United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued September 7, 2000 Decided November 14, 2000
No. 99-1435
Lee's Summit, Missouri and
Raytown, Missouri,
Petitioners
v.
Surface Transportation Board and
United States of America,
Respondents
Missouri Central Railroad Company,
Intervenor
On Petition for Review of Orders of the
Surface Transportation Board
Steven J. Kalish argued the cause and filed the briefs for
petitioners.
Evelyn G. Kitay, Attorney, Surface Transportation Board,
argued the cause for respondents. With her on the brief
were Ellen D. Hanson, General Counsel, and M. Alice Thur-
ston, Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice. Evelyn S. Ying,
Attorney, entered an appearance.
Stuart F. Pierson and David C. Reeves were on the brief
for intervenor.
Daniel A. LaKemper was on the joint brief of amici curiae
Keokuk Junction Railway Co. and Arkansas-Oklahoma Rail-
road, Inc.
Before: Ginsburg, Randolph, and Tatel, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge Randolph.
Randolph, Circuit Judge: This is a joint petition for review
of orders of the Surface Transportation Board authorizing the
restoration of service over, and trackage rights to operate on,
an existing but unused 278 mile railroad line in Missouri.
Petitioners, the cities of Lee's Summit and Raytown, contend
that the Board erred in deciding that its regulations required
no environmental review under the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. s 4321, et seq.1
I.
In December of 1997, GRC Holdings Corporation filed a
notice with the Board to acquire from the Union Pacific
Railroad Company a railroad line and associated real proper-
ty. The line runs from the eastern border of Missouri to the
city of Pleasant Hill near the western border of the state.
GRC announced its intention to retain the real property not
needed for rail operations and to convey the line to the
Missouri Central Railroad Company. Missouri Central filed
a Notice of Exemption, indicating that it intended to acquire
the line from GRC, and to obtain trackage rights from Union
Pacific to operate over additional segments at the line's
eastern and western ends. GRC and Missouri Central sought
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1 The cities do not challenge the validity of the regulations.
to avoid full Board review of the transaction, claiming an
exemption under 49 U.S.C. s 10502.
The cities of Lee's Summit and Raytown are located on the
24.8 mile segment at the western end, with respect to which
Missouri Central proposed obtaining trackage rights from
Union Pacific. The cities petitioned the Board to reject
GRC's and Missouri Central's claim for exemption. Of the
arguments the cities raised, only one is before us--namely,
that the Board's regulations obligated it to perform an envi-
ronmental assessment of the transaction.
The regulations require such an assessment when the
acquisition of a segment of rail or the construction of track
results in "either ... an increase in rail traffic of at least 100
percent (measured in gross ton miles annually) or an increase
of at least eight trains a day on any segment of rail line
affected by the proposal." 49 C.F.R. s 1105.7(e)(5)(i)(A). An
environmental assessment is also required when an acquisi-
tion results in "[a]n increase in railyard activity of at least 100
percent (measured by carload activity)." 49 C.F.R.
s 1105.7(e)(5)(i)(B).
Much of the Missouri line had not been used since 1979,
although it had never been formally abandoned. The cities
argued that the increase in rail traffic from the present level
of zero to the levels proposed by the transaction--two trains
a day five days per week--constituted at least a 100 percent
increase in gross annual tons and therefore compelled an
environmental assessment. The Board denied the cities'
petition. Missouri Central Railroad Company-Acquisition
and Operation Exemption-Lines of the Union Pacific Rail-
road Company, S.B. Finance Docket No. 33508; GRC Hold-
ings Corporation-Acquisition Exemption-Union Pacific
Railroad Company, STB Finance Docket No. 33537 at 6
(STB served Apr. 30, 1998) ("1998 Decision"). As the Board
saw it, when "a line currently carries no traffic, any resump-
tion of service, no matter how small, represents an increase
mathematically of infinite magnitude." Id. at 7. The Board
therefore turned to the alternative measurement of eight
trains per day, drawing an analogy to transactions in which
carriers reinstate service on abandoned lines. For aban-
doned lines an environment assessment is required only when
the restored operations amount to eight trains per day. Id.
(citing 49 C.F.R. s 1105.7(e)(5)(i)(C)). Thus, "reading the
regulations as a whole," the Board declined to order an
assessment.
On their petition for reconsideration, the cities offered an
additional argument: Missouri Central's planned rail car
interchange at Pleasant Hill, at the beginning of the western
"trackage rights" segment, required an environmental assess-
ment because the facility constituted a "rail yard" and the
activity there would increase at least 100 percent. Without
deciding whether the Pleasant Hill facility constituted a "rail
yard," the Board ruled again that it would be "inappropriate
to apply a percentage increase to a base of zero."
II.
When there is doubt about a party's constitutional stand-
ing, the court must resolve the doubt, sua sponte if need be.
See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S.
83 (1998); National Ass'n of Reversionary Property Owners
v. Surface Transp. Bd., 158 F.3d 135, 141 n.12 (D.C. Cir.
1998). Here the cities' Article III standing is unclear be-
cause, under the Board's regulation (49 C.F.R. s 1105.6(c)(4)),
the acquisition of trackage rights can never trigger a manda-
tory environmental assessment, and yet the cities are located
on the western "trackage" portion of the line. This suggests
that the cities were not injured or perhaps could not get
redress. If the Board had ordered an environmental evalua-
tion, one might assume that it would have dealt only with the
portion of the line to the east of the cities; hence the effect of
the increased rail traffic in the cities' vicinity would not have
been evaluated in any event. Oral argument brought some
new information to light. We learned from Board counsel
that if an environmental assessment is required for one
portion of a line, the Board's practice is to conduct the
assessment for the entire transaction, which in this case
would include the line running near the cities. For this
reason we are satisfied that the cities have demonstrated the
requisite "injury in fact" "fairly traceable" to the Board that
can be "redressed by a favorable decision." Lujan v. Defend-
ers of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). The Board, we
should add, agrees that the cities have standing.
III.
On the merits, the main issue is whether the Board improp-
erly disregarded the part of its regulation demanding an
environmental assessment whenever the acquisition of rail
line would result in "an increase in rail traffic of at least 100
percent (measured in gross ton miles annually)." 49 C.F.R.
s 1105.7(e)(5)(i)(A). The cities believe that an increase from
zero tonnage to whatever gross tonnage is represented by 520
trains per year (10 per week) equals an "increase in rail
traffic of at least 100 percent." How the cities calculate this
is a mystery. The regulation asks the question: what is the
percentage increase on the acquired line? Suppose there
were 100 tons per year before the acquisition and 200 tons
afterwards. One does not have to be a Richard Feynman to
figure out that 200 tons is 100% greater than 100 tons. The
formula 100 x (a / b) yields the percentage, when a equals
the post-acquisition increase in tonnage (100 tons) and b
equals the pre-acquisition tonnage (100 tons). But there is
trouble when b equals zero, as it does here. Then there must
be division by zero. Yet as mathematicians know, "you can't
legitimately divide by 0. [Symbol not available electronically] doesn't mean anything." Robert
Kaplan, The Nothing That Is 73 (1999); see also Charles
Seife, Zero 23 (2000) ("[d]ividing by zero destroys the entire
framework of mathematics").2
We may approach the problem differently by trying to
calculate what percentage the post-acquisition traffic repre-
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2 For the reasons stated in the text, the Board also properly
refused to require an assessment based on the increased activity at
the Pleasant Hill exchange. Even if the exchange were a "rail
yard," the Board determined that its 100 percent standard could not
be applied because pre-acquisition activity was zero. See 49 C.F.R.
s 1105.7(e)(5)(i)(B).
sents of the pre-acquisition traffic. Suppose 1 train equals 1
ton. The Missouri Central will run 10 trains per week on the
line, 52 weeks per year. What percentage of zero tons is 520
tons? Once again, as a matter of mathematics, the answer is
problematic. If one asked what is 5% of 100, multiplying .05
x 100 yields 5. But if we ask what is 5% of 0, the answer is 0.
Zero multiplied by any number is zero. So what is 100% of
0? Zero of course. One might say, and this perhaps is what
the cities have in mind, that since zero is 100% of zero, it
follows that anything (any tonnage) greater than zero must
trigger the assessment. But the Board had an additional good
reason for not reading its regulation this way. Another
subsection of the regulation--49 C.F.R. s 1105.7(e)(5)(i)(C)--
provides that "[f]or a proposal ... to construct a new line or
re-institute service over a previously abandoned line, only the
eight train a day provision ... will apply." All abandoned
lines will, by definition, have had zero traffic. The Board
thought that the Missouri Central line was analogous; it had
been without traffic for nearly 20 years. 1998 Decision at 7;
Missouri Central Railroad Company--Acquisition and Op-
eration Exemption--Lines of Union Pacific Railroad Com-
pany, STB Finance Docket No. 33508; GRC Holdings Corpo-
ration--An Acquisition Exemption--Union Pacific Railroad
Company, STB Finance Docket No. 33537 at 2 (STB served
Sept. 14, 1999). Although the Board refused to find a "de
facto" abandonment here, it did not have to ignore its aban-
donment rule. If the cities' argument were credited, any
increase in traffic above zero would trigger an assessment;
yet in the comparable situation of an abandoned line being
reactivated, an assessment would be triggered only if the new
traffic amounted to eight trains per day. To maintain some
consistency in its regulatory treatment of these closely analo-
gous situations, the Board therefore decided to apply the
eight-trains-per-day portion of the rule to this transaction.
It is true that the Board's resolution is not perfect. If on
the same rail line involved in this case, there had been 1 train
per day, five days per week (instead of zero traffic), the
increased traffic after the acquisition would have required an
environmental assessment because 2 trains per day over the
same period (assuming equal weight) amounts to a 100%
increase. So an environmental assessment would be required
for an increase of 1 train per day but not, as here, for an
increase of 2 trains per day on the same line. That, say the
cities, is senseless.
They have a point but so does the Board when it relies on
the manner in which it treats abandoned lines. There is, as
we have indicated, no perfect solution to the problems posed
by applying the 100% increase standard to a baseline of zero.
In these circumstances, the Board's interpretation of its
regulation is deserving of respect. Application of the eight
trains per day standard is not "plainly erroneous or inconsis-
tent with the regulation." United States v. Larionoff, 431
U.S. 864, 872 (1976); Bluestone Energy Design, Inc. v.
FERC, 74 F.3d 1288, 1292 (D.C. Cir. 1996).3
The petition for judicial review is denied.
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3 We reject the cities' claim that rehabilitation of the line will
constitute construction of track and therefore trigger an assessment
under a different regulation (49 C.F.R. s 1105.6(b)(1)). Improve-
ment of existing track does not constitute "construction," and does
not even trigger Board jurisdiction under 49 U.S.C. s 1091. City of
Detroit v. Canadian Nat'l Ry., 9 I.C.C. 1208, 1215-17 (1993), aff'd
sub nom. Detroit/Wayne County Port Auth. v. ICC, 59 F.3d 1314,
1316-17 (D.C. Cir. 1995).