting the red car. The red car
stopped momentarily, and Hamblin yelled, “Police! Get out of the car.”2 The surprised
driver of the red car stared at Hamblin for a moment and then pulled around Hamblin’s
truck and sped away.
Hamblin decided to give chase and followed the car as it sped down McGavock
Pike. The chase lasted several miles, reaching speeds between 85 and 100 miles per
hour. Hamblin testified that the driver of the red car ignored traffic lights, stop signs,
and drove on the wrong side of the road. At one point during the chase, the person
riding in the backseat of the red car reached out the window and fired a shot at
Hamblin’s truck. The red car eventually entered a housing project, at which point
Hamblin got close enough to strike the red car with his pickup truck, causing the car to
crash into a porch railing. The occupants jumped out of the car. The driver charged
toward Hamblin’s truck while Hamblin was still seated behind the wheel. Unable to
2
Since h e was o ff-duty, Mr. H amb lin was we aring civilian clo thes an d his bad ge was not visible.
4
see the man’s hands as he came toward him, Hamblin armed himself with his
personal firearm. As the man reached the window of the driver’s side door, Hamblin
fired a bullet into the man’s chest. The man turned and ran.
Police arrived shortly and the injured driver of the car was discovered a few
blocks away. He was identified as the appellant, Johnny E. McClain, Jr., and the red
car he was driving was registered to his mother.
Mr. Walsh testified that the bullet which struck his shoulder remains lodged
approximately on-half inch from his spine. Despite visits to several specialists, the
bullet cannot be surgically removed because of its precarious location. As a result, he
has been unable to resume his work as a firefighter in Pennsylvania.
The State also presented evidence demonstrating that several sets of
appellant’s fingerprints were found on the driver’s door of the red car and that Mrs.
Walsh’s money pouch was discovered inside that car. The money, however, was not
recovered.
The appellant offered no proof at trial.
Appellant first challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence . He does
not dispute that he was present when the offenses were committed or that he drove
the getaway car. Instead, he argues that the State failed to prove the necessary
elements to make him criminally responsible for the actions of his co-defendants. 3
Appellant urges us to reverse his convictions because there is no evidence that he
had knowledge of the crime prior to its commission and thus no intent to commit the
crimes actually perpetrated by Wilkerson and Stalworth.
In order to convict the appellant under the theory of criminal responsibility, the
State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant solicited,
directed, aided or attempted to aid another person to commit the offenses while
3
Also indicted for these offenses in addition to the appellant and Gary W. Stalworth was Adrian
W ilkerson. Wilkerson w as granted a severanc e on the day of trial, but the appellant and Stalworth were
tried jo intly.
5
“acting with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense[s], or to
benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense[s].” See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-11-
402(2) (1991). This code provision is the codification of the common law for aiders
and abettors. See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-11-402 Sentencing Commission Comments;
State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951, 953 (Tenn. 1997). Following our review of the
record upon appeal, we conclude that the evidence more than sufficiently proved that
the appellant acted with the intent to promote and assist the commission of the
offenses and that he aided Stalworth and Wilkerson in the commission of the
offenses.
Testimony at trial proved that the appellant and his co-defendants were seated
in the small red car and parked beside the Walsh vehicle when Mr. Walsh went into
the lobby of the Ramada Inn to register his family as guests. Both Mr. and Mrs. W alsh
testified that they noticed the car and its three black male occupants. The car and its
occupants remained parked beside the Walsh vehicle during the entire thirty to forty-
five minute period in which it took Mr. Walsh to register at the motel. Mrs. Walsh was
somewhat alarmed by their presence because the men remained in the car, did not
move, and made no efforts to conduct business at the motel. It was reasonable for a
jury to infer that the appellant and his companions were likely planning the robbery
and choosing a target during this time. See State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835
(Tenn. 1978) (holding that the State is entitled to all reasonable and legitimate
inferences which may be drawn from the proof).
Additional evidence of appellant’s knowledge and intent to aid and abet was
revealed by his actions during and following the offenses. Patrick Hamblin testified
that he noticed the red car during the altercation between the actual robber and Mr.
Walsh and saw the appellant standing at the rear of the vehicle watching. As the
other two men began running, the appellant jumped in the car and started backing the
car to the middle of the parking lot. Hamblin also testified that the appellant reached
over, opened the passenger side door, and pushed the front seat down to allow one of
6
the men to get into the back seat. Testimony from other witnesses corroborated Mr.
Hamblin’s testimony that the small red car was already moving when the men reached
it. Witness Ronald Warren testified that it appeared that the driver wanted to leave
the men at one point, but did not. Mr. Warren confirmed that the appellant had the
opportunity and ability to leave the two other men, but instead chose to wait for them.
After allowing his two fleeing companions to enter the car which he was driving, the
appellant sped from the scene and engaged in a high-speed chase. Such evidence
does not paint the picture of one who is merely present and unaware that an offense
was to be committed. Instead, the evidence, together with the reasonable inferences
from that evidence, clearly demonstrate that the appellant “knowingly, voluntarily, and
with common intent unite[d] with the principal offenders in the commission of the
crime” and is, therefore, liable for their actions. State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951, 954
(Tenn. 1997) (quoting State v. Foster, 755 S.W.2d 846, 848 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988)).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, as we are required to do
upon appeal, a reasonable jury could have determined that the appellant played an
active role in the crime by acting as “wheelman” for his co-perpetrators, thereby aiding
the commission of the offenses and acting with the intent to assist in the crimes. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
Clearly, it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that appellant’s role exceeded mere
presence and that he associated himself with the venture and shared in the criminal
intent of the perpetrators. See Carson, 950 S.W.2d at 954 (citation omitted).
Pursuant to Carson, our supreme court’s most recent interpretation of the
criminal responsibility statute, appellant’s aiding and intent to assist in the robbery
makes him liable for all natural and probable consequences flowing from that robbery.
Id. at 955-56. Therefore, appellant’s convictions for the aggravated assault of the
7
Walsh children and the facilitation of attempted murder of James Walsh were also
warranted.4
The appellant next contends that the trial court erred in excluding photographs
depicting a confederate flag license plate on the front of Deputy Hamblin’s pickup
truck. He argues that the pictures were relevant to show why he fled from Hamblin.
Specifically, he contends that the photographs would have provided evidence of a
reasonable explanation for three black men to flee from a white man dressed in
civilian clothes giving chase in a truck bearing a confederate flag license plate. Such
evidence, the appellant argues, would have presented the jury with a logical reason
for his flight to rebut the inference of guilt.
Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine requesting the court to suppress
the photographs and any evidence about the license plate. The trial court took the
motion under advisement until it heard a portion of the evidence. Prior to Mr.
Hamblin’s testimony, however, the trial court ruled that the photographs would be
excluded. In so ruling, the trial court stated that there was absolutely no evidence of
bias in the record and there was no proof that either of the defendants even saw the
licence plate. It found that under those facts and circumstances, the evidence was not
relevant. The trial court further found that even if the photographs had some slight
probative value, it was substantially outweighed by the “prejudicial and inflammatory
effect this evidence would have before this jury.”
The admissibility of photographic evidence rests within the sound discretion of
the trial court. State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). The admissibility
of evidence, of course, hinges upon relevance and also a determination that the
probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
4
Appellant’s conviction for the lesser offense of criminal responsibility for facilitation of attempted
first degree murder required proof of separate elements. Nevertheless, we believe the evidence was
ade qua te to s how that a ppe llant k now ingly fu rnish ed su bsta ntial a ssis tanc e to h is co- defe nda nts w hile
know ing that they inte nded to c omm it a specific fe lony. See Tenn. Code A nn. §39-11-403(a) (1991).
8
prejudice. Id.; see also Tenn. R. Evid. 401, 403. We are unable to say that the trial
court abused its discretion in this case.
The record contains absolutely no evidence that any of the defendants were
spurred on by fear associated by this license plate or that they were even aware of its
presence. Additionally, there was no evidence of any racial bias from any witness for
the State. This issue is without merit.
In his final issue, the appellant complains of the consecutive nature of his
sentences. In light of his role in the crime, he argues that the aggregate length of the
sentences does not reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses and that the
sentence imposed is not the least severe measure of punishment.
When a defendant complains of his or her sentence, we are required to
conduct a de novo review accompanied by a presumption of correctness. Tenn. Code
Ann. §40-35-401(d) (1990). The presumption, however, is conditioned upon an
affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing
principles and all relevant facts and circumstances. State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166,
169 (Tenn. 1991). The burden of showing that the sentence is upon the appealing
party. Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-401(d) Sentencing Commission Comments.
In this case, the trial court found three separate factors in support of
consecutive sentencing: (1) the defendant is a professional criminal; (2) the defendant
has an extensive record of criminal activity; and (4) the defendant is a dangerous
offender. See Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-115 (1991). Because the record reflects that
the trial court carefully considered the evidence offered at the sentencing hearing and
the requisite principles of sentencing, the sentence imposed by the trial court is
entitled to a presumption of correctness.
The record supports the trial court’s determination that the appellant is a
professional criminal. Appellant’s employment history was sketchy and could not be
verified by the officer who prepared the presentence report. Although the appellant
9
claimed to have worked at Krystal off and on for six years, the store had no records
available for verification. From 1992 until his arrest for this offense, the appellant
stated he was self-employed doing landscaping work. However, he did not provide
the investigating officer any documentation, such as invoices to customers or receipts,
to substantiate that employment. Appellant’s lengthy criminal record is littered with
theft and robbery offenses for the previous ten years, leading to an inference that he
used the criminal activity as a major source of livelihood. Accordingly, the trial court
did not err in holding that the appellant is a professional criminal.
The trial court further found that appellant had an extensive history of criminal
activity. The presentence report reflects twelve convictions of the appellant during the
previous ten-year period, including aggravated robbery, three convictions for robbery,
marijuana possession, third degree burglary, possession of stolen property, and
assault. Moreover, the appellant had been arrested for at least twenty-one other
offenses spanning the same time frame. The trial court remarked that the appellant
had been in and out of court “like a revolving door.” Further, appellant admitted that
there was only one calendar year since he turned eighteen in which he was neither
arrested nor incarcerated. In addition, the instant offenses resulted in appellant’s first
trial; all of his previous sentences and convictions were the result of plea bargains.
Many of the plea bargains resulted in guilty pleas for less serious offenses than those
charged in the indictments. In sum, there was abundant evidence within the record to
support the trial court’s finding that the appellant has an extensive criminal record.
Finally, the trial court classified appellant as a dangerous offender, finding that
he had little regard for human life. Appellant’s behavior in voluntarily accompanying
two other men, one of whom was armed, to a busy Ramada Inn at the height of the
tourist season and participating in offenses during which many shots were fired and
one man senselessly wounded demonstrates that the appellant had little regard for
human life and no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life was
high. Moreover, we, as did the trial court, find that an extended sentence is necessary
10
to protect the public against further criminal conduct by the defendant and that the
consecutive sentences reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses committed.
State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938-39 (Tenn. 1995). Appellant’s repeated and
persistent violations of the laws of this state, including two parole violations,
demonstrate that an extended sentence is necessary to protect the public from his
future conduct. Each time the appellant has been confined and subsequently
released, he has committed another crime almost immediately. The trial court did not
err in imposing consecutive sentences.
Based upon the foregoing, we affirm both the appellant’s convictions and his
sentences.
_______________________________
William M. Barker, Judge
____________________________
Joe B. Jones, Presiding Judge
____________________________
Thomas T. W oodall, Judge
11