Andre Coleman v. Governor of State of Michigan

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0147n.06

No. 09-1139 FILED
Mar 16, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ANDRE COLEMAN, RALEEM-X, LEON )
PERCIVAL, and JEFFERY CARNEY, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
GOVERNOR OF STATE OF MICHIGAN, ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
PATRICIA CARUSO, Warden SANDRA ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SCHULTZ MENGEL, KIMBERLY S. HAUSER, )
HANNAH WATSON, JUDGE RICHARD )
BANDSTRA, CHIEF JUDGE HOWARD C. )
WHITBECK, MIKE BRYANTON, DAVID )
BERGH, and BARBARA BOUCHARD, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )

BEFORE: KEITH, KENNEDY, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. Plaintiff-Appellants are five pro se indigent prisoners who attempted to file

civil claims in state court, but were denied the opportunity to do so pursuant to Michigan Complied

Laws § 600.2963, which requires prisoners to pay full or partial court fees prior to filing civil claims.

As a result, Plaintiffs brought suit against numerous state government officials in federal district

court. Plaintiffs made three claims. First, they challenged the constitutionality of § 600.2963(8) on

its face and as-applied to Plaintiffs; second, they challenged enforcement of the statute by state

officials and Ingham County Circuit Court judges pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and third, they

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contested the conditions of their state prison confinement. The district court dismissed Plaintiffs’

claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and/or failure to state a genuine issue of material fact.

For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

I.

Plaintiffs Andre Coleman, Raleem-X, Leon Percival, Jeffrey Carney and Ron Denham

(collectively “Plaintiffs”) are pro se indigent state prisoners from the following Michigan

Department of Corrections (“MDOC”) prisons: the Alger Maximum Correctional Facility (“LMF”);

the Gus Harrison Correctional Facility; and the Marquette Branch Prison. Between 2001 and 2004,

Plaintiffs attempted to file judicial review claims and petitions for writ of habeas corpus in Ingham

County Circuit Court and were denied the opportunity to file because of outstanding fees pursuant

to § 600.2963(8). Plaintiffs filed appeals from the Circuit Court’s denial of their claims with the

Michigan Court of Appeals, which upheld the Circuit Court’s decision. Plaintiffs did not file an

application for leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court.

Section 600.2963 of the Michigan Compiled Laws governs filing fees for indigent prisoners

bringing civil actions or civil appeals in state court. It states, in pertinent part:

(1) If a prisoner under jurisdiction of the department of corrections submits for filing
a civil action as plaintiff in a court of this state or submits for filing an appeal in a
civil action in a court of this state and states that he or she is indigent and therefore
is unable to pay the filing fee and costs required by law, the prisoner making the
claim of indigency shall submit to the court a certified copy of his or her institutional
account, showing the current balance in the account and a 12-month history of
deposits and withdrawals for the account. The court then shall order the prisoner to
pay fees and costs as provided in this section. The court shall suspend the filing of
the civil action or appeal until the filing fee or initial partial filing fee ordered under
subsection (2) or (3) is received by the court. . . .

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(7) For purposes of this section, the fact of a prisoner’s incarceration cannot be the
sole basis for a determination of indigency. However, this section shall not prohibit
a prisoner from commencing a civil action or filing an appeal in a civil action if the
prisoner has no assets and no means by which to pay the initial partial filing fee. If
the court, pursuant to court rule, waives or suspends the payment of fees and costs
in an action described in subsection (1) because the prisoner has no assets and no
means by which to pay the initial partial filing fee, the court shall order the fees and
costs to be paid by the prisoner in the manner provided in this section when the
reason for the waiver or suspension no longer exists.

(8) A prisoner who has failed to pay outstanding fees and costs as required under this
section shall not commence a new civil action or appeal until the outstanding fees
and costs have been paid.

Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2963. Plaintiffs challenge the constitutionality of § 600.2983(8) on its face

and as applied in their cases. Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that the unlawful application of §

600.2963(8) violates their First Amendment right to access the courts and their Fourteenth

Amendment right to equal protection of the law. Moreover, Plaintiffs’ allege that § 600.2963(8) is

unconstitutional because it bars the filing of a combined action by prisoners.

Plaintiffs also filed a § 1983 suit seeking monetary and injunctive relief against Ingham

County, Ingham County Circuit Judge William Collette, Ingham County Circuit Judge Peter Houk,

Ingham County Circuit Court administrator David Easterday, Ingham County Circuit Court clerk

Mike Brayton and law clerk Damian Fisher (collectively, “Ingham County Defendants”) and Sandra

Schultz Mengel, Kim Hauser, Hannah Watson, Angela Dissessa, Judge Richard Bandstra and Judge

William C. Whitbeck1 (collectively, “Court of Appeals Defendants”) for their enforcement of §

600.2963(8) against Plaintiffs.

1
Plaintiffs incorrectly identified Judge Whitbeck of the Michigan Court of Appeals as “Judge
Howard C. Whitbeck,” which also appears in the case caption.

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Plaintiffs’ conditions of confinement claims arise out of their placement in administrative

segregation. They allege constitutional violations relating to the denial of appliances, uncomfortable

shoes, inadequate dental products, use of bright lights in cells up to and exceeding 18 hours a day,

infringement on their right to free exercise of religion and denial of access to court contrary to their

First, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. These claims were filed against MDOC Director

Patricia Caruso, LMF Warden David Bergh, former LMF Warden Barbara Bouchard and Ionia

Maximum Correctional Facility Warden Willie O. Smith (collectively, the “MDOC Defendants”)

only.

Plaintiffs filed their suit with the district court on or around January 16, 2007. Having

accepted and adopted the recommendation of a magistrate judge, the district court granted summary

judgment to the MDOC Defendants on April 2, 2008. On August 14, 2008, the magistrate judge

filed a Report and Recommendation to grant Ingham County Defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction. Over Plaintiffs’ objections, the district court adopted the

recommendation and granted the Ingham County Defendants’ motion. The district court denied

Plaintiffs’ counter-motion for summary judgment as to the remaining Court of Appeals Defendants

on December 15, 2008, instead dismissing the claims against Court of Appeals Defendants as well.

Plaintiffs timely appealed to this Court.

II.

A.

The district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ constitutional challenge to § 600.2963(8) for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction. The initial question in this case, then, is whether the district court and

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this Court have authority to review the substance of this matter pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine. This Court reviews de novo a district court’s ruling that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine

precludes subject matter jurisdiction. Lawrence v. Welch, 531 F.3d 364, 368 (6th Cir. 2008).

B.

The Supreme Court first held that, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1257, lower district courts lacked

the subject matter jurisdiction to directly review state court decisions in Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.,

263 U.S. 413 (1923). Accordingly, only the Supreme Court of the United States has the jurisdiction

to review state court decisions. Rooker, 263 U.S. at 416. Sixty years later, the Supreme Court

reaffirmed this holding in District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).

There, the plaintiff challenged the District of Columbia’s rule for bar admission in the district court

after being denied permission to sit for examination by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Feldman, 460 U.S. at 468-69. The Supreme Court upheld the district court’s dismissal of the claim

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, noting that “[i]f the constitutional claims presented to a United

States District Court are inextricably intertwined with the state court’s denial [of a claim] in a

judicial proceeding . . . then the District Court is in essence being called upon to review the state

court decision. This the District Court may not do.” Id. at 482 n.16. Together, the Rooker and

Feldman decisions have combined to make the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which prohibits district

courts from conducting appellate review of state court decisions.

In Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp., the Court held that the Rooker-

Feldman doctrine applied to “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by

state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district

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court review and rejection of those judgments.” 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). Nevertheless, where an

individual makes a claim concurrently with or independent from the state court proceeding, the

Supreme Court emphasized that the district court has jurisdiction to review that claim. Id. at 293.

As the Court notes, “[i]f a federal plaintiff presents some independent claim, albeit one that denies

a legal conclusion that a state court has reached in a case to which he was a party, then there is

jurisdiction and state law determines whether the defendant prevails under principles of preclusion.”

Id. (internal quotations omitted).

The Sixth Circuit explains the inquiry to whether the Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies after

Exxon as follows:

The inquiry then is the source of the injury the plaintiff alleges in the federal
complaint. If the source of the injury is the state court decision, then the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine would prevent the district court from asserting jurisdiction. If there
is some other source of injury, such as a third party’s actions, then the plaintiff asserts
an independent claim.

McCormick v. Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 393 (6th Cir. 2006). In McCormick, the plaintiff fully

litigated issues pertaining to property she obtained through a divorce proceeding in state court. Id.

at 386-87. However, she filed a suit in district court after the decision alleging that the fraud of a

third party caused her injury during the state-litigated suit. Id. at 388. This court held that the

district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the claims seeking review of the state court

decision, but that it did have jurisdiction to hear the independent claims based upon the injury caused

by third party fraud. Id. at 394-95.

Here, Plaintiffs challenge the constitutionality of § 600.2963(8) as applied to Plaintiffs by

Defendant Judges and their clerks of court. They challenge the constitutionality of Judge Houk’s

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Administrative Order 2001-5,2 which directs the court to apply § 600.2963(8) to all pleadings

brought by indigent inmates. They allege that, in application, the statute has denied Plaintiffs their

right to file fact-and-duration confinement claims, habeas petitions and judicial review claims

contrary to Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 600.5505(1) and 600.5531(a).3

Plaintiffs also challenge the facial constitutionality of § 600.2963(8). First, they allege that

“on its face [the statute] bars the filing of a combined action where the state and individual

defendants cannot be sued in a single court” due to jurisdiction and venue limitations. Second,

Plaintiffs allege that § 600.2963(8) denies prisoners access to court until they have paid all applicable

filing fees. The Ingham County Circuit Courts have applied this statute regardless of whether

prisoners file a civil action or appeal or are paying the fees to the best of his or her ability. Finally,

they raise a federal preemption claim relating to the prisoners’ ability to bring § 1983 claims.

Plaintiffs allege that § 600.2963(8) violates the Supremacy Clause by “unlawfully plac[ing] a limit

on Federal Civil rights litigation, which is regulated only by Congress.”

2
Judge Houk’s Administrative Order, 2001-5, states: “in accordance with MCL 600.2963(8)
prisoners shall not be allowed to file a new lawsuit until they have paid any outstanding fees and
costs on previous lawsuits filed in the 30th Circuit Court.”
3
Section 600.5505(1) indicates that § 600.2963 “applies to civil actions concerning prison
conditions.” Mich. Comp. Law § 600.5505(1). Section 600.5531(a) defines “civil action concerning
prison conditions” as “any civil proceeding seeking damages or equitable relief arising with respect
to any conditions of confinement or the effects of an act or omission of government officials,
employees, or agents in the performance of their duties, but does not include proceedings challenging
the fact or duration of confinement in prison, or parole appeals or major misconduct appeals under
. . . MCL 791.234 and 791.255.” Mich. Comp. Law § 600.5531(a).

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All of these claims constitute “as applied” constitutional challenges and are barred by the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Following the McCormick analysis, Plaintiffs’ source of injury from §

600.2963(8) originates from the state court’s application of the statute to Plaintiffs—either through

refusal to file judicial-review claims, duration-of-confinement claims and petitions for writ of habeas

corpus or through refusal to grant fee waivers pursuant to § 600.2963(7). While Plaintiffs argue that

the court’s refusal to file the pleadings was an administrative task, the Supreme Court has held that

a “judicial inquiry in which the court was called upon to investigate, declare, and enforce liabilities

as they stood on present or past facts and under laws supposed already to exist” will constitute a

judicial decision for the purposes of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Feldman, 460 U.S. at 479

(internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs were denied filing and petitioning based upon past

facts and the state court’s interpretation of those facts in light of § 600.2963(8).

Even when considering Plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief against future fee waivers or

judicial petitions, this court cannot grant this request without predicating the decision on a

determination that the state court’s prior decisions to deny fee waiver were improper. See Lawrence,

531 F.3d at 371 (following other circuits in finding that “claims seeking injunctive relief are barred

by Rooker-Feldman if they necessarily require the federal court to determine that a state court

judgment was erroneously entered” (string citations omitted)); Patmon v. Mich. Supreme Court, 224

F.3d 504, 510 (6th Cir. 2000) (rejecting plaintiff’s general constitutional challenge to § 600.2963

because the core of his claim was that the state rule was unconstitutional as applied to him); Carney

v. Christiansen, 422 F. Supp. 2d 841, 849-50 (E.D. Mich. 2006) (same). Any attempt to review the

Circuit Court’s application and interpretation of § 600.2963(8) to Plaintiffs by the district court

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would amount to an appellate review of the state court’s decision on this matter. Plaintiffs’ proper

recourse for these challenges must be the Michigan state court system and ultimately the Supreme

Court of the United States. Because the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over such a

claim, the district court correctly dismissed Plaintiffs’ constitutional challenges to § 600.2963(8).

III.

Next, Plaintiffs attempted to bring suit against the Ingham County Defendants4 and the Court

of Appeals Defendants in their judicial capacity for enforcement of § 600.2983(8).5 This Court

4
Plaintiffs also brought suit against Ingham County. A municipal government does not enjoy
absolute immunity. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978) (“[I]t is when
execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose
edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government
as an entity is responsible under § 1983.”). However, here Ingham County is only implicated as the
location of a state court. Because Plaintiffs failed to allege any offense by Ingham County in
executing § 600.2963(8), the district court correctly dismissed this claim on summary judgment.
5
In his brief, Plaintiff Coleman also appealed from the voluntary dismissal of Defendants Bay
County and Judge Kenneth W. Schmidt (collectively “Bay County Defendants”) on the grounds that
he was unable to communicate with the other Plaintiffs not to agree to the dismissal and furthermore
that his later motion for reinstatement of claims filed with Bay County had been denied. However,
following Judge Duggan’s well-written opinion and order dismissing Bay County, these claims are
moot:

Plaintiffs admission that “Arenac County is the proper county for as-applied
challenges by Plaintiffs Coleman-Bey and Denham-Bey” renders any as-
applied challenges to Section 600.2963(8) of Michigan Complied Laws
against Bay County moot. Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiffs are asserting
a facial challenge to Section 600.2963(8), every county in Michigan need not
be named. Consequently, this Court will dismiss Defendant Bay County.

Coleman v. Granholm, No. 06-12485, 2007 WL 2461695, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 27, 2007).
Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiff Coleman-Bey raises any new claims against the Bay County
Defendants on appeal, this Court will not consider them here. The Glidden Co. v Kinsella, 386 F.
App’x 535, 544 (6th Cir. 2010) (“This Court’s review is limited to issues ‘presented to and

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reviews de novo whether absolute judicial immunity is available in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss. Brookings v. Clunk, 389 F.3d 614, 617 (6th Cir. 2004).

Judges generally are absolutely immune from civil suits for money damages under § 1983.

Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 9-10 (1991); see also Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 359 (1978)

(“A judge is absolutely immune from liability for his judicial acts even if his exercise of authority

is flawed by the commission of grave procedural errors.”). Furthermore, “[b]y enacting the 1996

Federal Courts Improvement Act . . . Congress . . . expanded the ambit of judicial immunity by

amending § 1983 so as to prohibit injunctive relief against a judicial officer.” Gilbert v. Ferry, 298

F. Supp. 2d 606, 611 (E.D. Mich. 2003); see Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1996, Pub. L. No.

104-317, § 309(c), 110 Stat. 3847, 3853 (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983).

Absolute judicial immunity applies not only to judges, but has extended, in the form of quasi-

judicial immunity, to any person acting as an arm of the absolutely immune judicial officer. See

Bush v. Rauch, 38 F.3d 842, 847 (6th Cir. 1994) (holding that where employee’s involvement

“necessarily arose in the execution of the [judicial] order,” absolute quasi-immunity applies).

Absolute immunity may be overcome in two situations: first, a judge is liable for nonjudicial

actions; second, a judge is not immune for actions taken in complete absence of all jurisdiction.

Barnes v. Winchell, 105 F.3d 1111, 1116 (6th Cir. 1997).

Here, Plaintiffs challenge judicial enforcement of Administrative Order 2001-5. As the

district court correctly states, the Administrative Order 2001-5 “qualifies as a judicial action

considered by the district court, unless review of an issue is necessary in order to prevent manifest
injustice, promote procedural efficiency, or correct clear errors or omissions.’” (citation omitted)).

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performed in Judge Houk’s official judicial capacity.” The order interprets § 600.2963(8) and

advises arms of the judges, including their clerks, to execute their statutory interpretation. Plaintiffs

argue that Court of Appeals and Ingham County Defendants acted in the absence of jurisdiction in

executing the Administrative Order, but they fail to provide a compelling reason for this assertion.

While the order was made ex parte, “[t]he informal and ex parte nature of a proceeding has not been

thought to imply that an act otherwise within a judge’s lawful jurisdiction was deprived of its judicial

character.” Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 227 (1988). Therefore, Judge Houk’s Administrative

Order does not fall within the exceptions to absolute judicial immunity and Defendants Bandstra,

Whitbeck, Houk and Collette are absolutely immune from injunctive or monetary relief.

Furthermore, the clerks and administrators were merely executing Judge Houk’s order by denying

Plaintiffs pleadings pursuant to § 600.2963(8). Therefore, quasi-judicial immunity prevents

injunctive or monetary relief from these Defendants as well.

IV.

Plaintiffs also appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the MDOC

Defendants concerning the conditions of administrative segregation confinement. This Court has

jurisdiction to review appeals from final judgments of district courts pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

This Court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Bell-Bey v. Williams,

87 F.3d 832, 835 (6th Cir. 1996). This Court will grant summary judgment “if the movant shows

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). No genuine issue of material fact exists for trial unless,

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viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for that party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

A.

Plaintiff Percival alleged that MDOC policy prevented the exercise of his constitutional right

to access the courts. It is well established that prisoners have a constitutional right to access the

courts. Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821 (1977), overruled in part by Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S.

343 (1996). However,

Bounds does not guarantee inmates the wherewithal to transform themselves into
litigation engines . . . . The tools it requires to be provided are those that the inmates
need in order to attack their sentences, directly or collaterally, and in order to
challenge the conditions of their confinement. Impairment of any other litigating
capacity is simply one of the incidental (and perfectly constitutional) consequences
of conviction and incarceration.

Casey, 518 U.S. at 355. At the least, prisoner officials must provide all inmates with paper and pen

to draft legal documents, notary services to authenticate the papers, and stamps to mail them. See

Bounds, 430 U.S. at 828; Martucci v. Johnson, 944 F.2d 291, 295 (6th Cir. 1991). When reviewing

a prison regulation, we apply a deferential standard of review. Casey, 518 U.S. at 361 (“[A] prison

regulation impinging on inmates’ constitutional rights is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate

penological interests.” (internal quotations omitted)).

Here, Plaintiff Percival alleges that the MDOC Defendants denied him access to the courts

by denying him the opportunity to use the typing room for more than two hours a day, as required

under MDOC policy. He also claims that the MDOC policy allowing corrections officials extended

time to respond to inmate misconduct citations violates his First Amendment right to access the

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courts. Neither of these claims prevail given the deferential standard we apply when reviewing

prison regulations. As the district court notes, “[l]imitation on typing may be inconvenient, but it

is not obvious why it is a bar to litigating, particularly given this and most courts[’] willingness to

accept handwritten pleadings” and “internal grievance policy does not directly affect Plaintiff’s

ability to bring his claim before any court.” Coleman v. Granholm, No. 06-12485, 2008 WL 919642,

at *9, *10 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 2, 2008). The MDOC Defendants produced written policy noting that

access to courts may be limited for “reasons of security.” Limited access to typewriters reasonably

relates to MDOC’s legitimate penological interest in security. Moreover, Plaintiff failed to show any

actual injury related to access to courts caused by the extended deadlines for prison misconduct.

Therefore, both access to court claims were correctly dismissed on summary judgment.

B.

Next, Plaintiffs challenge the conditions of their confinement as violations of the Eighth

Amendment. “[T]he Eighth Amendment prohibits punishments which, although not physically

barbarous, involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain, or are grossly disproportionate to

the severity of the crime.” Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 346 (1981) (citation omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted). While there is no “static test” to determine whether the conditions of

confinement violate the Eighth Amendment, prison officials violate the Eighth Amendment when

they act with deliberate indifference to an inmate’s health. Id. at 346-47; see also Estelle v. Gamble,

429 U.S. 97, 103-105 (1976). In relation to the conditions of confinement, the Eighth Amendment

only addresses “deprivations of essential food, medical care or sanitation” or “other conditions

intolerable for prison confinement.” Rhodes, 452 U.S. at 398. Plaintiffs’ allegations do not amount

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to the type of deprivations referenced in Rhodes. Plaintiffs do not deny that, in administrative

segregation, they get out-of-cell exercise, though they do not like the time of day it is offered. And

while Plaintiffs complain of lack of access to televisions, better shoes, specific dental products and

different lighting, they fail to establish a constitutional right to any of these amenities. In short, these

complaints amount to the incidental constitutional consequences of conviction and incarceration.

Therefore, the district court correctly dismissed this claim on summary judgment.

C.

The district court also correctly dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims that MDOC policies deny

prisoners in administrative segregation religious exercise pursuant to section 3 of the Religious Land

Use and Institutionalized Person Act of 2000, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1 (“RLUIPA”). Under

RLUIPA, “[n]o government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person

residing in or confined to an institution,” unless the government shows that the burden furthers “a

compelling governmental interest” and does so by the “least restrictive means.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-

1(a)(1) to (2); Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 715 (2005). Courts entertaining complaints under

§ 3 should apply “due deference to the experience and expertise of prison and jail administrators in

establishing necessary regulations and procedures to maintain good order, security and discipline,

consistent with consideration of costs and limited resources.” Cutter, 544 U.S. at 723 (quoting 146

Cong. Rec. 16698, 16699 (2000) (joint statement of Sen. Hatch and Sen. Kennedy).

Here, MDOC policy limits inmates in administrative segregation to basic television

programming. In addition, MDOC policy prohibits battery-operated appliances in administrative

segregation. As a result, Plaintiffs allege that the MDOC Defendants have placed a substantial

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burden on their right to exercise freedom of religion. However, the MDOC Defendants provided a

sworn affidavit indicating that Plaintiffs “have access to religious materials and may request

additional religious reading materials from the Institutional Chaplain, and can correspond in writing

and receive religious visits.” Plaintiffs fail to show how the MDOC policies have placed substantial

pressure on an inmate to violate his or her religious beliefs or effectively bar an inmate from

exercising his religion. See Living Water Church of God v. Charter Twp. of Meridian, 258 F. App’x

729, 737 (6th Cir. 2007) (declining to set a bright line test to measure a substantial burden under

RLUIPA in the context of land use). The policies do not prevent Plaintiffs from receiving religious

materials through alternate methods other than radio or television. They may receive religious

literature via the mail and may receive visitors at the prison to discuss their religious beliefs.

Accordingly, the district court correctly dismissed the claim on summary judgment.

D.

Plaintiffs also allege that their placement in and the conditions of administrative segregation

violate the procedural-due-process protections of the Fourteenth Amendment. Procedural-due-

process claims have two elements: “First, the court must determine whether the interest at stake is

a protected liberty or property right under the Fourteenth Amendment. Only after identifying such

a right [does a court] continue to consider whether the deprivation of that interest contravened

notions of due process.” Thomas v. Cohen, 304 F.3d 563, 576 (6th Cir. 2002).

Plaintiffs Percival and Carney assert that a settlement agreement in a previous Michigan

prisoners’ class action suit gave them a right to “meaningful in-cell activity, mental health

evaluations, and religious, education, and recreational access;” the MDOC Defendants allegedly

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deprived Plaintiffs of this right by abolishing the prisoner sub-class subject to the settlement

agreement and transferring Plaintiffs to their current administrative segregation unit. Even assuming

that the settlement agreement cited by Plaintiffs give rise to a protected liberty interest, see Vigili v.

Gilbert, 272 F.3d 391, 395 n.1 (6th Cir. 2001) (“This Court is unaware of cases in this circuit that

address whether settlement agreements can give rise to liberty interests.”), any such interest “will

be generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an

unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force,

nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary

incidents of prison life.” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995) (citations omitted). “[T]he

nature and duration of an inmate’s segregation may affect whether the State has implicated a liberty

interest that warrants due-process protection – as do the other Sandin factors, such as whether the

segregation will affect the overall duration of the inmate’s sentence.” Harden-Bey v. Rutter, 524

F.3d 789, 795 (6th Cir. 2008).

Plaintiffs claim that the MDOC Defendants “have drastically increased the length of stay in

segregation for every offense,” and allege that the MDOC Defendants have given them unclear and

conflicting information as to how and when they might be released from segregation. Thus, the

duration of their segregation might weigh in favor of a conclusion that the MDOC Defendants have

infringed Plaintiffs’ cognizable liberty interest. However, Plainitffs have failed to demonstrate that

the nature of their segregation exceeds the basic discomforts indicative of the “ordinary incidents of

prison life.” Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484. While Plaintiffs allege that their segregation is “atypically and

significantly worse than every level v seg unit in the state,” they identify only a handful of adverse

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regulations that apply to them by virtue of their segregation, for example more restrictive rules as

to the types of cassette players they may possess, access to fewer television channels, and less-than-

ideal exercise equipment. As these complaints do not rise to the level of “atypical and significant

hardships,” id., the district court rightly dismissed Plaintiffs’ due process claims.

E.

Plaintiffs also object to the prison’s policy of providing a cable television package to general-

population prisoners with more channels than that offered to administrative-segregation prisoners,

asserting that it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Equal

Protection Clause prohibits states from “mak[ing] distinctions which either burden a fundamental

right, target a suspect class, or intentionally treat one differently from others similarly situated

without any rational basis for the difference.” Radvansky v. City of Olmstead Falls, 395 F.3d 291,

312 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793, 799 (1997)).

Prisoners are not a suspect class, Jackson v. Jamrog, 411 F.3d 615, 619 (6th Cir. 2005), nor

are prisoners placed in administrative segregation vis-a-vis general population prisoners, see

Williams v. Vidor, 67 F. App’x 857, 860 (6th Cir. 2003), and Plaintiffs have not alleged that they

otherwise belong to a suspect class. It is beyond question that access to cable television is not a

fundamental right. Therefore, Plaintiffs had the burden of proving that MDOC’s policy lacked a

rational basis, which they might satisfy in one of two ways: “either by negativing every conceivable

basis which might support the government action or by demonstrating that the challenged

government action was motivated by animus or ill-will.” Warren v. City of Athens, Ohio, 411 F.3d

697, 711 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs have done neither, as they

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No. 09-1139
Andre Coleman, et al. v. Governor Granholm, et al.

complained only that MDOC struck a deal under which a cable company provides sub-standard

service to the prison facilities at a discount price, despite prisoners’ express wish that prison funds

earmarked for inmate entertainment be spent differently. Therefore, the district court correctly

dismissed this claim.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the dismissal of the constitutional claims for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction, AFFIRM the dismissal of § 1983 claims against Court of Appeals and

Ingham County Defendants for judicial immunity, and AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment to

the MDOC Defendants for the conditions of confinement claims filed by Plaintiffs.

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