United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2006-3388
ALEXANDER F. PUCILOWSKI, JR.,
Petitioner,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Respondent.
Mathew B. Tully, Tully, Rinckey & Associates, of Albany, New York, for petitioner.
Douglas K. Mickle, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for respondent. With him on the
brief were Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and
Todd M. Hughes, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Paul M. Schneider,
Office of General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Prisons, of Washington, DC.
Appealed from: United States Merit Systems Protection Board
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT
2006-3388
ALEXANDER F. PUCILOWSKI, JR.,
Petitioner,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Respondent.
______________________
DECIDED: August 29, 2007
_______________________
Before MAYER, Circuit Judge, PLAGER, Senior Circuit Judge and LOURIE, Circuit
Judge.
MAYER, Circuit Judge.
Alexander F. Pucilowski, Jr., appeals the decision of the Merit Systems
Protection Board, denying in part his petition for relief under the Uniformed Services
Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (“USERRA”), 38 U.S.C. §§ 4301-
4333. Pucilowski v. Dep’t of Just., NY-3443-06-0081-I-1 (MSPB July 7, 2006).
Because the board erred by declining to order the government to correct his personnel
records for the days he was improperly charged military leave in violation of
Butterbaugh v. Department of Justice, 336 F.3d 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2003), we reverse-in-
part and remand.
Background
Under 5 U.S.C. § 6323(a)(1), federal government employees who are members
of the National Guard are entitled to 15 days of annual military leave “without loss in
pay, time, or performance or efficiency rating for active duty [or] inactive-duty training.”
Id. Moreover, guard members can carry-over up to 15 days of military leave from one
year to the next, thereby enabling them to begin a fiscal year with as many as 30 days
of military leave. Id. Prior to the 2000 amendment to section 6323, the government’s
standard practice was to charge guard members military leave for every day they were
away on guard duty, even if they were not scheduled to work some of those days. In
other words, a regular Monday to Friday employee who had guard duty from a Monday
through the next Tuesday would be charged for nine days of military leave, rather than
seven. However, in Butterbaugh, we held that this practice was contrary to section
6323 and constituted the denial of a benefit of employment in violation of USERRA.
336 F.3d at 1336, 1343.
Pucilowski was employed by the Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, as a
correctional officer and supervisor from May 1989 to May 2002, when he transferred to
the Transportation Security Administration as an air marshal. On December 21, 2005,
he filed a Butterbaugh claim with the board, alleging that he had been erroneously
charged military leave from 1989 to 2001, and that as a result he was improperly forced
to use annual leave, sick leave, and leave without pay (“LWOP”). Before the board, he
established that he had been improperly charged 22 days of military leave from 1991 to
1998, including two days in 1991 and three days in 1993. However, the only resulting
leave that these improper charges forced Pucilowski to take was LWOP in 1993. He
2006-3388 2
took a total of 34 days of LWOP that year, but because he had been improperly denied
only five days of military leave from 1991 to 1993, the AJ limited his award of back pay
to five days. Given the absence of any other improper deprivation of annual leave, sick
leave, or LWOP from 1994 to 1998, the AJ denied further monetary relief. He also
declined to order correction of Pucilowski’s civilian and military leave records, because
he reasoned that under Dombrowski v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 102 M.S.P.R.
160 (2006), the board was without authority to do so. Pucilowski appeals, ∗ and we have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9).
Discussion
We must affirm the board’s decision unless we find that it is: “(1) arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained
without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3)
unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). The burden of establishing
reversible error rests on Pucilowski. Sacco v. Dep’t of Justice, 317 F.3d 1384, 1386
(Fed. Cir. 2003).
Pucilowski does not challenge the board’s determination that he was improperly
charged 22 days of military leave from 1991 to 1998, and he also does not challenge its
determination that he is entitled to only five days of back pay as compensation for the
LWOP that he was improperly forced to take. Instead, he argues that the board erred
by declining to order correction of his civilian and military leave records to remedy the
∗
Because Pucilowski’s appeal alleges USERRA violations that pre-date its
enactment, we note that the board has the authority to order remedial action for those
violations, regardless of whether they occurred before, on, or after its enactment. 38
U.S.C. § 4324(c)(1); Hernandez v. Dep’t of the Air Force, No. 06-3375, slip op. at 4-7
(Fed. Cir. Aug. __, 2007).
2006-3388 3
improper charges of military leave; we agree. Moreover, he contends that he is entitled
to compensation based solely on the improper charges of military leave; we disagree.
With respect to correction of his civilian and military pay records, USERRA
provides that a member of “a uniformed service shall not be denied . . . any benefit of
employment by an employer on the basis of that membership.” 38 U.S.C. § 4311(a)
(emphasis added). The term “benefit of employment” is given an “expansive
interpretation.” Yates v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 145 F.3d 1480, 1484-85 (Fed. Cir. 1998);
see also Peterson v. Dep’t of the Interior, 71 M.S.P.R. 227, 237 (1996). It includes “any
advantage, profit, privilege, gain, status, account, or interest (other than wages or salary
for work performed) that accrues by reason of an employment contract or agreement or
an employer policy, plan, or practice.” 38 U.S.C. § 4303(2). To the extent that it is not
already clear from Butterbaugh, 336 F.3d at 1336, we restate that military leave
afforded by 5 U.S.C. § 6323(a) is a benefit of employment. Indeed, military leave
“accrues by reason of” Pucilowski’s employment with the government, and the fact that
it is a benefit afforded him by force of statute makes it no less a part of his “employment
agreement” than if it had been negotiated via collective bargaining or any other process.
See also Fernandez v. Dep’t of the Army, 234 F.3d 553, 555-57 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (finding
that the living quarter allowance provided to members of the armed forces under 5
U.S.C. § 5923(a)(2) is a “benefit of employment”).
The board plainly has the authority under 38 U.S.C. § 4324 to remedy denial of
military leave benefits. Indeed, section 4324(c)(2) provides: “If the Board determines
that a Federal executive agency or the Office of Personnel Management has not
complied with the provisions of this chapter relating to the employment or reemployment
2006-3388 4
of a person by the agency, the Board shall enter an order requiring the agency or Office
to comply with such provisions and to compensate such person for any loss of wages or
benefits suffered by such person by reason of such lack of compliance.” Accordingly,
the board erred by failing to order the Department of Justice, the Transportation
Security Administration, the United States Department of Defense Finance &
Accounting Service, and any other relevant agency to correct their records to reflect a
proper accounting of Pucilowski’s military leave.
Finally, we reject Pucilowski’s suggestion that he is entitled to monetary
compensation based solely on the 22 days of improperly charged military leave.
Indeed, a veteran is legally entitled to monetary compensation or its equivalent only
where he demonstrates actual harm. See Butterbaugh, 336 F.3d at 1333-36.
Therefore, we find no reversible error in the AJ’s decision to compensate Pucilowski
only for the five days of LWOP that he was forced to take as a result of improperly
charged military leave, and not for the days of military leave themselves.
We recognize, however, that agencies have not been entirely consistent in how
they compensate veterans for Butterbaugh violations. In some cases, they have
provided monetary compensation or annual leave days for improperly charged military
leave even though the veteran has not been able to demonstrate actual harm. For
example, in Hernandez, No. 06-3375, slip op. at 3, the Air Force provided monetary
compensation both for annual leave days taken as a result of Butterbaugh violations
and for the 12 days of improperly charged military leave. See also Garcia v. Dep’t of
Justice, 102 M.S.P.R. 463 (2006); Perih v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 102 M.S.P.R. 454
(2006); Lewis v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 102 M.S.P.R. 415 (2006); Scott v. Dep’t of the
2006-3388 5
Navy, 101 M.S.P.R. 343 (2006). However, in other cases, agencies have declined to
provide such compensation where no actual harm was shown. See, e.g., Roy v. Dep’t
of the Treas., 103 M.S.P.R. 638 (2006); Rubel v. Dep’t of the Army, 103 M.S.P.R. 196
(2006); Scott v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 102 M.S.P.R. 468 (2006). We make clear that,
while not legally obligated to do so, agencies may resolve claims by providing more
compensation than an individual has been able to prove. This practice, as illustrated by
Hernandez, Garcia, Perih, Lewis, and Scott v. Dep’t of the Navy, is appropriate as a
matter of administrative convenience, especially if the records before them are deficient
or incomplete. But it also helps to ensure that veterans are appropriately given the
benefit of the doubt in the face of such records and fully enjoy the presumption that
veterans’ benefits statutes are to be resolved in their favor. E.g., King v. St. Vincent’s
Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 220 n.9 (1991); see also Kirkendall v. Dep’t of the Army, 479 F.3d
830, 843-44 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (en banc). Accordingly, we approve of the board’s
affirmance of the relevant compensation decisions in Hernandez, Garcia, Perih, and
Lewis.
Conclusion
Accordingly, the decision of the Merit Systems Protection Board is affirmed-in-
part and reversed-in-part, and the case is remanded for the board to direct the
correction of Pucilowski’s civilian and military leave records.
AFFIRMED-IN-PART; REVERSED-IN-PART; and REMANDED
2006-3388 6