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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 14-10065
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 8:13-cv-02059-VMC-TBM
GRAYDON ROGER BOLES,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
C. ROGER BOLES,
Plaintiff,
versus
REBECCA RIVA,
NATHAN A. CARNEY,
ERIC S. KOENIG,
KELLY J. RUOFF,
JOHN B. KENT,
Defendants - Appellees.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
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(May 13, 2014)
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Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Graydon R. Boles, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal
for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983
action, arising out of a debt collection that Boles alleged was unconstitutional. On
appeal, Boles restates many of the factual allegations and legal conclusions he
asserted in the district court, which we liberally construe as an argument that the
district court erred in dismissing his complaint. After careful review, we affirm.
We review a grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim de novo,
accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff. Spain v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 363
F.3d 1183, 1187 (11th Cir. 2004). A pleading that states a claim for relief requires
“a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we must
determine whether the pleadings contain “sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2007) (quotations omitted). A claim is facially plausible when the
court can “draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Id. However, the Supreme Court explains that:
While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not
need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the
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grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action
will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief
above the speculative level.
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citations, quotations and
brackets omitted). Courts also are not “bound to accept as true a legal conclusion
couched as a factual allegation.” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986).
We construe a pro se litigant’s pleadings liberally. Alba v. Montford, 517
F.3d 1249, 1252 (11th Cir. 2008). However, “even in the case of pro se litigants
this leniency does not give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party,
or to rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” GJR
Inv. v. Cnty. of Escambia, 132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted),
overruled on other grounds by Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662.
Section 1983 creates a private cause of action for deprivations of federal
rights by persons acting under color of state law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To prevail on
a claim under § 1983, then, “a plaintiff must demonstrate both (1) that the
defendant deprived h[im] of a right secured under the Constitution or federal law
and (2) that such a deprivation occurred under color of state law.” Arrington v.
Cobb County, 139 F.3d 865, 872 (11th Cir. 1998). Private actors may be deemed
to have acted under color of state law, but “[o]nly in rare circumstances.” Harvey
v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th Cir. 1992). We employ three distinct tests
for determining whether a private party acted under color of state law: (1) the
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public function test, which asks whether the private actors were performing
functions traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the state; (2) the state
compulsion test, which applies to situations where the government coerced or
significantly encouraged the unconstitutional actions at issue; and (3) the
nexus/joint action test, which applies where the state and the private party were
joint participants in the common enterprise. Focus on the Family v. Pinellas
Suncoast Transit Auth., 344 F.3d 1263, 1277 (11th Cir. 2003).
Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Boles’s complaint for failure
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The complaint was procedurally
deficient under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as it consisted of a
single unsubstantiated legal conclusion, not a “short and plain statement of the
claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2).
Moreover, the complaint did not allege a sufficient factual basis for the court
to proceed toward a finding that defendants acted under color of state law. First,
the complaint did not allege that any of the defendants performed functions
traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the state, were coerced or significantly
encouraged by the government, or joined the government as participants in a
common enterprise. Second, Boles never disputed the defendants’ allegations that
they were private actors, nor does he dispute on appeal the district court’s finding
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that they were not state actors. Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed
the complaint with prejudice.
AFFIRMED.
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