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MMIRT OF APPEALS
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2013NVI E3 AM 11: 15
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF W IN TON
C OF/ i IN G T0N
DIVISION II W'
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Y
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42339- 1- 11
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
DONOVAN C. BACH,
BJORGEN, J. — Donovan Bach appeals from his convictions for attempted residential
burglary and second degree burglary. He argues: ( 1) the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting evidence of Bach' s arrest on an outstanding warrant; ( 2) the trial court' s jury
instruction defining " substantial step" violated his due process rights because it relieved the State
of the burden of proving an element of attempted residential burglary; and ( 3) substantial
evidence does not support the trial court' s finding that he had the present or future ability to pay
the, legal financial obligations ( LFO) imposed on him. Because Bach failed to preserve the
alleged evidentiary error and his challenge to the LFO finding and because the jury was properly
instructed, we affirm his convictions.
FACTS
On December 7, 2010, Eddie and Irene Lord' were asleep in their residence. At around
3: 46 AM, Eddie was awakened by a sound he perceived as someone trying to kick in the front
door. Eddie looked out his bedroom window and saw a car in his driveway. He went into the
living room, told Irene to call 911, and returned to his bedroom with a pistol and a spotlight.
1
For clarity, we refer to Eddie and Irene Lord by their first names. We mean no disrespect.
No. 42339 -1 - II
Eddie raised a window and shouted, "[ I] f you' re out there; you' d better show your face "; and
announced he had a gun. Report of Proceedings ( RP) at 20.
Eddie then saw a " young man," whom he identified at trial as Bach, emerge from an area
between the residence and an outdoor storage unit. RP at 21. Eddie illuminated Bach with the
spotlight, told him to " freeze" and that he would shoot, and fired a round into the ground. RP at
21. Bach then went to his car, backed it up at a " rather high speed" and left the residence. RP at
25.
Responding to the Lords' call, Mason County Sheriff' s Deputy Brett Rutherford
proceeded to the address registered to the license plate the Lords had observed. While waiting
for other deputies to arrive, Rutherford located the car and confirmed that its engine was still
warm. Deputy Erik Heilman arrived at the same address, knocked on the door and was invited in
by a woman who answered. At some point, Bach emerged from a bedroom and identified
himself, after which law enforcement officers ascertained that he had an outstanding arrest
warrant and arrested him. Around the same time, Deputy Trevor Clark took Eddie to the same
residence, outside of which he identified Bach three times with " 100 percent" certainty as the
man that had been at his house. RP at 63 -65.
The State charged Bach with attempted residential burglary and second degree burglary.
Before trial, Bach moved in limine to exclude any testimony that he " was arrested on warrants."
RP at 7. However, he specified no basis for this motion. The trial court requested an offer of
proof from the State, reasoning that " being arrested on a warrant per se could be prejudicial ... if
it had nothing to do whatever with the case." RP at 8. In its offer of proof, the State argued that
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No. 42339 -1 - II
Bach' s arrest on warrants was " part of the res gestae" and necessary to explain law enforcement
officers' actions in arresting Bach and removing him from the residence outside of which Eddie
identified him. RP at 7 -9. Bach responded only that the officers likely would have arrested
Bach anyway for suspicion of the burglary and, thus, he did not know whether " it' s crucial that
the jury hear that he was arrested on his warrants." RP at 9. The trial court denied Bach' s
motion in limine, ruling that the warrant was " part of the res gestae" and " relevant ... to what
the officer' s actions were," but excluding any reference to the warrant' s basis. RP at 10..
A jury convicted Bach as charged. At sentencing, the trial court imposed LFOs, finding
that Bach had " the ability or likely future ability to pay" them. RP at 10. Bach did not challenge
this finding before the trial court. The court ordered payments to begin 60 days after Bach' s
release from custody. Bach appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES
Bach argues that the admission of Heilman' s testimony that he was arrested on an
outstanding warrant violated ER 404( b), requiring reversal. For the reasons below, we hold that
Bach failed to preserve this challenge for appeal.
According to ER 404( b),
e] vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.
It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
Under ER 103( a)( 1),
e] rror may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence
the party is affected, and ... [ i]n case the ruling is one
unless a substantial right of
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admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to strike is made, stating the
specific ground of objection, if the specific ground was not apparent from the
context.
Applying these provisions, our Supreme Court has held that a nonspecific objection based on
prejudice" will preserve an ER 404( b) challenge for appeal " because it suggests the defendant
was prejudiced by the admission of evidence of prior bad acts," but an objection based on
relevance alone will not. State v. Mason, 160 Wn.2d 910, 933, 162 P. 3d 396 ( 2007).
Here, Bach moved before trial to exclude any testimony about his arrest on an
outstanding warrant. The only bases he provided for this objection, though, were his speculation
that law enforcement officers would have arrested him even without the warrant, based on
suspicions of his involvement in the burglary, and his view that the testimony was not " crucial"
for the jury to hear. RP at 9. However, he never argued that the testimony would be prejudicial.
Thus, Bach appeared to base his objection on grounds of relevance or that the testimony was
2
needlessly cumulative under ER 403, not on grounds of prejudice.
Bach argues that even if trial counsel failed to mention ER 404( b), the reference by both
the trial judge and defense counsel to the notion of res gestae shows that each understood this
objection to be brought under that rule. Under ER 103( a)( 1), Bach argues his objection is
preserved since its specific ground was apparent from the context.
As noted, the only grounds for objection offered by Bach below were that law
enforcement officers would have arrested him in any event and that testimony about his arrest
was not crucial. This, together with the absence of any claim of prejudice, unambiguously
2
ER 403 provides, " Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed ... by considerations of ... needless presentation of cumulative
evidence."
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No. 42339 -1 - II
signals an objection based on ER 403, not ER 404( b). Under ER 103( a)( 1) and Mason, 160
Wn.2d at 933, the reference to res gestae does not translate this to an ER 404( b) objection.
Bach also argues that under Garceau v. Woodford, 275 F. 3d 769 ( 9th Cir. 2001), reversed
on other grounds by Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 123 S. Ct. 1398, 155 L. Ed. 2d 363
2003), the alleged violation of ER 404( b) is a due process violation of constitutional magnitude.
If correct, the objection under ER 404( b) could be raised for the first time on appeal under RAP
2. 5( a). However, we are bound only by decisions of our state Supreme Court and
nonsupervisory decisions of the United States Supreme Court. In re Pers. Restraint of Crace,
157 Wn. App. 81, 98 n. 7, 236 P. 3d 914 ( 2010), reversed on other grounds, 174 Wn.2d 835, 280
P. M 1102 ( 2012). Our Supreme Court has held that "` [ e] videntiary errors under ER 404 are not
of constitutional magnitude. "' State v. Smith, 106 Wn.2d 772, 780, 725 P. 2d 951 ( 1986)
quoting State v. Jackson, 102 Wn.2d 689, 695, 689 P. 2d 76 ( 1984)). Therefore, RAP 2. 5( a)
does not allow them to be raised for the first time on appeal.
For these reasons, Bach failed to preserve his ER 404(b) challenge for appellate review.
As noted, Bach did object to admission of evidence of his arrest warrant under the
standards of ER 403, which states that "[ a] lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its
probative value is substantially outweighed ... by considerations of... needless presentation of
cumulative evidence."
Bach argues on appeal that this evidence was inadmissible under ER 403, because it was
unduly prejudicial. However, Bach did not argue at trial that it was prejudicial. The only bases
for this objection, as described above, were speculation that he would have been arrested anyway
and his opinion that the testimony was not crucial. In the absence of any claim of prejudice, it
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No. 42339 -141
was not an abuse of discretion for the trial judge to admit this evidence when the only objection
3
was that it may not strictly be needed.
II. SUBSTANTIAL STEP JURY INSTRUCTION
Bach argues for the first time on appeal that jury instruction 9, defining " substantial step"
for purposes of criminal attempt, violated his due process rights. Specifically, he argues that ( 1)
instruction 9' s usage of "indicates" instead of " corroborates" and ( 2) " a criminal purpose"
instead of "the criminal purpose" relieved the State of its burden to prove the substantial step
element of criminal attempt. Br. of Appellant at 11 - 14. We hold that the trial court did not err in
giving the instruction and, alternatively, if it were erroneous, Bach invited the error by assenting
to the instruction at trial.
We review alleged errors of law injury instructions de novo. State v. Hayward, 152 Wn.
App. 632, 641, 217 P. 3d 354 ( 2009). Jury instructions are proper when they permit the parties to
argue their theories of the case, do not mislead the jury, and properly inform the jury of the
applicable law. Hayward, 152 Wn. App. at 641 ( quoting State v. Barnes, 153 Wn.2d 378, 382,
103 P. 3d 1219 ( 2005)). " Due process requires the State to bear the ` burden of persuasion beyond
a reasonable doubt of every essential element of a crime. "' State v. Deal, 128 Wn.2d 693, 698,
911 P. 2d 996 ( 1996) ( quoting State v. Hanna, 123 Wn.2d 704, 710, 871 P. 2d 135 ( 1994)). Thus,
it is constitutional and reversible error to instruct the jury in a manner that would relieve the
State of its burden to prove every essential element of a criminal offense beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Hayward, 152 Wn. App. at 641 -42. We analyze a challenged jury instruction by
3
Bach does not make an independent argument based on ER 401 and 402, but relies on those
arguments rejected above.
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No. 42339 -1 - II
considering the instructions as a whole and reading the challenged portions in context.
Hayward, 152 Wn. App. at 642.
Under RAP 2. 5 ( a) a claim of manifest constitutional error may be raised for the first time
on appeal. Thus, we reach Bach' s due process claim, even though he did not raise it below.
Turning to the merits of Bach' s challenges, our Supreme Court has defined the substantial step
element of criminal attempt as conduct " strongly corroborative of the actor' s criminal purpose."
State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 451 -52, 584 P. 2d 382 ( 1978) ( emphasis added). In
comparison, jury instruction 9 defined a substantial step as " conduct that strongly indicates a
criminal purpose and that is more than mere preparation." Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 79 ( emphasis
added). This instruction is identical to the Washington pattern jury instruction defining
substantial step. 11A WASHINGTON PRACTICE, PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL
WPIC) 100. 05, at 390 ( 3d ed. 2008). This pattern instruction and, thus, jury instruction 9, are
consistent with the Workman court' s definition of substantial step. State v. Gatalski, 40 Wn.
App. 601, 613, 699 P. 2d 804 ( 1985), overruled on other grounds as stated in State v. Harris, 121
Wn.2d 317, 849 P. 2d 1216 ( 1993). Accordingly, jury instruction 9 was not erroneous.
Second, Bach argues that instruction 9' s usage of "a criminal purpose" allowed the jury
to fnd that he had committed a substantial step if his conduct indicated any criminal purpose, as
opposed to the criminal purpose of committing residential burglary. Br. of Appellant at 13
emphasis omitted). We rejected a similar argument in State v. Eplett, 167 Wn. App. 660, 665-
66, 274 P. 3d 401 ( 2012). In Eplett, an attempted second degree rape of a child case, we held that
the jury instruction defining a substantial step should not be read in isolation. Eplett, 167 Wn.
App. at 666. We observed that another jury instruction provided, " A person commits the crime
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No. 42339 -1 - II
of attempted rape of a child in the second degree when, with intent to commit that crime, he or
she does any act that is a substantial step toward the commission of that crime." Eplett, 167 Wn.
App. at 666. Thus, we concluded that " the two instructions clearly require[ d] the jury to find that
there was evidence demonstrating that Eplett took a substantial step toward committing the
charged offense." Eplett, 167 Wn. App. at 666.
As in Eplett, instruction 8 in this case provided that "[ a] person commits the crime of
attempted residential burglary when, with intent to commit that crime, he or she does any act that
is a substantial step toward the commission of that crime." CP at 78 ( emphasis added). In
addition, instruction 13 provided,
To convict the defendant of the crime of attempted residential burglary,
each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable
doubt ... [ t] hat on or about the 7th day of December, 2010, the defendant did an
act that was a substantial step toward the commission ofresidential burglary.
CP at 83 ( emphasis added). Thus, when read together the jury instructions sufficiently informed
the jury that Bach' s conduct had to indicate a criminal purpose of committing residential
burglary. With that, his claim fails.
Finally, even if the instruction were erroneous in either respect, Bach affirmatively
assented to the instruction at trial. " Under the doctrine of invited error, even where
constitutional rights are involved, we are precluded from reviewing jury instructions when the
defendant has proposed an instruction or agreed to its wording." State v. Winings, 126 Wn. App.
75, 89, 107 P. 3d 141 ( 2005); see also In re Det. of Gaff, 90 Wn. App. 834, 845, 954 P. 2d 943
1998). Under these cases, Bach invited any error in instruction 9 and may not complain of it on
appeal.
No. 42339- 1- 11
III. SUFFICIENCY OF FINDINGS ON LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS
Finally, Bach contends that substantial evidence does not support the trial court' s finding
that he had the present or future ability to pay LFOs. Consistent with our recent decision in State
v. Blazina, No. 42728 -14I, 2013 WL 2217206 ( Wash. Ct. App. May 21, 2013), we decline to
allow Bach to challenge that finding for the first time in this appeal. See RAP 2. 5( a).
We affirm Bach' s convictions and sentence.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.
J
I concur:
C C, .
rJ HANSON, A.C. J.
t/
No. 42339 -1 - II
Qu NN- BRINTNALL, J. ( concurring in the result) — I agree with the majority opinion' s
conclusion that Donovan Bach failed to preserve his evidentiary issue and that the jury in this
case was properly instructed. However, for the reasons stated in State v. Lundy, _ Wn. App.
308 P. 3d 755, 761 - 62 ( 2013), I believe that Bach' s challenge to the trial court' s finding on
his present and future ability to pay legal financial obligations is not ripe for our review.
QtINN-BRINTNALL, J.
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