UNITED STATES of America,
v.
I. Lewis LIBBY, Defendant.
No. CRIM.05-394(RBW).
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
April 5, 2006.*19 Patrick Fitzgerald, Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, Kathleen Kedian, Peter Robert Zeidenberg, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for United States of America.
*20 MEMORANDUM OPINION
WALTON, District Judge.
Currently before the Court is the defendant's motion that seeks to prohibit the government from filing ex parte submissions under Section 4 of the Classified Information Procedures Act ("CIPA"), 18 U.S.C.App. III (2000), without first making a particularized showing of exceptional circumstances.[1] Although the defendant does "not object to in camera consideration of potentially discoverable classified documents by the Court," he does challenge submission to the Court of "any ex parte argument by the government that particular documents are not discoverable or that [the government] should be permitted to redact or provide substitutions for discoverable documents." Def.'s Mot. at 2-3. As support for his positions, the defendant posits that (1) Section 4 of the CIPA gives this Court discretion when deciding whether to accept or reject ex parte submissions, (2) ex parte proceedings are generally disfavored, and (3) ex parte submissions are unnecessary because the defendant is a former national security official[2] and his attorneys have security clearances. Id. at 4-6. For all these reasons, the defendant argues that Section 4 ex parte proceedings should be prohibited in this case absent a particularized showing of exceptional circumstances. Id. Accordingly, the defendant opines that "once the Court determines that a document falls within the scope of Rule 16 or Brady,[3] the defense should have access to the document for purposes of arguing that any redactions or substitutions the government proposes will not afford Mr. Libby substantially the same ability to make his defense as the complete document." Id. at 3. In the alternative, the defendant posits that if the Court permits the government to make ex parte submissions under Section 4 of the CIPA, it should also permit the defendant to proceed ex parte in support of his discovery requests. Id. at 8-9.
The government opposes the defendant's motion, arguing that the CIPA expressly provides for ex parte, in camera submissions to the Court and that the CIPA imposes no requirement that a particularized showing be made before such a submission is filed with the Court. Gov't's Opp'n at 1-2. In addition, the government notes that Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 also authorized ex parte submissions to the Court. Id. at 4-5. Moreover, and contrary to the defendant's position, the government contends that the defendant's previous access to highly classified documents as a national security official and the security clearances held by the defendant's attorneys is not justification for departing from the procedures set forth in the CIPA. Id. at 5-6. The government 1. The following papers have been submitted in connection with this motion: (1) Motion of *21 also opines that exceptional circumstances should always be deemed to exist when the government properly submits a filing pursuant to Section 4 accompanied by supporting affidavits. Id. at 8-9. And finally, the government notes that the CIPA does not authorize the defense to file ex parte submissions, and there is no basis for providing the defense with that ability here. Id. at 10-11.
I. Analysis
As the District of Columbia Circuit has observed, "[i]t is a hallmark of our adversary system that we safeguard party access to the evidence tendered in support of a requested court judgment." Abourezk v. Reagan, 785 F.2d 1043, 1060 (D.C.Cir. 1986). Thus, courts routinely express their disfavor with ex parte proceedings and permit such proceedings only in the rarest of circumstances. See, e.g., United States v. Rezaq, 899 F.Supp. 697, 707 (D.D.C.1995); United States v. George, 786 F.Supp. 11, 16 (D.D.C.1991). Accordingly, the District of Columbia Circuit adheres to the "the firmly held main rule that a court may not dispose of the merits of a case on the basis of ex parte, in camera submissions." Abourezk, 785 F.2d at 1061.[4] The Circuit Court did note, however, that there are exceptions to this rule, but concluded that they "are both few and tightly contained." Id. The Court acknowledged three such exceptions. First, the "inspection of materials by a judge isolated in chambers may occur when a party seeks to prevent use of the materials in the litigation." Id. (emphasis in original). Second, when the government has properly invoked, for example, the state secrets privilege, has demonstrated "compelling national security concerns," and has disclosed, "prior to any in camera examination, . . . as much of the material as it could divulge without compromising the privilege." Id. Finally, ex parte proceedings are permitted when a statute expressly provides for such proceedings. Id.; see, e.g., 50 U.S.C. § 1702(c) (2000) (an agency record containing classified information "may be submitted to the reviewing court ex parte and in camera").
In the context of discovery in criminal cases, both Rule 16 and the CIPA permit ex parte filings. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(d) provides that a court may permit a party seeking a protective order or seeking to modify a discovery request to "show good cause [why their request should be granted] by a written statement that the court will inspect ex parte." Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(d)(1). Section 4 of the CIPA, which "Congress intended . . . to clarify the court's powers under Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(d)(1) to deny or restrict discovery in order to protect national security," also provides for ex parte filings. United States v. Sarkissian, 841 F.2d 959, 965 (9th Cir.1988) (citing S.Rep. No. 823, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 6, reprinted in 1980 U.S.Code & Cong. News 4299-4300). Under Section 4 of the CIPA,[5] "[t]he court *22 may permit the United States to make a request [to delete specified items of classified information from documents or provide substitutions] in the form of a written statement to be inspected by the court alone." 18 U.S.C.App. III, § 4. Ex parte submissions of such information is authorized "`since the government is seeking to withhold classified information from the defendant, [and] an adversary hearing with defense knowledge would defeat the very purpose of the discovery rules.'" Sarkissian, 841 F.2d at 965 (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 831, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 27 n. 22). It is clear from the plain text of Section 4, however, that the Court has discretion in deciding whether to accept ex parte filings under Section 4.
Nevertheless, the defendant seeks a definitive pre-submission ruling from this Court concerning how it will employ the CIPA procedures under Section 4 throughout the prosecution of this case. While this Court appreciates why the defendant desires such a ruling, the defendant's request not only is premature[6] but conflicts with the text of the provision itself. Thus, despite this Court's prior admonition to both parties that they make all possible attempts to refrain from filing documents both ex parte and under seal, the substance of future filings are unknown, and this Court cannot preemptively constrain either party or limit their ability to make filings they deem appropriate and necessary. This Court can imagine scenarios in which ex parte proceedings will be both warranted and necessary throughout the prosecution of this case, not only to preserve national security, but also to ensure the defendant's right to a fair trial.
The defendant's motion does, however, raise an important issuehow this Court will proceed when presented with filings under Section 4 of the CIPA. The CIPA does not provide a detailed roadmap for courts to follow; in fact, the course is primarily unchartered. As a former member of this Court observed, the "CIPA is a procedural statute, and the legislative history of it shows that Congress expected trial judges to fashion creative solutions in the interests of justice for classified information problems." United States v. North, 713 F.Supp. 1453 (D.D.C.1989) (citing H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 96-1436 (96th Cong., 2nd Sess., 11, 14 (1980), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 1980, p. 4294.)). This case will inevitably require such creative solutions. And in crafting the process the parties will be required to follow, the Court will endeavor to properly balance the defendant's right to receive a fair trial and the government's need to protect classified information.
It important to note at the outset that Section 4 of the CIPA is only implicated if the government seeks to "delete specified items of classified information from documents to be made available to the defendant through discovery. . . ." 18 U.S.C.App. III, § 4. By its terms, Section 4 applies only after it has been determined that documents are discoverable. Moreover, the Court concludes that it is only logical to permit Section 4 to be invoked when the government decides to produce information contained in classified documents even though it is under no legal obligation to produce the information. Accordingly, *23 Section 4 only applies after the threshold question of materiality is made in favor of disclosure or the government agrees to disclosure without making a materiality challenge. Therefore, it is inappropriate (and in fact unnecessary) for the government to argue questions of materiality through an ex parte Section 4 filing. Rather, questions of materiality must be litigated in a separate adversarial setting, just as the Court did when addressing the defendant's first two motions to compel.[7] And, as the defendant has acknowledged, the government can submit to this Court for its ex parte review copies of disputed documents during such adversarial proceedings to assist the Court in resolving the threshold materiality determinations. See, e.g., Palermo v. United States, 360 U.S. 343, 354, 79 S.Ct. 1217, 3 L.Ed.2d 1287 (1959); Abourezk, 785 F.2d at 1061. The actual materiality challenges, however, cannot be submitted to the Court along with the ex paste Section 4 filing.
The next question the Court must address is what role, if any, the defendant and his attorneys should be permitted to play in Section 4 proceedings in this case. In examining this issue, the Court must first assess whether the defense should be accorded access to unredacted documents that this Court deems discoverable or the government has otherwise agreed to disclose, in order to participate in discussions about the government's proposed redactions or substitutions. And, this Court must also consider whether the defense should be provided access to the government's justifications for proposed redactions or substitutions along with the opportunity to challenge those justifications. Other than the statutory language of Section 4, the parties have provided this Court with no caselaw explicitly discussing how the Court should proceed when the government makes an ex parte filing under Section 4 or the role the defendant has, if any, in such proceedings. Nor has the Court's research discovered such authority. In fact, the caselaw cited by the parties is not particularly insightful. For example, the defendant relies on United States v. George, 786 F.Supp. 11, 14 n. 1 (D.D.C.1991), and United States v. Poindexter, 727 F.Supp. 1470, 1473 n. 4 (D.D.C. 1989), to support his position that because he previously held a national security position and his attorneys have security clearances the defense should be permitted to play a role equal to the government's in the Section 4 proceedings. Def.'s Mot. at 5-6. These cases, however, simply stand for the unremarkable proposition that there are fewer threats to national security in disclosing classified documents to a defendant and his attorney who have obtained security clearances, than when disclosure is made to someone who has not received such clearances. These cases therefore do not address the question at issue here. And the government attempts to support its position that ex parte proceedings under Section 4 are appropriate, despite the defendant's former national security position and defense counsel's security clearances, by simply citing to cases where the facts indicate that ex parte proceedings were conducted under Section 4. See Gov't's Opp'n at 6-7. Thus, the Court must devise a creative solution without the aid of existing precedent.
In most cases in which the government has invoked Section 4, the defendant played no role in the proceedings, in large part because the defendant and his attorneys did not possess the requisite security *24 clearances to even view the documents in question or to comment on proposed redactions and substitutions. See, e.g., United States v. Dumeisi, 424 F.3d 566, 577 (7th Cir.2005); United States v. Gurolla, 333 F.3d 944, 951 (9th Cir.2003); United States v. Yunis, 867 F.2d 617, 620 (D.C.Cir.1989); United States v. Pringle, 751 F.2d 419, 427 (1st Cir.1984). But here, the defendant is a former national security official and his attorneys possess security clearances, and they have already been provided with and permitted to view classified documents. These circumstances, however, do not lead to the inescapable conclusion that the defendant and his team of attorneys should be permitted to view every classified document associated with this case. There can be no doubt that this Court will be presented with a number of highly sensitive national security issues, and there will be times when the Court will be required to make decisions on substitutions or redactions. For example, this Court has previously ordered the government to produce to the defendant topic summaries that represent the information the defendant received during his morning intelligence briefings. United States v. Libby, 429 F.Supp.2d 1, 15-16, 2006 WL 574260, at * 10 (D.D.C. March 10, 2006). This Court noted in that ruling that the government could either provide the defense redacted documents or provide the defense "table of contents" type documentation as substitutions for the actual documents. Id. This Court can therefore envision the need for the government to submit to the Court, pursuant to Section 4, these documents for a determination of whether certain redactions or substitutions are proper. In addition, despite the fact that the defendant is a former national security official and some of his defense team hold security clearances, this does not entitle them to view documents that exceed the level of their security clearances or documents that may discuss particularly sensitive issues with profound national security implications whose viewing is permitted only upon a showing that there is a "need-to-know the information.[8] 8 See Executive Order No. 12,958, § 4.2(a)(3), 60 Fed.Reg. 19,825 (Apr. 17, 1995), as amended by Exec. Order No. 13,292, 68 Fed.Reg. 15,315 (March 25, 2003) ("A person may have access to classified information provided that . . . the person has a need-to-know the information.").
Nonetheless, the Supreme Court has recognized that "Wairness can rarely be obtained by secret, one-sided determination of facts decisive of rights." United States v. James Daniel Good Real Prop., 510 U.S. 43, 55, 114 S.Ct. 492, 126 L.Ed.2d 490 (1993) (citation omitted). And this Court appreciates that adversarial proceedings contribute to a balanced and fair process. With these principles in mind, the Court believes that a proper balance can be struck, which it concludes has been accomplished as set forth below.
First, the Court declines to adopt the defendant's position that he must first have the opportunity to litigate whether the government has established exceptional circumstances before the government can submit to the Court ex parte filings pursuant to Section 4. There is simply no requirement for such a showing in the CIPA, and this Court cannot not judicially require it. Cf. Sarkissian, 841 F.2d at 965-66 ("Nowhere does CIPA require the government to file a public claim of privilege before making an in camera, ex parte *25 submission."). In fact, as the government has noted, "[d]isclosing the rationale for classification or the damage that reasonably could be expected to result [from disclosing documents to the defense] would entail risks of disclosing the very information that the government is seeking to protect." Gov't's Opp'n at 9. Nor can this Court accept the defendant's position that the government should be prohibited from including in its ex parte Section 4 filings written justification for its proposed substitutions or redactions. Section 4 requires the government to make a "sufficient showing" that proposed redactions or substitutions are necessary and adequate to serve the purpose of the defense. And it is therefore entirely appropriate for the government, as it must when making a Section 4 filing, to provide written justification for its contention that it is necessary to delete specific items of classified information or to provide substitutions for that information. Moreover, requiring the government to litigate whether a particular substitution or redaction is necessary would defeat the very purpose of Section 4 filings, as the defendant would no doubt be able to determine exactly what the government is attempting to withhold during such proceedings. See Sarkissian, 841 F.2d at 965.
However, the defendant is a former national security official and some of his defense team have security clearances, and they have already been privy in this case to a variety of classified documents. Thus, this Court will require the government to justify, as part of any ex parte filing pursuant Section 4, that an ex parte filing is necessary. This submission must necessarily include a declaration or affidavit, executed by an intelligence community official with the requisite classification review authority, which (1) describes the reasons for the classification of the information at issue, (2) sets forth the potential harm to national security that could result from its disclosure, and (3) explains why the defense, based upon appropriate classification guidelines, does not have a "need-to-know the information" in its unaltered form. See Gov't's Opp'n at 8. This showing must detail why the classified documents the government is producing ex parte are of a nature and quality distinguishable from the classified documents already produced to the defendant. Upon receipt of such a filing, the Court will review it and determine whether the filing should remain ex parte, or whether all or some portion of it should provided to the defendant.[9]Cf. Palermo, 360 U.S. at 354, 79 S.Ct. 1217; Abourezk, 785 F.2d at 1061.
The defendant, undoubtedly, will continue to object to this process, arguing that this Court "cannot be expected to surmise the factual nuances of the defense" in order to determine whether a redaction or substitution submitted ex parte adequately compensates for the unaltered original or copy of a classified document. Def.'s Mot. at 8. While the Court is not unsympathetic to the defendant's concerns, it nonetheless anticipates, in large part based upon the defense as it understands it,[10] that questions concerning the adequacy of substitutions and redactions will not be too complex for the Court to make without input from the defendant. *26 However, the Court is mindful of the Supreme Court's admonition that "[i]n our adversary system, it is enough for judges to judge. The determination of what may be useful to the defense can properly and effectively be made only by an advocate." Dennis v. United States, 384 U.S. 855, 875, 86 S.Ct. 1840, 16 L.Ed.2d 973 (1966) (citations omitted). Nevertheless, by enacting Section 4 of the CIPA, Congress explicitly provided for ex parte proceedings. Accordingly, striking a balance between the Supreme Court's admonition in Dennis and Congress's adoption of Section 4, the Court will provide the defendant the opportunity to submit an ex parte affidavit from counsel detailing the defense so that the Court will be in a more informed position to determine whether the government's proposed redactions or substitutions for a particular document adequately provide the defendant with what he needs to pursue his defense.[11]See, e.g., United States v. Clegg, 740 F.2d 16, 17 (9th Cir. 1984) (observing that the district court permitted the defendant to file an ex parte, in camera submission to the Court to support its discovery requests); Poindexter, 727 F.Supp. at 1479 n. 16 (permitting the defendant to file an ex parte submission so that the defendant would not have to "reveal to the prosecution the theories of his defense"); United States v. North, 698 F.Supp. 322, 324 (D.D.C.1988) (court conducted an in camera, ex parte hearing with the defense so they could argue why certain documents were discoverable). In addition, if redacted or substitute documents are produced to the defendant pursuant to Section 4, the Court will provide the defendant an opportunity, if he so chooses, to file a motion for reconsideration alleging that the redacted or substitute documents are not sufficient to provide the defendant with what he needs to pursue his defense. And, as already noted, this Court reserves the right to require the government to provide the defendant with all or portions of a Section 4 filing if it finds inadequate basis for the government's refusal to disclose the document.
II. Conclusion
Although the Court is not unsympathetic to the defendant's positions, for the reasons set forth above, this Court cannot agree with the defendant's view that he and his counsel should be permitted to play a role equal to the government in the Section 4 proceedings the Court will have to conduct. The process this Court will employ strikes the appropriate balance on the one hand between ensuring that matters of national security remain protected, and on the other hand preserving the defendant's right to a fair trial. The Court will therefore grant in part and deny in party the defendant's motion to preclude the government from making ex parte CIPA Section 4 submissions to the Court absent a particularized showing of exceptional circumstances.
ORDER
Currently before the Court is the defendant's motion which seeks to prohibit the government from filing an ex parte submission under Section 4 of the Classified Information Procedures Act ("CIPA"), 18 U.S.C.App. III (2000), without first making a particularized showing of exceptional circumstances. For the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum Opinion, it is hereby this 5th day of April, 2006,
*27 ORDERED that the defendant's motion is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. It is further
ORDERED that the government shall not present arguments concerning the materiality of documents in any ex parte Section 4 filings. It is further
ORDERED that the government will not be required to establish, through an adversarial process, that exceptional circumstances warrant an ex parte filings pursuant to Section 4. It is further
ORDERED that the government will not be prohibited from including in its ex parte Section 4 filing a written justification for its proposed substitutions or redactions. It is further
ORDERED that any Section 4 filings submitted by the government must include a declaration, executed by an intelligence community official with the requisite classification review authority, which (1) describes the reasons for the classification of the information at issue, (2) sets forth the potential harm to national security that could result from its unauthorized disclosure, and (3) explains why the defense, based upon appropriate classification guidelines, does not have a "need-to-know the information." It is further
ORDERED that the defendant may submit an ex parte affidavit by April 19, 2006, detailing his defense or defenses so that the Court is in a more informed position to determine whether the government's proposed redactions or substitutions are necessary and adequate to serve the purposes of the defense.
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] Lewis Libby to Bar Ex Parte Submissions Under CIPA § 4 Without a Particularized Showing of Exceptional Circumstances ("Def.'s Mot."); (2) Government's Response to Defendant's Motion to Bar Ex Parte Submissions Under CIPA Section 4 Without a Particularized Showing of Exceptional Circumstances ("Gov't's Opp'n"); and (3) Reply in Support of Motion of I. Lewis Libby to Bar Ex Parte Submissions Under CIPA § 4 Without a Particularized Showing of Exceptional Circumstances ("Def.'s Reply").
[2] It is this Court's understanding that upon the defendant's resignation from government service, the defendant's security clearance became inactive. Accordingly, the defendant does not currently hold an active security clearance, but no objection has been raised challenging his viewing of the documents which have been produced by the government presumably, in part, because he previously had access to those documents as a national security official and has consented to the various protective orders issued in this case.
[3] Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).
[4] Although Abourezk was decided in the civil summary judgment context, its reasoning is equally applicable to the proceedings at issue here.
[5] Section 4 of the CIPA provides:
The court, upon a sufficient showing, may authorize the United States to delete specified items of classified information from documents to be made available to the defendant through discovery under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, to substitute a summary of the information for such classified documents, or to substitute a statement admitting relevant facts that the classified information would tend to prove. The court may permit the United States to make a request for such authorization in the form of a written statement to be inspected by the court alone. If the court enters an order granting relief following such an ex parte showing, the entire text of the statement of the United States shall be sealed and preserved in the records of the court to be made available to the appellate court in the event of an appeal.
18 U.S.C.App. III., § 4 (emphasis added).
[6] The government has submitted its initial filing pursuant to Section 4. In light of the motion which is the subject of this opinion, the Court has deferred ruling on the government's motion until after it issued this opinion.
[7] This Court notes that it has no reason to believe that the government would attempt to argue the materiality of documents in a Section 4 filing, as no such attempt has been made at this point.
[8] It is axiomatic that even if the defendant and his attorneys had been granted the highest level of security clearances, that fact alone would not entitle them to access to every piece of classified information this country possesses.
[9] The process described above shall be used for CIPA Section 4 filings, and should not be construed to limit the government's ability to raises other objections to disclosure of the documents, e.g., executive privilege or attorney client privilege.
[10] In the defendant's papers filed in connection with the first two motions to compel, the defendant carefully and thoroughly described his anticipated defense. See Libby, 429 F.Supp.3d at 12, 2006 WL 574260, at *7.
[11] In light of the government's pending Section 4 motion, the defendant should submit, if he so chooses, this ex parte affidavit within two weeks from the date of this memorandum opinion and accompanying order.