F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
JAN 27 2000
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk
RICK L. STARNES,
Petitioner - Appellant,
vs. No. 99-6253
(D.C. No. CIV-97-441-L)
GARY GIBSON, (W.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. **
Mr. Starnes, an inmate appearing pro se, seeks to appeal from the denial of
his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 motion. He was charged in a four count information with
(I) shooting with intent to injure, Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 645; (II) discharging a
firearm from a motor vehicle with disregard for safety of others, Okla. Stat. tit.
21, § 652(B); (III) violation of a protective order, Okla. Stat. tit. 22, § 60.6; and
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1 (G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
(IV) malicious injury to property, Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 1760. Mr. Starnes pled
guilty to Counts III and IV, was found guilty of Count II by a jury, but was
acquitted on Count I. He was sentenced to one year imprisonment on Counts III
and IV, to run concurrent with a twenty year sentence on Count II. Moreover,
Mr. Starnes’ truck was seized by the state in a forfeiture proceeding. After
exhausting his state remedies, Mr. Starnes sought habeas relief in federal court.
Upon recommendation of the magistrate judge, the district court denied his
petition.
Although Mr. Starnes raised several claims before the district court, he
only raises the question of double jeopardy in this appeal. 1
Specifically, he
claims that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment is implicated by
the prosecution of (a) Counts I and II after a guilty plea to Count III; (b) Counts I
and II after a guilty plea to Count IV; and (c) either Count I with Count II or
Count II with Count I. Moreover, Mr. Starnes claims that prosecution on the
various counts and forfeiture of his truck violates double jeopardy.
1
Mr. Starnes appellate pleadings could be interpreted, with our mandated
liberal construction, as raising two other challenges as well: (1) sufficiency of the
evidence to support Count II, and (2) district court error in allowing the
prosecutor to comment on evidence (the shotgun) which was not introduced
during trial. However, these claims were not raised before the district court and,
as there are no extraordinary circumstances present which would militate
otherwise, we will not address them for the first time on appeal. Smith v.
Secretary of N.M. Dep’t of Corrections, 50 F.3d 801, 814 n.22 (10th Cir. 1995).
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The first question in double jeopardy claims involving conduct which
violates more than one statutory provision is whether the legislature clearly
intended each violation to be punished as a separate crime. See Garrett v. United
States , 471 U.S. 773, 778 (1985). If this question is answered in the affirmative,
there is no double jeopardy violation. See United States v. Lanzi , 933 F.2d 824,
825 (10th Cir. 1991). However, if legislative intent is unclear, we then apply the
test enunciated in Blockburger v. United States , 284 U.S. 299 (1932). "The
applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of
two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there
are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact
which the other does not." Id. at 304. So long as each crime requires proof of
different elements, there is no constitutional violation. See United States v.
Rodriguez-Aguirre , 73 F.3d 1023, 1025 (10th Cir. 1996).
In the instant case, the Oklahoma legislature clearly intended that violation
of a protective order should be punished as a separate crime from the underlying
offense. See Okla. Stat. tit. 22, § 60.6(C)(3) (punishment for violation of a
protective order “shall not affect the applicability of Sections 644, 645, 647 and
652 of Title 21 of the Oklahoma Statutes.”); Taylor v. Oklahoma , 881 P.2d 755,
759 (Okla. Crim. App. 1994). Thus, double jeopardy was not violated by trying
Counts I and II after a guilty plea to Count III.
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Application of the Blockburger test to the rest of Mr. Starnes’ claims
reveals that each count requires proof of different elements. There is no double
jeopardy between either Counts I or II and IV (only Counts I and II require
discharge of a firearm or use of a dangerous weapon; only Count IV requires
proof of the destruction of property); or between Counts I and II (only Count I
requires intent to injure; only Count II requires use of a vehicle to facilitate the
crime).
As to Mr. Starnes’ final claim, civil forfeiture simply does not implicate
the Double Jeopardy Clause. See United States v. Ursery , 518 U.S. 267, 270
(1996); see also United States v. Williams , 118 F.3d 717, 718 (10th Cir. 1997).
We DENY the request for a certificate of appealability and DISMISS the
appeal.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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