FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
September 18, 2007
FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
JASON ALAN CAPPELLI,
Petitioner-A ppellant,
No. 06-1035
v. (D.C. No. 04-CV-00237-W YD)
(D . Colo.)
ARISTEDES ZAVARAS, * Executive
Director; THE A TTORNEY
G EN ER AL O F TH E STA TE O F
C OLO RA D O ,
Respondents-Appellees.
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT **
Before H E N RY and A ND ER SO N, Circuit Judges, and BROR BY, Senior Circuit
Judge.
Jason Alan Cappelli, a Colorado state prisoner, filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254
petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The federal district court denied relief and
*
Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Aristedes Zavaras, the executive
director of the Colorado Department of Corrections (CDOC), is substituted for
Joe Ortiz, the former executive director of the CDOC, as appellee in this action.
**
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
denied a certificate of appealability (COA). M r. Cappelli appealed. This court
granted a C OA and ordered briefing as to “w hether the absence of a sworn arrest
warrant violated the Fourth Amendment and affected the validity of the
proceedings to revoke M r. Cappelli’s probation. . . . , including whether the
district court correctly applied Stone v. Powell, 428 U .S. 465 (1976), to an arrest
warrant.” Order at 4. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253(a), and we affirm the district court’s denial of M r. Cappelli’s § 2254 habeas
corpus petition.
I. Background
In exchange for the dismissal of three other charges, M r. Cappelli pled
guilty to one felony charge of attempted second-degree burglary and one
misdemeanor charge of theft. Pursuant to the plea agreement, the parties entered
into a stipulation for a deferred judgment and sentence, under which the entry of
judgment and conviction on M r. Cappelli’s plea was deferred for four years from
June 21, 1996. As a result, he was placed on probation for the four-year period
during which the judgment and sentence on the felony charge were deferred, and
he received one year of probation on the misdemeanor charge, to run
concurrently.
On April 11, 2000, M r. Cappelli’s probation officer filed a complaint for
revocation of his deferred judgment and sentence on the felony charge, alleging
that he had violated two terms of the stipulation: he had committed a criminal
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offense during the deferral period, and he had failed to pay restitution and court
costs. On A pril 12, 2000, the Colorado trial court issued a w arrant for the arrest
of M r. Cappelli, who was, at that time, in the custody of the Colorado Department
of Corrections (CDOC) on other charges.
Through counsel, M r. Cappelli filed a motion to quash the probation
officer’s revocation complaint, asserting that the Colorado trial court lacked
jurisdiction because the complaint was signed by the probation officer, not the
district attorney. The trial court received briefing on the motion, conducted tw o
hearings on the issue, and denied M r. Cappelli’s motion— concluding that even in
the absence of the district attorney’s signature, the probation officer’s revocation
complaint satisfied the requirements of the relevant state statute, Colo. Rev. Stat.
§ 16-7-403. After a revocation hearing, the trial court held that the state had
proven both counts of the revocation complaint, entered a judgment of conviction
on the underlying felony charge to which M r. Cappelli had originally pled guilty,
and sentenced him to eighteen months’ imprisonment in the CDOC.
In 2001, M r. Cappelli appealed, contending the Colorado trial court did not
have jurisdiction (1) to consider the revocation complaint because it was not
signed by the district attorney, or (2) to issue the arrest warrant because it was
predicated upon the unsworn revocation complaint signed by the probation
officer, instead of a written oath or affirmation as required by the state and
federal constitutions. In M ay 2002, the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the
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revocation of M r. Cappelli’s deferred judgment and sentence, holding, as to the
first issue raised, that People v. Zabala, 706 P.2d 807, 808 (Colo. Ct. App. 1985),
was “dispositive,” and that M r. Cappelli’s reliance on People v. Berquist,
916 P.2d 629, 630-31 (Colo. Ct. App. 1996), w as “misplaced.” Aplt. A pp. at 70.
The Court of Appeals likewise rejected the second issue raised by M r. Cappelli,
stating that Colo. Rev. Stat. § 16-7-403
requires the trial court to rely upon the “report of a probation
officer,” not, as the defendant suggests, a sworn application.
Consistent with the statute, the trial court reviewed the probation
officer’s complaint and based thereon found probable cause that
defendant had violated the conditions of his stipulation and that a
warrant was reasonably necessary.
Defendant does not articulate how he was prejudiced by the
issuance of the warrant. In fact, when the arrest warrant was issued,
the evidence to support the revocation had been gathered, and
defendant was already incarcerated at the Department of Corrections
for a separate conviction; therefore, the error, if any, was harmless.
See H ollis v. People, 630 P.2d 68, 69 (Colo. 1981) (error is harmless
where no prejudice is shown). Thus, we reject this contention.
Aplt. App. at 71-72. In December 2002, the Colorado Supreme Court denied
M r. Cappelli’s petition for a writ of certiorari. M r. Cappelli did not initiate any
state post-conviction proceedings.
M r. Cappelli then filed a pro se 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a writ of
habeas corpus in the United States D istrict Court for the D istrict of Colorado. In
this timely petition, he alleged that the Colorado trial court lacked jurisdiction
because the district attorney did not sign the revocation complaint, thereby
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violating the prohibition against ex post facto law s. After respondents filed their
answer, M r. Cappelli, through counsel, filed a response in which he alleged that
the Colorado trial court had violated the Fourth Amendment because it lacked
jurisdiction to issue an arrest warrant based upon the probation officer’s unsworn
revocation complaint.
In an order filed December 22, 2005, the federal district court held that
M r. Cappelli’s ex post facto argument had not been exhausted in state court and
was procedurally barred. Turning to the Fourth Amendment claim, the federal
district court stated that “[a]n examination of the briefs in the state case confirms
that M r. Cappelli raised a Fourth Amendment argument before the state appeals
and supreme courts.” Aplt. App. at 103; see also id. at 29, 35, 84-85. But the
Colorado Court of Appeals did not explicitly address this claim under the Fourth
Amendment. See id. at 105. Rather, as noted by the federal district court and
explained in more detail above, the Colorado Court of Appeals rejected
M r. Cappelli’s claim based upon Colo. Rev. Stat. § 16-7-403 and M r. Cappelli’s
failure to demonstrate how he was prejudiced by the arrest warrant’s issuance.
See Aplt. App. at 104-05. The federal district court further noted:
Although the state appeals court did not address the merits of
M r. Cappelli’s Fourth Amendment claim, M r. Cappelli alleges in his
[§ 2254 response] that the state trial court addressed the Fourth
Amendment claim through his motion to quash. [A nd,] [a]s
M r. Cappelli . . . points out in [the response], he clearly had the
opportunity to litigate the Fourth Amendment claim in state court.
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Id. at 105; see also id. at 91-93. As such, the federal district court held that Stone
v. Powell barred M r. Cappelli’s Fourth Amendment claim. Stone, 428 U.S. at 482
(“[W]here the State has provided an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a
Fourth Amendment claim, the Constitution does not require that a state prisoner
be granted federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an
unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at his trial.”); Gamble v. Okla.,
583 F.2d 1161, 1165 (10th Cir. 1978) (explaining that an “[o]pportunity for full
and fair consideration includes, but is not limited to, the procedural opportunity to
raise or otherwise present a Fourth Amendment claim,” a “full and fair
evidentiary hearing contemplated by Townsend [v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293 (1963)],”
and “recognition and at least colorable application of the correct Fourth
Amendment constitutional standards” (internal quotation marks and footnote
omitted)). In particular, the court observed: “M r. Cappelli does not argue that he
did not have a procedural opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claim in
state court or that the state courts either failed or refused to apply the correct and
controlling constitutional standards.” Aplt. A pp. at 106. See also id. at 4-9
(§ 2254 habeas petition); id. at 88-93 (§ 2254 response).
Thereafter, the federal district court denied M r. Cappelli a COA, ruling that
he had not “made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.”
Aplt. App. at 111 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)). M r. Cappelli subsequently
sought from us a COA, essentially lodging the same arguments he had lodged in
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the federal district court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A ). As previously
mentioned, this court granted his request for review, in part, and ordered briefing
as to “whether the absence of a sw orn arrest w arrant violated the Fourth
Amendment and affected the validity of the proceedings to revoke M r. Cappelli’s
probation. . . . , including whether the district court correctly applied Stone v.
Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976), to an arrest warrant.” Order at 4.
II. Discussion
M r. Cappelli argues that the district court incorrectly precluded federal
habeas review by misapplying Stone because Stone “addressed the availability of
federal habeas corpus relief on Fourth Amendment suppression issues, [but did
not address] the Fourth Amendment as a w hole.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 1-2
(emphasis omitted). He also contends, in conclusory fashion, that the state courts
“ignored the plain language of the Fourth Amendment, and did so in a manner
which constituted an unreasonable interpretation of controlling federal law, by
holding that the state could authorize a warrant upon less than the requirements
found in the express language of the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 6. This
contention, however, w as not raised in the federal district court. See Aplt. App.
at 4-9 (§ 2254 petition); id. at 88-93 (§ 2254 response); id. at 106 (observing that
M r. Cappelli did not, in the federal district court, argue “that the state courts
either failed or refused to apply the correct and controlling constitutional
standards”). Further, M r. Cappelli has failed “to articulate a reason for us to
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depart from the general rule that” this court will not consider an issue that was
not raised in the district court. Walker v. M ather (In re Walker), 959 F.2d 894,
896 (10th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we decline
to consider this argument. See id.
Respondents counter that Stone “is broad enough to exclude all Fourth
Amendment claims.” Aplee. Br. at 8 (relying on United States v. Johnson,
457 U.S. 537, 563 n.20 (1982) (“After Stone v. Powell . . . , the only cases raising
Fourth Amendment challenges on collateral attack are those federal habeas corpus
cases in which the State has failed to provide a state prisoner with an opportunity
for full and fair litigation of his claim, analogous federal cases under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255, and collateral challenges by state prisoners to their state convictions
under postconviction relief statutes that continue to recognize Fourth Amendment
claims.”)). Respondents also assert that even though “the Colorado probation
revocation statutes refer to a ‘warrant,’ this is simply not the same type of warrant
referred to in the Fourth Amendment.” A plee. Br. at 11 (citing Colo. Rev. Stat.
§ 16-11-205(6)). 1
1
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 16-11-205(6) (2000), in effect at the time the warrant for
M r. Cappelli’s arrest was issued, provided:
A warrant for the arrest of any probationer for violation of the
conditions of probation may be issued by any judge of a court of
record upon the report of a probation officer or upon the verified
complaint of any person, establishing to the satisfaction of the judge
(continued...)
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W e review de novo whether a petitioner is precluded under Stone v. Powell
from litigating a Fourth Amendment claim in a § 2254 habeas proceeding.
M iranda v. Cooper, 967 F.2d 392, 401 (10th Cir. 1992). Here, the record reflects
that M r. Cappelli raised his Fourth Amendment claim in the state courts. He was
afforded two hearings in the Colorado trial court on his motion to quash the
probation officer’s revocation complaint. The trial court determined that probable
cause existed for the arrest warrant. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the
trial court’s determination of probable cause. And, M r. Cappelli waived his
argument that the state courts “ignored the plain language of the Fourth
Amendment.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 6. Even if he had not waived this argument, he
points to no authority mandating reversal but ignored by the state court, and we
have found none. Cf. Gamble, 583 F.2d at 1163 (disapproving state court’s
application of principles “flatly condemned by the United States Supreme
Court”). Accordingly, the district court correctly determined that M r. Cappelli is
not entitled to habeas corpus relief on his Fourth Amendment claim.
1
(...continued)
probable cause to believe that a condition of probation has been
violated and that the arrest of the probationer is reasonably
necessary. The warrant may be executed by any probation officer or
by a peace officer authorized to execute w arrants in the county in
which the probationer is found.
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III. Conclusion
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
W ade Brorby
Senior Circuit Judge
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