United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 09-2324
PAT GODIN,
Plaintiff, Appellee,
v.
PATTY SCHENCKS, JOLEEN NICELY, and DONNA METTA,
Defendants, Appellants,
SCHOOL UNION #134 and MACHIASPORT SCHOOL DEPARTMENT BOARD OF
DIRECTORS,
Defendants.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MAINE
[Hon. John A. Woodcock, Jr., U.S. District Judge]
Before
Lynch, Chief Judge,
Torruella and Howard, Circuit Judges.
John B. Lucy, with whom Richardson Whitman Large & Badger was
on brief, for appellant Joleen Nicely.
John M. R. Paterson, Eben Albert-Knopp, and Bernstein Shur on
brief for appellant Patty Schencks.
David A. Strock and Fisher & Phillips, LLP on brief for
appellant Donna Metta.
Sandra Hylander Collier for appellee.
December 22, 2010
LYNCH, Chief Judge. Pat Godin, the former principal of
the Fort O'Brien Elementary School in Machiasport, Maine, brought
suit against the Machiasport School Department Board of Directors
("Machiasport") and School Union No. 134 in March 2009, alleging a
violation of her due process rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. She
also sued three individual school system employees who had
separately stated in meetings with officials their views that Godin
had acted abusively toward students at the school. Plaintiff
brought state-law claims that these allegations were defamatory and
led the school system to terminate her employment; the school
system says her job was terminated due to budgetary shortfalls.
Many states have enacted special statutory protections
for individuals, like the individual school system employees in
this case, named as defendants as a result of the exercise of their
constitutional rights to petition the government. These anti-
"SLAPP" ("strategic litigation against public participation") laws
provide such defendants with procedural and substantive defenses
meant to prevent meritless suits from imposing significant
litigation costs and chilling protected speech. The two federal
appellate courts that have addressed whether they must enforce
these state anti-SLAPP statutes in federal proceedings have
concluded that they must. See Henry v. Lake Charles Am. Press,
LLC, 566 F.3d 164 (5th Cir. 2009); United States ex rel. Newsham v.
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 190 F.3d 963 (9th Cir. 1999). See
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also Metabolife Int'l, Inc. v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832, 845-47 (9th
Cir. 2001) (limiting application of one anti-SLAPP provision where
information was within exclusive control of the defendant). This
question, here as it applies to Maine's anti-SLAPP statute, is one
of first impression for this court, and lies at the center of this
appeal. We hold the Maine anti-SLAPP statute must be applied.
I.
Basic background facts set the stage. Shortly after
Godin began working as a teacher and principal at the Fort O'Brien
Elementary School in August 2006, Machiasport began receiving
complaints from other employees concerning her conduct toward
students, including complaints from the three individual
defendants, Patty Schencks, Joleen Nicely, and Donna Metta.1
Machiasport conducted an investigation of Godin's conduct in May
2008. The June 4, 2008 investigation report concluded that the
allegations that Godin's conduct was abusive and inappropriate were
not supported.
Two days after the report was issued, Godin received
notice from the Superintendent of Machiasport Schools that her
1
Nicely offered statements to both the Superintendent of
Schools and the School Board that she felt Godin's treatment of an
eight-year-old child, which Nicely observed first hand, was
"inappropriate and abusive." Schencks reported to Maine's
Department of Health and Human Services and the Maine State Police
her observation of Godin's December 2007 treatment of a four-year-
old child. Metta informed the Machiasport School Board that, on
two occasions in January 2007, she observed Godin treat a student
in a manner that in her view was abusive.
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employment contract, which would have expired in 2011, was being
terminated due to budgetary constraints caused by "significant
subsidy loss." Godin was told that her position would be filled by
a "teaching principal," which occurred on August 12, 2008.
On March 2, 2009, Godin brought suit in federal court,
asserting a federal claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the Union
and Machiasport, and a number of state claims, including claims
against the individual defendants for interference with
advantageous contractual relationships and defamation.2
The individual defendants filed a special motion to
dismiss under Maine's anti-SLAPP statute, which creates a special
process by which a defendant may move to dismiss any claim that
arises from the defendant's exercise of the right of petition under
either the United States Constitution or the Constitution of
Maine.3 Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556 ("Section 556"). Godin does
not dispute that her claims against the individual defendants are
2
Godin's other state claims include a breach of contract
claim against the Union and Machiasport and a claim for punitive
damages against all defendants.
3
The federal Constitution provides: "Congress shall make
no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances." U.S. Const. amend. I.
The Maine Constitution provides: "The people have a right
at all times in an orderly and peaceable manner to assemble to
consult upon the common good, to give instructions to their
representatives, and to request, of either department of the
government by petition or remonstrance, redress of their wrongs and
grievances." Me. Const. art. 1, § 15.
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based on conduct that falls within the statute's broad definition
of "a party's exercise of its right of petition." Me. Rev. Stat.
tit. 14, § 556.
The statute provides that once a defendant brings such a
"special motion to dismiss" and demonstrates that the claims in
question are based on the defendant's petitioning activity, the
court "shall advance [the motion] so that it may be heard and
determined with as little delay as possible." Id. The court shall
grant the special motion "unless the party against whom the special
motion is made shows that the moving party's exercise of its right
of petition was devoid of any reasonable factual support or any
arguable basis in law and that the moving party's acts caused
actual injury to the responding party." Id. In assessing whether
to grant the special motion, "the court shall consider the pleading
and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which
the liability or defense is based." Id. A court may order
discovery specific to the Section 556 motion for good cause shown.
Id. Evidence considered in reviewing a special motion to dismiss
should be viewed "in the light most favorable to the moving party
because the responding party bears the burden of proof when the
statute applies." Morse Bros., Inc. v. Webster, 772 A.2d 842, 849
(Me. 2001).
The district court denied the individual defendants'
special motion under Section 556, holding that Section 556
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conflicts with Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 and 56 and so does not apply in
federal court.
This interlocutory appeal raises issues of first
impression within this circuit, namely: (1) whether, under the
collateral order doctrine, this court has appellate jurisdiction
over an interlocutory appeal from an order denying a special motion
to dismiss brought under Section 556 on the basis that Section 556
cannot be reconciled with federal procedure; and (2) whether
Section 556 applies in federal court proceedings. We hold on the
facts here that we have appellate jurisdiction and that the
district court erred in not applying Maine's anti-SLAPP statute,
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556. We reverse and remand for further
proceedings, including proceedings under Section 556.
II.
We address two preliminary jurisdictional issues: (1)
whether federal subject-matter jurisdiction exists over the state-
law claims against the non-diverse individual defendants even
though no federal claim has been brought against them, and (2)
whether this court has appellate jurisdiction over the individual
defendants' interlocutory appeal by virtue of the collateral order
doctrine.
A. Federal Subject-Matter Jurisdiction: The Supplemental
Jurisdiction Doctrine
Although the parties have not questioned subject-matter
jurisdiction over the claims at issue, "a court has an obligation
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to inquire sua sponte into its subject matter jurisdiction, and to
proceed no further if such jurisdiction is wanting." In re
Recticel Foam Corp., 859 F.2d 1000, 1002 (1st Cir. 1988).
In her complaint, Godin asserts federal question
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1343 et seq. as to the claims
against the school system, and that there exists a common nucleus
of operative facts between the state claims and her federal claims
sufficient to establish supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1367.
With certain exceptions not applicable here, a federal
court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state-law claims
"that are so related to claims in the action within [a court's]
original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or
controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution."4
28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). While it might be questioned whether Godin's
state-law claims that her job termination was caused by defamatory
comments from the individual defendants arise out of the same
4
Section 1367(a) further provides that "[s]uch
supplemental jurisdiction shall include claims that involve the
joinder or intervention of additional parties." 28 U.S.C. §
1367(a). That § 1367(a) confers on federal courts jurisdiction
over state-law claims against non-diverse parties--often termed
"pendent party jurisdiction"--is particularly clear in light of
that statute's origins. See 13D Wright & Miller, Federal Practice
and Procedure § 3567, at 320-23 (3d ed. 2008) (describing § 1367's
enactment as directly responsive to the Supreme Court's holding in
Finley v. United States, 490 U.S. 545 (1989), that the Federal Tort
Claims Act does not allow for the assertion of pendent jurisdiction
over additional parties).
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transaction as her federal claim that the schools did not afford
due process in reaching the termination decision, that is not the
test. See Global NAPs, Inc. v. Verizon New England Inc., 603 F.3d
71, 88 (1st Cir. 2010) ("No Supreme Court case had ever established
the same transaction-or-occurrence test as the boundary of Article
III case-or-controversy requirement." (citing United Mine Workers
of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966))). We conclude it
would not offend the Constitution to assert supplemental
jurisdiction over Godin's state-law claims.5 Accordingly,
supplemental jurisdiction exists over Godin's state-law claims
under § 1367(a).
B. Appellate Jurisdiction: The Collateral Order
Doctrine
Godin objects that we lack appellate jurisdiction,
arguing that the order denying application of Section 556 does not
meet the requirements of the collateral order doctrine. "The
burden of establishing jurisdiction rests with the party who
asserts its existence," here the three individual defendants.
Campbell v. Gen. Dynamics Gov't Sys. Corp., 407 F.3d 546, 551 (1st
Cir. 2005).
5
Because the issue is one of whether there is subject-
matter jurisdiction based on the pleadings, we reach this
conclusion having accepted as true the well-pleaded facts of
Godin's complaint and assessed them in the light most favorable to
her theory of liability. See United States ex rel. Duxbury v.
Ortho Biotech Prods., L.P., 579 F.3d 13, 20 (1st Cir. 2009).
-8-
The collateral order doctrine "allows courts to hear
appeals from judgments that are not complete and final if they
'fall in that small class which finally determine claims of right
separable from, and collateral to, rights asserted in the action,
too important to be denied review and too independent of the cause
itself to require that appellate consideration be deferred until
the whole case is adjudicated.'" Nieves-Marquez v. Puerto Rico,
353 F.3d 108, 123 n.13 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Cohen v. Beneficial
Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949)). For the collateral
order doctrine to apply, the interlocutory order must present: (1)
a conclusive decision, (2) distinct from the merits of the action,
(3) on an important issue, (4) which would effectively be
unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Awuah v. Coverall N.
Am. Inc., 585 F.3d 479, 480 (1st Cir. 2009); see also Will v.
Hallock, 546 U.S. 345, 349 (2006).
Three federal circuit decisions hold there is appellate
jurisdiction over an order denying an anti-SLAPP motion to dismiss,
Hilton v. Hallmark Cards, 580 F.3d 874, 880 (9th Cir. 2009), Henry,
566 F.3d at 181, and Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018, 1024-26 (9th
Cir. 2003), while one, also from the Ninth Circuit, holds to the
contrary, see Englert v. MacDonnell, 551 F.3d 1099 (9th Cir. 2009).
The issue here is narrower and concerned only with the
immediate appealability of an order that a state anti-SLAPP statute
does not apply at all to federal court proceedings due to Federal
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Rules 12 and 56. We defer to another day resolution of the
question of whether an order addressed to the merits of a ruling
under an anti-SLAPP statute is immediately appealable.
We have appellate jurisdiction. First, the order
conclusively decides that relief under Maine's Section 556 is
unavailable to the individual defendants. The relevant inquiry for
collateral order doctrine purposes is whether the order is
conclusive as to "the disputed question," not the action as a
whole. Will, 546 U.S. at 349 (quoting Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer
Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 144 (1993)).
Second, the issue of whether a defendant can utilize
Section 556 in federal court is distinct from the merits of Godin's
action. The legal issue before us is not so intertwined with
factual issues as to make it "highly unlikely to affect, or even be
consequential to, anyone aside from the parties." Lee-Barnes v.
Puerto Ven Quarry Corp., 513 F.3d 20, 26 (1st Cir. 2008).
Third, this appeal raises an important issue of law
because the issue raised is "weightier than the societal interests
advanced by the ordinary operation of final judgment principles."6
Id. (quoting Gill v. Gulfstream Park Racing Ass'n Inc., 399 F.3d
391, 399 (1st Cir. 2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The
seminal Supreme Court case of Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan
6
Because of the important public interests at stake, Will
v. Hallock, 546 U.S. 345, 353 (2006), contrary to Godin's
arguments, reinforces our conclusion.
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Corp. itself involved an interlocutory appeal from a district
court's determination that a state statute was not applicable to a
state-law claim brought in federal court.7 337 U.S. at 546. The
Cohen court permitted interlocutory review, and in so doing, carved
out the collateral order doctrine. Likewise, the parallel question
of whether this state anti-SLAPP statute applies to a state-law
claim brought in federal court qualifies as "too important to be
denied review." Id.
Finally, the order appealed from would be effectively
unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. It is relevant, but
not conclusive, that the Maine Supreme Court's interpretation of
Section 556 has led it to permit interlocutory appeals of orders
denying special motions to dismiss in its own courts, because "a
failure to grant review of these decisions at this stage would
impose additional litigation costs on defendants, the very harm the
statute seeks to avoid, and would result in a loss of defendants'
substantial rights." Schelling v. Lindell, 942 A.2d 1226, 1229-30
(Me. 2008); see also Maietta Const., Inc. v. Wainwright, 847 A.2d
1169, 1173 (Me. 2004) (discussing purpose of Section 556).
7
The New Jersey statute at issue in Cohen made the
plaintiff in a stockholder's derivative action "liable for all
expenses, including attorney's fees, of the defense" and required
"security for their payment as a condition of prosecuting the
action." Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 543
(1949).
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That is relevant not because state law determines the
availability of appellate review here--it does not--but rather
because "lawmakers wanted to protect speakers from the trial itself
rather than merely from liability." Batzel, 333 F.3d at 1025; see
also Englert, 551 F.3d at 1107 (whether state anti-SLAPP statute
provides for interlocutory appeals is significant to whether
interlocutory appeals should be permitted in federal courts).8
There is a "crucial distinction between a right not to be tried and
a right whose remedy requires the dismissal of charges." Midland
Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794, 801 (1989) (quoting
United States v. Hollywood Motor Car Co., 458 U.S. 263, 269 (1982)
(internal quotation marks omitted)). We conclude that the order at
issue here involves "an asserted right the legal and practical
value of which would be destroyed if it were not vindicated before
trial." Lauro Lines s.r.l. v. Chasser, 490 U.S. 495, 499 (1989)
(quoting Midland Asphalt Corp., 489 U.S. at 799) (quotation mark
omitted).
8
Godin's reliance on Englert is thus misplaced. There, in
dismissing the defendants' consolidated interlocutory appeals on
the basis that an order denying an anti-SLAPP motion could be
effectively reviewed after final judgment, the Ninth Circuit found
it important that Oregon's anti-SLAPP statute did not itself make
interlocutory appeals available in state-court proceedings.
Englert v. MacDonnell, 551 F.3d 1099, 1106-07 (9th Cir. 2009).
Englert, with its heavy reliance on the view of Oregon law
regarding the availability of interlocutory appeals, cuts against
Godin's position given the availability of such appeals in this
context under Maine law.
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III.
The district court's order rests on a determination of
law, which we review de novo. See Levin v. Dalva Bros. Inc., 459
F.3d 68, 73 (1st Cir. 2006). It is often said that a federal court
sitting in diversity jurisdiction9 applies the state's substantive
law and the federal procedural rules. See Gasperini v. Ctr. for
Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415 (1996); Erie R. Co. v. Thompson, 304
U.S. 64 (1938); Hoyos v. Telecorp. Comm., Inc., 488 F.3d 1, 5 (1st
Cir. 2007); Servicios Comerciales Andinos, S.A. v. General Elec.
Del Caribe, Inc., 145 F.3d 463, 478 (1st Cir. 1998).10 At the same
time, there is what we have called "an enduring conundrum--the line
between substance and procedure." United States v. Poland, 562
F.3d 35, 40 (1st Cir. 2009). What are matters of substance and
what are matters of procedure is difficult to distinguish, and the
two are not mutually exclusive categories. Shady Grove Orthopedic
Assocs., P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 130 S. Ct. 1431, 1450 (2010)
(Stevens, J., concurring).
9
Our analysis regarding this pendent state-law claim
proceeds as it would were this a state-law claim brought in federal
court by virtue of diversity jurisdiction. See Doty v. Sewall, 908
F.2d 1053, 1063 (1st Cir. 1990).
10
We have held that a nominally procedural state rule
authorizing an award of attorney's fees as a sanction for obstinate
litigation is substantive for purposes of Erie analysis. Servicios
Comerciales Andinos, S.A. v. Gen. Elec. Del Caribe, Inc., 145 F.3d
463, 478 (1st Cir. 1998). State conflict of laws rules are also
considered substantive. Day & Zimmermann, Inc. v. Challoner, 423
U.S. 3, 4 (1975).
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Here, the issue falls into the special category
concerning the relationship between the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure and a state statute that governs both procedure and
substance in the state courts. The issue is whether Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 56 preclude application of Section
556 in federal court. This is not the classic Erie question.
Compare Erie R. Co., 304 U.S. 64, with Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S.
460 (1965).
Until the last several decades, federal courts addressing
similar issues posed the relevant question, as articulated in
Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U.S. 740 (1980), as whether there
was a "direct conflict" between a state law and a federal rule of
civil procedure. Id. at 752. That is no longer the initial
question. See Stewart Org., Inc., v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 26
& n.4 (1988).11 In getting at the potential rub in the relationship
between a Federal Rule of Procedure and the state law, courts now
ask if the federal rule is "sufficiently broad to control the issue
before the court." Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1451 (Stevens, J.,
concurring) (quoting Walker, 446 U.S. at 749-50). If so, then the
11
This shift was described in our opinion in Gil de Rebollo
v. Miami Heat Ass'ns, Inc., 137 F.3d 56, 65 n.5 (1st Cir. 1998).
One concern motivating the shift was the fact that it "would make
no sense for the supremacy of federal law to wane precisely because
there is no state law directly on point." Stewart Org., Inc. v.
Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 26 n.4 (1988). Another concern may well
be that the supremacy of the Federal Rules should not depend only
on whether there is a direct conflict.
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federal rule must be given effect despite the existence of
competing state law so long as the rule complies with the Rules
Enabling Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2072.12 Id.
We conclude that neither Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) nor
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, on a straightforward reading of its language,
was meant to control the particular issues under Section 556 before
the district court. Given this result we do not reach the next
level question as to whether Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 comply with the
Rules Enabling Act.
Our conclusion that Rules 12 (particularly Rule 12(b)(6))
and 56 do not control Section 556 proceedings does not end the
analysis. If a federal rule is not so broad as to control the
issues raised, a federal court might nonetheless decline to apply
state law if so declining would better advance the dual aims of
Erie: "discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of
inequitable administration of the laws." Hanna, 380 U.S. at 468;
see also Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1437; Walker, 446 U.S. at 752-
53. As to this prong of the analysis, we hold that the dual
purposes of Erie are best served by enforcement of Section 556 in
federal court.
12
The caveat exists because "[t]he [Federal] Civil Rules
cannot roam at will." McCoy v. Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., 950
F.2d 13, 21 (1st Cir. 1991). They must relate to practice or
procedure, 28 U.S.C. § 2072(a), and may not "abridge, enlarge, or
modify any substantive right," 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b).
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A. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12 and 56 are not
Sufficiently Broad to Control Section 556 Proceedings
The test of whether a federal rule is "sufficiently broad
to control the issue before the court," Walker, 446 U.S. at 749-50,
was most recently examined by the Supreme Court in Shady Grove, 130
S. Ct. 1431. The question presented was whether a New York Rule,
N.Y.C.P.L.R. § 901(b), which prevents parties from bringing class
action lawsuits on claims seeking the minimum measure of recovery
imposed by statute, was preempted by Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 in
diversity cases. Writing for a five member majority, Justice
Scalia concluded that, because § 901(b) "attempts to answer the
same question" as Rule 23, namely, the categorical question of when
a class action may be brought, § 901(b) could not be applied to bar
class actions in federal diversity cases, so long as Rule 23
complies with the Rules Enabling Act. Id. at 1437.
Joined only by three other Justices, Justice Scalia went
on to reason that Rule 23's validity under the Rules Enabling Act
depends entirely on whether it "really regulate[s] procedure,"
which he concluded it did. Id. at 1442 (plurality opinion)
(quoting Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 14 (1941)). This
conclusion was reached without any inquiry into whether § 901(b)
was procedural or substantive, as in his view that question "makes
no difference" for Rules Enabling Act purposes. Id. at 1444.
Justice Stevens joined the Court's narrow holding that
Rule 23 was sufficiently broad to preempt § 901(b), and that Rule
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23 complied with the Rules Enabling Act. Id. at 1448 (Stevens, J.,
concurring). But in a concurring opinion, joined in relevant part
by four other Justices, he held that whether a Federal Rule is
valid under the Rules Enabling Act depends not on the Federal Rule
alone, but also on the nature of the state rule it seeks to
displace. Id. at 1452-53. The critical question is not "whether
the state law at issue takes the form of what is traditionally
described as substantive or procedural," but rather "whether the
state law actually is part of a State's framework of substantive
rights or remedies." Id. at 1449. Justice Stevens also noted that
this inquiry under the Rules Enabling Act "may well bleed back"
into the inquiry of whether a Federal Rule is sufficiently broad to
control the issue before the court. Id. at 1452. This is so
because a Federal Rule "cannot govern a particular case in which
the rule would displace a state law that is procedural in the
ordinary use of the term but is so intertwined with a state right
or remedy that it functions to define the scope of the
state-created right." Id. To avoid such a result, the concurrence
concludes, "[w]hen a federal rule appears to abridge, enlarge, or
modify a substantive right, federal courts must consider whether
the rule can reasonably be interpreted to avoid that impermissible
result." Id.
The Court's fractured holding regarding when a Federal
Rule is "sufficiently broad" to control an issue of state law is
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given content by other language used by the Court. The concepts of
congruence, co-extensiveness, difference, and direct or indirect
conflict continue to play a role in the analysis. Shady Grove uses
the language of "potential conflict," "compatible" and "collision
with state law." Id. at 1440-42 (majority opinion). The plurality
also characterizes the first step of the analysis as "determining
whether the federal and state rules can be reconciled (because they
answer different questions)". Id. at 1445 (plurality opinion); see
also id. at 1451 (Stevens, J., concurring) (stating the first step
of the analysis asks whether the federal rule leaves "no room for
the operation of seemingly conflicting state law."). Our own case
law also provides guidance. See Morel v. DaimlerChrysler AG, 565
F.3d 20, 24 (1st Cir. 2009) (asking whether the state rule is
"inconsistent"); Gil de Rebollo v. Miami Heat Ass'ns, Inc., 137
F.3d 56, 65 n.5 (1st Cir. 1998) (asking about "potential
conflict"). And we give the federal rules a literal reading. See
Walker, 556 U.S. at 750 n.9.
We also take some guidance from history. Fed. R. Civ. P.
23.1, which governs shareholder derivative suits, is not so broad
as to cover some state bond requirements for such suits. Cohen,
337 U.S. at 555-57. But the class action Rule 23 is broad enough
to preclude state prohibitions on certain class actions seeking
penalties or statutory minimum damages. Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at
1431. It is also commonly accepted that in diversity cases state
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statutes of limitations apply.13 Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326
U.S. 99, 110 (1945). And Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c), governing the
relation back of complaints, displaces an inconsistent state rule.
Morel, 565 F.3d at 24.
Applying these principles to the case before us, we
conclude that Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6),14 which governs motions to
dismiss on the pleadings, and Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, which governs
motions for summary judgment, are not so broad as to cover the
issues within the scope of Section 556. To use the language of
Shady Grove, Rules 12 and 56 do not "attempt[] to answer the same
question," Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1437, nor do they "address
the same subject," id. at 1440, as Section 556.
Federal Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 are addressed to different
(but related) subject-matters. Section 556 on its face is not
addressed to either of these procedures, which are general federal
procedures governing all categories of cases. Section 556 is only
addressed to special procedures for state claims based on a
13
As a consequence, state rules that are integral to the
state statute of limitations usually apply in federal court;
federal rules are not so broad as to cover these state rules. See
17A J. Moore et al., Moore's Federal Practice § 124.03[2][a] (3d
ed. 2009). For example, Fed. R. Civ. P. 3, which concerns
commencing an action in federal court, is not broad enough to
control state laws integral to the limitations issue. See Walker,
446 U.S. at 751-52.
14
Our analysis with regard to Rule 12(b)(6) applies with
equal force to Rule 12(c), which Godin also asserts preempts
Section 556. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c).
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defendant's petitioning activity. In contrast to the state statute
in Shady Grove, Section 556 does not seek to displace the Federal
Rules or have Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 cease to function. Cf. Morel,
565 F.3d at 24. In addition, Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 do not purport
to apply only to suits challenging the defendants' exercise of
their constitutional petitioning rights. Maine itself has general
procedural rules which are the equivalents of Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6) and 56. See Me. R. Civ. P. 12; Me. R. Civ. P. 56. That
fact further supports the view that Maine has not created a
substitute to the Federal Rules, but instead created a supplemental
and substantive rule to provide added protections, beyond those in
Rules 12 and 56, to defendants who are named as parties because of
constitutional petitioning activities.
Rule 12(b)(6) serves to provide a mechanism to test the
sufficiency of the complaint. See Iqbal v. Ashcroft, 129 S. Ct.
1937, 1949 (2009). Section 556, by contrast, provides a mechanism
for a defendant to move to dismiss a claim on an entirely different
basis: that the claims in question rest on the defendant's
protected petitioning conduct and that the plaintiff cannot meet
the special rules Maine has created to protect such petitioning
activity against lawsuits.
The federal summary judgment rule, Rule 56, creates a
process for parties to secure judgment before trial on the basis
that there are no disputed material issues of fact, and as a matter
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of law, one party is entitled to judgment. Inherent in Rule 56 is
that a fact-finder's evaluation of material factual disputes is not
required. But Section 556 serves the entirely distinct function of
protecting those specific defendants that have been targeted with
litigation on the basis of their protected speech. When
applicable, Section 556 requires a court to consider whether the
defendant's conduct had a reasonable basis in fact or law, and
whether that conduct caused actual injury. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56
cannot be said to control those issues.
Section 556 has both substantive and procedural aspects.
One of the substantive aspects of Section 556 shifts the burden to
plaintiff to defeat the special motion. Section 556 also
determines the scope of plaintiff's burden, requiring plaintiff to
demonstrate that the defendant's activity "(1) was without
'reasonable factual support,' and (2) was without an 'arguable
basis in law.'" Schelling, 942 A.2d at 1229 (quoting Me. Rev.
Stat. tit. 14, § 556). Further, Section 556 substantively alters
the type of harm actionable--that is, plaintiff must show the
defendant's conduct "resulted in 'actual injury' to the plaintiff."
Id. (quoting Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556).15
15
In addition, Section 556 allows courts to award
attorney's fees and costs to a defendant that successfully brings
a special motion to dismiss, a statutory element we have previously
determined to be substantive. See Servicios Comerciales Andinos,
S.A., 145 F.3d at 478.
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Neither Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) nor Fed. R. Civ. P. 56
determines which party bears the burden of proof on a state-law
created cause of action. See, e.g., Coll v. PB Diagnostic Syst.,
Inc., 50 F.3d 1115, 1121 (1st Cir. 1995). And it is long settled
that the allocation of burden of proof is substantive in nature and
controlled by state law. Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 117
(1943); Am. Title Ins. Co. v. E. W. Fin. Corp., 959 F.2d 345, 348
(1st Cir. 1992).
Further, Section 556 provides substantive legal defenses
to defendants and alters what plaintiffs must prove to prevail. It
is not the province of either Rule 12 or Rule 56 to supply
substantive defenses or the elements of plaintiffs' proof to causes
of action, either state or federal.16
Because Section 556 is "so intertwined with a state right
or remedy that it functions to define the scope of the
state-created right," it cannot be displaced by Rule 12(b)(6) or
Rule 56. Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1452 (Stevens, J.,
concurring). Further, if Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 were thought to
16
The similarities between Section 556 and Rules 12 and 56
as mechanisms to efficiently dispose with meritless claims before
trial occurs does not resolve the issue. Such an abstracted
framing of the breadth of the Federal Rules is inappropriate. See
Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 130 S.
Ct. 1431, 1441 n.7 (2010) (embracing the suggestion that Federal
Rules should be read "to avoid 'substantial variations [in
outcomes] between state and federal litigation'") (alteration in
original) (quoting Semtek Int'l Inc., v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 531
U.S. 497, 504 (2001)).
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preempt application of all of Section 556, a serious question might
be raised under the Rules Enabling Act. Id. In light of our
conclusion that Section 556 is not displaced, we need not reach
this issue.
Given that neither Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) nor Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56 is so broad as to encompass the special Section 556
proceedings, we might go no further. We do acknowledge the
district court's concern about some differences in the mechanics,
particularly as to the record on which the motion is evaluated.
Whether the procedures outlined in Section 556 will in fact depart
from those of Rule 12 and Rule 56 will depend on the particulars in
a given case of the claim and defense. Some Section 556 motions,
like Rule 12(b)(6) motions,17 will be resolved on the pleadings.
In other cases, Section 556 will permit courts to look beyond the
pleadings to affidavits and materials of record, as Rule 56 does.
In this way, some Section 556 motions, depending on the particulars
of a case, will be resolved just as summary judgment motions under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 are.
Godin emphasizes that Section 556 has the potential in a
particular case to give the individual defendants a dispositive
ruling without affording discovery, thus bringing Section 556 in
17
Even in assessing 12(b)(6) motions, the scope of
materials considered depends somewhat on the particular case. For
example, courts can take account of materials outside the pleadings
if they are undisputed matters of public record. See In re
Colonial Mortg. Bankers Corp., 324 F.3d 12, 19 (1st Cir. 2003).
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conflict with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Cf. Metabolife, 264 F.3d at 845-
47. Godin has not shown any actual conflict. While Section 556
provides that discovery proceedings are stayed upon the filing of
a special motion to dismiss, the statute also provides that a court
may, upon good cause shown, order that specific discovery be
conducted. Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556. The Maine statute, in
imposing on the opponent of the motion the burden of justifying
discovery, is consistent with the allocation of burdens under Rule
56(d), formerly Rule 56(f).18 If a federal court would allow
discovery under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d) then, in our view, that would
constitute good cause under the Maine statute.
The limiting effect that Section 556 has on discovery is
not materially different from the effect of Rule 12 proceedings
and, in some instances, Rule 56 proceedings. Neither Rule 12 nor
Rule 56 of the federal rules of procedure purport to be so broad as
to preclude additional mechanisms meant to curtail rights-dampening
litigation through the modification of pleading standards. The
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 ("PSLRA"), Pub. L.
No. 104-67, 109 Stat. 737, is a federal version of such an
additional mechanism to the Federal Rules, meant to apply to a
discrete category of cases. "Designed to curb perceived abuses of
18
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 was amended, effective December 1,
2010. The substance of the rule has not materially changed. We
find it just and practicable to cite the new rule. See Silva v.
Witschen, 19 F.3d 725, 727-29 (1st Cir. 1994); Freund v. Fleetwood
Enters., Inc., 956 F.2d 354, 363 (1st Cir. 1992).
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the § 10(b) private action," the PSLRA created a higher standard
for pleading scienter in any § 10(b) claim.19 Tellabs, Inc. v.
Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 320, 321 (2007). We
recognize that the fact that Congress may create special procedures
in addition to those under the Federal Rules does not itself mean
that the Federal Rules would not displace a similar state-law
special procedure. See Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1438. Still,
the existence of the PSLRA provides some support to our conclusion
that Congress, in approving Rules 12 and 56, did not intend to
preclude special rules designed to make it more difficult to bring
certain types of actions where state law defines the cause of
action.
In sum, "there is no indication that Rules . . . 12 and
56 were intended to 'occupy the field' with respect to pretrial
procedures aimed at weeding out meritless claims." Newsham, 190
F.3d at 972; see also Henry, 566 F.3d at 169-70 (enforcing
Louisiana's anti-SLAPP statute in federal court). Rather, Rules 12
and 56 "can exist side by side" with Section 556, "each controlling
its own intended sphere of coverage without conflict." Newsham,
19
"Under the PSLRA's heightened pleading instructions, any
private securities complaint alleging that the defendant made a
false or misleading statement must: (1) 'specify each statement
alleged to have been misleading [and] the reason or reasons why the
statement is misleading' . . . and (2) 'state with particularity
facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted
with the required state of mind.'" Tellabs, Inc., 551 U.S. at 321
(citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)).
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190 F.3d at 972 (quoting Walker, 446 U.S. at 752) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
B. Declining to Apply Section 556 in Federal Court Would
Disserve the Dual Aims of Erie
Here, application of Section 556 would best serve the
"'twin aims of the Erie rule: discouragement of forum shopping and
inequitable administration of the laws.'" Commercial Union Ins.
Co. v. Walbrook Ins. Co., 41 F.3d 764, 773 (quoting Stewart, 487
U.S. at 27 n.6 (1988)). "If application of federal law would
disserve these two policies, state law applies." Id.
Plainly, Section 556 substantively alters Maine-law
claims that are based on a defendant's protected petitioning
activity by shifting the burden to the plaintiff and altering the
showing the plaintiff must make. Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556.
Section 556 also allows courts to award attorney's fees to
prevailing defendants, and alters the traditional common-law rule
that, in libel cases, a plaintiff need not demonstrate specific
damages to recover on a claim, as alleging "damages per se" does
not satisfy Section 556's actual injury standard. See Schelling,
942 A.2d at 1232 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 569, cmt.
b (1977)).
Declining to apply Section 556 in federal court would
thus result in an inequitable administration of justice between a
defense asserted in state court and the same defense asserted in
federal court. See Commercial Union Ins. Co., 41 F.3d at 773.
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Likewise, were Section 556 not to apply in federal court, the
incentives for forum shopping would be strong: electing to bring
state-law claims in federal as opposed to state court would allow
a plaintiff to avoid Section 556's burden-shifting framework, rely
upon the common law's per se damages rule, and circumvent any
liability for a defendant's attorney's fees or costs.
IV.
Because neither Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) nor Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56 is sufficiently broad to control the issues raised by the
individual defendants' Section 556 special motion, we conclude the
district court erred in denying the motion on the basis that
Section 556 was displaced. Holding to the contrary would deprive
the individual defendants of Section 556 protection solely on
account of the fact that they are joined as defendants in this
litigation with Machiasport and the Union, against whom federal
claims are raised. Such an outcome would directly contravene
Erie's aims.
We reverse the district court's order, and remand so that
the district court may consider the merits of the individual
defendants' special motion to dismiss under Section 556 in the
first instance. No costs are awarded
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