2014 IL App (2d) 130660
No. 2-13-0660
Opinion filed May 29, 2014
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 12-DT-1663
)
RICHARD J. THOMAS, ) Honorable
) Richard D. Russo,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Burke and Justice Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The trial court granted the motion of defendant, Richard J. Thomas, to dismiss, on
speedy-trial grounds, count IV of the charges against him, which count had been filed three days
before defendant’s scheduled jury trial. The State now appeals from the trial court’s denial of
the State’s motion to reconsider that dismissal. We affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was involved in a motor vehicle collision on the evening of May 15, 2012, and
taken by ambulance to Hinsdale Hospital. Upon his release from the hospital that night, he was
arrested and charged with two traffic offenses and one count of driving under the influence of
2014 IL App (2d) 130660
alcohol (DUI) (impairment) pursuant to section 11-501(a)(2) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625
ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2) (West 2010)).
¶4 Defendant filed a motion to quash his arrest and suppress evidence, on which a hearing was
held on November 28, 2012. During the course of that hearing, Deputy Ian Northrup of the
Du Page County sheriff’s office testified that while defendant was still at the accident site
Northrup had formed the opinion that defendant was under the influence of alcohol. At the
hospital Northrup was told by an emergency room nurse that defendant’s blood had been drawn for
treatment purposes and that defendant had a “whole blood serum” blood-alcohol concentration
(BAC) of 0.159. Northrup took this to mean “serum” and not “whole blood”; therefore, he
calculated defendant’s whole blood BAC to be 0.134. After defendant was released, Northrup
requested that defendant submit to a blood draw, but defendant refused. Northrup then placed
defendant under arrest.
¶5 The trial court denied the motion to quash and suppress the following day, November 29,
2012. On that same day, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to quash a subpoena duces
tecum regarding emergency and treatment records from Hinsdale Hospital and the Pleasantville
fire department, and these records were tendered to the State. Defendant, who was not
incarcerated, filed a demand for a speedy trial pursuant to section 103-5(b) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963 (speedy-trial act) (725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2010)), and the case was set for a
bench trial on January 9, 2013.
¶6 After two continuances, the matter was set, now for a jury trial, on June 10, 2013. At a
pretrial conference held on June 7, the State sought leave to file an information charging
defendant with DUI (BAC of 0.08 or more) pursuant to section 11-501(a)(1) of the Vehicle Code
(625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1) (West 2010)). After hearing argument, the trial court granted leave
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to file the information as count IV. Defendant immediately filed a motion to dismiss that count
based on a violation of his right to a speedy trial. The trial court heard argument on the motion,
but no new evidence was presented. The court then took the issue under advisement.
¶7 On June 10, the trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court ruled that
the DUI counts (I and IV) arose from the same act and were subject to compulsory joinder
pursuant to section 3-3 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Criminal Code) (720 ILCS 5/3-3 (West
2010)). Further, pursuant to People v. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d 191 (2003), although defendant’s
speedy-trial demand applied to the later-filed count IV, any time delays attributable to defendant
on the initial charges were not attributable to defendant regarding count IV. Thus, as count IV
was filed more than 160 days after defendant filed his demand for a speedy trial, count IV was
not timely brought to trial. The State immediately filed a notice of appeal on that day, and a
two-week status date was set for June 24.
¶8 On June 19, the State motioned up the case and filed motions to dismiss its appeal
pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 309 (eff. Feb. 1, 1981) and to reconsider the dismissal of
count IV. The trial court noted that Rule 309 allows the trial court to dismiss an appeal
“[b]efore the record on appeal is filed in the reviewing court.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 309 (eff. Feb. 1,
1981). However, the court file was empty and there was nothing to indicate to the trial court
that the record had not been filed with the appellate court. Therefore, the court denied the
motion to dismiss the appeal, as the trial court lacked jurisdiction.
¶9 The State filed a motion to reconsider the ruling denying the motion to dismiss the
appeal. On June 24, 2013, the previously set status date, the trial court stated that it had
inquired of the circuit clerk’s office and had learned that the record had not yet been filed with
the appellate court. Therefore, the trial court concluded that it still had jurisdiction and, upon
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reconsideration, granted the State’s motion to dismiss the appeal. The trial court then heard
argument on the State’s motion to reconsider the order dismissing count IV. The court stated
that it did not believe “that there’s been any new evidence that’s been submitted that was not
available to the State at the time it originally argued” the motion to dismiss and that the State was
“stuck *** with the facts that were agreed to and, basically, haven’t changed much since the
original hearing.” The court then denied the motion “for the reasons stated previously of
record, for the factual findings previously made and the issues of law previously determined.”
The case was set for trial on the remaining counts. The State filed a certificate of impairment
and a notice of appeal on that same day.
¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 11 We must first address several arguments that defendant raises regarding this court’s
jurisdiction. Defendant argues that this court lacks jurisdiction over this appeal because there is
no provision authorizing a “second appeal” by the State from an interlocutory order. According
to defendant, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 606(b) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) does not apply to the State
and does not apply to an interlocutory appeal. However, our supreme court has applied Rule
606(b) to the State in an interlocutory appeal. See People v. Bridgewater, 235 Ill. 2d 85, 91-92
(2009); People v. Marker, 233 Ill. 2d 158 (2009). Defendant also argues that the State is
improperly attempting to appeal only from the denial of its motion to reconsider and not from an
order “the effect of which results in dismissing a charge.” See Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(a)(1) (eff. Feb.
6, 2013). However, the State’s notice of appeal lists the date of the judgment order as
“6/10/2013 and 6/24/2013” and describes the nature of the order appealed from as an “Order
denying the State’s motion to reconsider dismissal of count IV.” This clearly references the
June 10 order dismissing count IV as a procedural step in the progression leading to the entry of
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the trial court’s June 24 order, which is an order from which the appeal is taken. See People ex
rel. Alvarez v. Price, 408 Ill. App. 3d 457, 465 (2011). We conclude that we have jurisdiction
over this appeal.
¶ 12 Defendant also argues that the State’s brief should be stricken for violations of Illinois
Supreme Court Rules 341 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) and 342 (eff. Jan. 1, 2005) in the contents of its
brief and appendix. However, any shortcomings in the State’s brief are not of such magnitude
that they require striking it, and we will consider the merits of the State’s appeal as raised in its
brief.
¶ 13 The State contends that the trial court erroneously concluded that defendant’s right to a
speedy trial was violated and, thus, erred in granting defendant’s motion to dismiss count IV.
¶ 14 Section 103-5(b) of the speedy-trial act provides, in relevant part:
“Every person on bail or recognizance shall be tried by the court having jurisdiction
within 160 days from the date defendant demands trial unless delay is occasioned by the
defendant ***.” 725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2010).
If a defendant is not brought to trial within the statutory speedy-trial period, he must be released
from his trial obligations and have the charges dismissed. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(d) (West 2010);
People v. Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 10. Our supreme court has held that the provisions of
section 103-5 are to be liberally construed in favor of the defendant and that the State cannot
improperly manipulate criminal proceedings or purposefully evade the operation of the
provisions of this section. See People v. Van Schoyck, 232 Ill. 2d 330, 335 (2009). Whether a
defendant’s rights under this section have been contravened is a “pure question of law,” which is
to be given de novo review. Id.
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¶ 15 While the application of the speedy-trial act is straightforward when the defendant is
charged with a single offense, it becomes complicated when the defendant is charged with
multiple, but factually related, offenses at different times. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 198. In
such a situation, the compulsory-joinder provision of the Criminal Code comes into play and
requires:
“(a) When the same conduct of a defendant may establish the commission of
more than one offense, the defendant may be prosecuted for each such offense.
(b) If the several offenses are known to the proper prosecuting officer at the time
of commencing the prosecution and are within the jurisdiction of a single court, they
must be prosecuted in a single prosecution, except as provided in Subsection (c), if they
are based on the same act.
(c) When 2 or more offenses are charged as required by Subsection (b), the court
in the interest of justice may order that one or more of such charges shall be tried
separately.” 720 ILCS 5/3-3 (West 2010).
Where the State files new and additional charges that arise from the same facts as the original
charges, and the State had knowledge of these facts at the commencement of the prosecution, the
time within which trial must begin on the new and additional charges is subject to the same
statutory limitation that is applied to the original charges; however, any continuances obtained in
connection with the trial of the original charges cannot be attributed to the defendant with respect
to the new and additional charges, because those charges were not before the court when the
continuances were obtained. People v. Phipps, 238 Ill. 2d 54, 66 (2010). This rule applies
only where the original and the new charges are subject to compulsory joinder. Id.
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¶ 16 The State first argues that the subsequent DUI charge was not subject to compulsory
joinder because the initial DUI charge was filed by the police “by way of uniform traffic citation
and complaint”; according to the State, our supreme court has held that compulsory joinder does
not apply to offenses that have been charged by uniform traffic citation and complaint. See
People v. Jackson, 118 Ill. 2d 179 (1987), overruled on other grounds by People v. Stefan, 146
Ill. 2d 324 (1992); see also People v. Kazenko, 2012 IL App (3d) 110529 (applying the Jackson
analysis).
¶ 17 We first note that, as defendant points out, he was not charged with DUI by a uniform
traffic citation and complaint. While defendant was charged with two traffic violations on
forms entitled “Illinois Citation and Complaint,” the DUI charge was brought via a verified
complaint. In its reply brief, the State concedes this fact but insists that its “use of the term was
merely to distinguish this complaint from a complaint emanating from the State’s Attorney’s
Office.” However, a uniform traffic citation and complaint and a verified complaint are not the
same thing. See 725 ILCS 5/111-3(b) (West 2010) (“when a citation is issued on a Uniform
Traffic Ticket *** (in a form prescribed by the Conference of Chief Circuit Judges and filed with
the Supreme Court), the copy of such Uniform Ticket which is filed with the circuit court
constitutes a complaint to which the defendant may plead, unless he specifically requests that a
verified complaint be filed” (emphasis added)). Words have meanings, and we are not free to
interchange at our convenience words that have specific and different meanings.
¶ 18 In Jackson, the defendant was involved in a one-vehicle accident in which his passenger
was killed. The defendant was charged via uniform traffic complaint citations with DUI and
illegal transportation of alcohol (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 95½, ¶ 11-502) (a petty offense; see Ill.
Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 95½, ¶ 16-104) and pleaded guilty to both charges three days later. The
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trial court accepted the pleas and set a date for sentencing. However, before the defendant was
sentenced, the State moved to nol-pros both charges and indicted him on two felony counts of
reckless homicide. The trial court eventually dismissed one count of reckless homicide on
double jeopardy grounds and also ruled that on the other count the State could not use evidence
of DUI or illegal transportation of alcohol. Jackson, 118 Ill. 2d at 183.
¶ 19 After finding that the defendant had been placed in jeopardy as to the DUI and illegal-
transportation-of-alcohol charges and that DUI is not a lesser included offense of reckless
homicide for double jeopardy purposes, the supreme court addressed the “underlying assumption
in the argument that a charge in a traffic ticket is the type of offense referred to in our
compulsory joinder statute (section 3-3), which compulsory joinder is then referable to section
3-4, which bars further prosecution in certain instances of offenses that should have been
joined.” Id. at 192. The court held “that the compulsory-joinder provisions of section 3-3 do
not apply to offenses that have been charged by the use of a uniform citation and complaint form
provided for traffic offenses.” Id. The court noted that all felony prosecutions must be by
information or indictment; a defendant cannot be charged with a felony by a uniform citation
form, which constitutes a complaint to which a defendant may plead. Id. Further noting that
“the statute contemplates active involvement by a proper prosecuting officer,” the court
concluded that it did “not believe that the legislature intended that a driver could plead guilty to a
traffic offense on a traffic ticket issued by a police officer and thereby avoid prosecution of a
serious offense brought by the State’s Attorney, such as reckless homicide, through the use of
sections 3-3 and 3-4 of the Criminal Code.” Id. at 193.
¶ 20 Kazenko involved an initial charge, via traffic ticket, of misdemeanor DUI (combined
influence of alcohol and drugs) (625 ILCS 5/11-502(a)(5) (West 2010)) and a subsequent
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misdemeanor DUI charge (influence of alcohol) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2) (west 2010)). The
Kazenko majority applied Jackson, finding that “[t]he supreme court’s statement on [compulsory
joinder with a charge brought by way of a uniform traffic citation] in Jackson could not be any
more clear [citation], and we see no reason why that rule would not apply in the present case.”
Kazenko, 2012 IL App (3d) 110529, ¶ 16. However, in his special concurrence, Presiding
Justice Schmidt distinguished Jackson:
“The facts of this case are distinguishable. Here, the new charge was not a
felony, which could not have been charged along with the original charge. The new
charge here was another charge of DUI, which the charging officer was aware of at the
time the original charge was made and able to charge. While a felony is not subject to
compulsory joinder with a charge made by uniform citation, a charge of DUI(a)(2) may
well be subject to compulsory joinder with a charge of DUI(a)(5), which was charged by
uniform citation. It would seem that the same logic which supports the supreme court’s
decision in Jackson would not apply here in the case of two almost identical
misdemeanors. Here, we do not have the State lying in the bushes with a more serious
charge.” Id. ¶ 22 (Schmidt, P.J., specially concurring).
¶ 21 We agree with Presiding Justice Schmidt’s analysis and conclude that Jackson is
distinguishable from the case before us. Jackson involved the possibility of a defendant being
able to avoid prosecution for the felony of reckless homicide, because he had already pleaded
guilty three days after his arrest to charges brought via traffic tickets. This case does not
involve charges brought via traffic tickets (as even Kazenko did), a defendant pleading to traffic
offenses, or the subsequent filing of felony charges based on the same incident. Here,
defendant was charged with a misdemeanor via a verified complaint, and the State attempted to
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add another misdemeanor charge, based on the same incident, on the eve of trial. The danger
that the supreme court sought to avoid in its ruling in Jackson simply is not present in this case.
¶ 22 The Kazenko majority mechanically applied Jackson without examining the reality of
how criminal cases are charged. Kazenko, citing to Jackson, averred that the compulsory-
joinder rule does not apply to charges brought via a uniform citation and complaint form,
“because the language of the compulsory-joinder statute requires joinder only if the several
offenses are known to the proper prosecuting officer, i.e., the State’s Attorney, when the
prosecution began.” Id. ¶ 14. Jackson involved the subsequent filing of felony charges; the
State’s Attorney had to file the additional charges because felony charges could not be brought
by a police officer. Here, again, we are faced with a misdemeanor charge brought by a sheriff’s
deputy and the State’s attempt to file another misdemeanor count that could have been charged
by the deputy at the same time that he filed the original charge. The vast majority of traffic and
criminal misdemeanor cases are charged by police officers, not by assistant State’s Attorneys.
Reading Jackson to say that compulsory joinder can never apply where the original charge is
brought by a police officer would mean that compulsory joinder would almost never apply to
misdemeanor charges. Such an outcome is absurd and ill-advised.
¶ 23 The State also argues that the information necessary to charge defendant with DUI (BAC
of 0.08 or more) was not available to the State at the time of the original charge. According to
the State, the basis of this added DUI charge was a blood analysis conducted by Hinsdale
Hospital, the results of which the State did not receive until approximately six months after
defendant had been charged with the original offenses. Thus, compulsory joinder could not
apply, as the new charge was not known to the prosecutor when the prosecution began.
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¶ 24 However, this court has held that knowledge “of the possibility of” additional charges
when a defendant is initially charged can be sufficient to require compulsory joinder. People v.
Dismuke, 2013 IL App (2d) 120925, ¶ 22. In Dismuke, federal and local authorities executed a
search warrant at the defendant’s residence, aimed at recovering a firearm, ammunition, and
proof of his residency; the authorities found all of those items plus cannabis, and defendant and
10 other people present were arrested on November 19, 2009. Id. ¶ 3. The following day, the
defendant was charged with misdemeanor possession of cannabis. He eventually filed a speedy
trial demand on that charge in March 2010. Id. ¶ 4. On November 25, 2009, an evidence
technician removed two latent fingerprints from a handgun recovered in the raid; however, the
prints were not analyzed and found to be the defendant’s until September 2010, and felony
charges relating to the defendant’s possession of the gun were brought in October 2010. Id. ¶ 5.
It was undisputed that the gun-related charges were brought after the defendant’s 160-day
speedy-trial period had expired. Id. ¶ 10. This court rejected the State’s argument that
compulsory joinder did not apply, noting that, “[a]t a minimum, the State knew of the possibility
of the gun-related charges when it charged defendant with cannabis possession.” Id. ¶ 22.
While acknowledging that 10 other persons were in the defendant’s house when the handgun was
seized and that “the State elected to wait to bring charges until it had the fingerprint evidence,”
this court noted that the State had the handgun, the defendant’s fingerprints, and the latent prints
from the gun within six days of the execution of the warrant but did not even submit them for
analysis for more than nine months. Id. ¶ 23. In any event, “the solution to the dilemma” of
identifying the defendant as the possessor of the handgun “was not to ignore the speedy trial
statute.” Id.
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¶ 25 The State here fails to address the trial court’s finding that “the relevant facts, including
the result of the hospital blood draw, were certainly known by the prosecution well before the
date the [subsection (a)(1)] charge was filed and as alleged in the arguments at the time the initial
charges were filed.” Indeed, Northrup’s May 15, 2012, law enforcement sworn report,
contained in the court file, lists defendant’s “.159 BAC” as among the “reasonable grounds to
believe” that defendant was driving under the influence. At the November 28, 2012, hearing on
the motion to quash and suppress, Northrup testified that he learned of defendant’s blood-serum
BAC from an emergency room nurse on the night of defendant’s arrest and then calculated
defendant’s “actual level of blood alcohol” to be 0.134. He waited until he knew this to place
defendant under arrest. This information was contained in Northrup’s accident report and in his
sworn report. The State knew that defendant had a BAC of 0.08 or more in May 2012, and this
was confirmed by the hospital records in November 2012. While this case does not involve a
lack of due diligence in submitting evidence for analysis, as Dismuke did, we still are faced with
the filing of a charge almost 13 months after Northrup learned of defendant’s BAC and more
than 6 months after the State received confirmation of the BAC. Again, “the solution to the
dilemma was not to ignore the speedy trial statute.” Id.
¶ 26 The State also contends that compulsory joinder does not apply because the subsequent
DUI charge was “just another way to charge the same conduct alleged in the initial DUI charge.”
The State cites to Van Schoyck, 232 Ill. 2d 330, for support; however, the State’s interpretation of
Van Schoyck is faulty. The defendant in Van Schoyck was charged with two misdemeanor DUI
counts, along with driving on a revoked license. The State subsequently dismissed the
misdemeanor DUI charges and charged the defendant by information with driving with a BAC of
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0.08 or more, including in the charge the sentence-enhancing factor that the defendant was
driving on a revoked license, which elevated the DUI to a felony. Id. at 334.
¶ 27 The State seizes upon the court’s statement, “Under the plain language of the statute,
there is only one offense of driving under the influence” (id. at 337), to support its claim that, in
this case, the subsection (a)(1) charge was not a new and additional charge. However, the State
takes this language out of context. According to Van Schoyck, subsection (a) (625 ILCS
5/11-501(a) (West 2012)) sets forth the elements of the offense of DUI and classifies the offense
as a Class A misdemeanor; the enhancing factors contained in subsection (c) (625 ILCS
5/11-501(c) (West 2012)) “do not create a new offense, but rather serve only to enhance the
punishment.” Van Schoyck, 232 Ill. 2d at 337. The court noted that the felony information
“did not charge anything new”; it “merely elevated the misdemeanor DUI, initially charged by
way of a traffic citation, to a felony.” Id. at 339. The court further determined:
“Although the information amounted to a new way of charging the DUI offense, it did
not allege a different offense than did the previously dismissed ticket. Since the
offenses alleged in both the ticket and the information were the same, compulsory joinder
principles, the subject of cases like People v. Jackson, [citation], do not apply to this
case.” Id.
¶ 28 Here, defendant was not subsequently charged with a felony-upgraded version of the
original DUI charge, impairment pursuant to subsection (a)(2). He was subsequently charged
with DUI with a BAC of 0.08 or more, under subsection (a)(1). The analysis of whether a
charge is new and additional involves a comparison of the original and the subsequent charges.
Phipps, 238 Ill. 2d at 67. The focus is on whether the original charging instrument gives the
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defendant sufficient notice of the subsequent charge to prepare adequately for trial on that
charge. Id.
¶ 29 An analysis of the charging documents clearly reveals that DUI charges brought pursuant
to subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2) are not the same. The State need not prove impairment to prove
a violation of subsection (a)(1); when the State proves that the defendant operated a vehicle and
that his BAC was over the statutory limit, the violation has been proved. People v. Caruso, 201
Ill. App. 3d 930, 937 (1990). The State need not prove that the defendant drove with a BAC
over the statutory limit in order to prove that the defendant drove under the influence of alcohol
under subsection (a)(2). Id. Verdicts of guilty under subsection (a)(1) and not guilty under
subsection (a)(2) are not legally inconsistent. Id. A DUI charge brought under subsection
(a)(1) requires proof of an element (BAC) that is not required for a finding of guilt under
subsection (a)(2), and proof of guilt under subsection (a)(1) does not require a finding of guilt
under subsection (a)(2). Thus, the subsection (a)(1) charge did charge something new; the
original charging instrument did not give defendant sufficient notice of the subsequent charge to
prepare adequately for trial on that charge.
¶ 30 We conclude that compulsory joinder applied to the charges in this case. Therefore, as
any delays attributable to defendant on the initial charges were not attributable to defendant
regarding count IV, and count IV was filed more than 160 days after defendant filed his demand
for a speedy trial, count IV was not timely brought to trial. The trial court did not err in
dismissing count IV.
¶ 31 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 32 For these reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is affirmed.
¶ 33 Affirmed.
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