People v. Leiva CA2/2

Filed 7/15/14 P. v. Leiva CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE, B245931

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA381624)
v.

GEORGE M. LEIVA,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Bob S. Bowers, Jr., Judge. Affirmed.

Rodger Paul Curnow, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, James William Bilderback II and
William H. Shin, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

_________________________
 In a criminal information, George M. Leiva (Leiva) was charged with the murder
of Mauricio Jimenez (Jimenez) (Pen. Code § 187, subd. (a)).1 It was specially alleged,
inter alia, that Leiva personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing great
bodily injury and death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), and that the murder was committed for
the benefit of, at the direction of, and in association with, a criminal street gang
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). The jury convicted Leiva of first degree murder and found
all special allegations to be true. The trial court imposed an aggregate indeterminate
sentence of 50 years to life in state prison.
Leiva appeals his conviction and argues: (1) he was denied due process and a fair
trial when the trial court admitted a jailhouse “kite”2 into evidence without proper
authentication, and when it allowed a deputy sheriff to testify regarding the contents and
meaning of the kite even though her transcription of the kite violated the secondary
evidence rule; (2) the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to declare a mistrial
after jurors were intimidated by court spectators; (3) he was denied effective assistance of
counsel because defense counsel failed to call an expert witness on eyewitness
identification; and (4) if the secondary evidence rule objection was forfeited below, he
was denied effective assistance of counsel because of that forfeiture. We find no error
and affirm.
FACTS
Prosecution Case
The shooting
On Friday, August 14, 2009, Jimenez had been dating his girlfriend, Monica
Arriaga (Arriaga), for two months. They were members of a gang called Playboys. On
the street, Jimenez went by the name Minor. That evening, they went to a party in

1
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
The kite was a jailhouse note found on Oscar Dominguez (Dominguez) while he
was in jail awaiting trial as Leiva’s codefendant. The case against him resulted in a
mistrial. Subsequently, he was retried and convicted of being an accessory after the fact
to Jimenez’s murder.

2
Compton, where Jimenez drank liquor and beer. At about 3:00 a.m., a friend dropped
them off at 51st Street and Towne near South Park. That area is considered Playboys
territory.
After sitting at South Park for about 30 minutes, Jimenez and Arriaga left and
started walking home. They took an alley and headed toward 52nd Street. At the end of
the alley, they encountered two men. The man on the left, later identified as Leiva,
demanded to know what gang Arriaga and Jimenez belonged to by asking, “Where you
from?” Jimenez said he was from “Playboys.” With laughter and a smile on his face,
Leiva said, “Today is your lucky day.” Jimenez gave Arriaga a push and told her to go.
As Arriaga was running away, she heard gunshots. When the gunfire ceased, she
returned to Jimenez, who had been shot and was lying face down. Leiva said, “Don’t
think you are lucky, bitch, because you are next.” He and the second man fled the scene.
Arriaga called 911. Police officers arrived about seven minutes later, and an
ambulance came a few minutes after that.
The initial investigation
When detectives arrived at the crime scene, they saw approximately 14 expended
nine-millimeter cartridge cases. All of the cartridge cases were manufactured by
Winchester.
On the day of the shooting, Arriaga was interviewed by detectives. She described
the shooter as a Hispanic man with short spikey hair who was five feet eight or nine
inches tall, average in size, dark-skinned, and wearing a black T-shirt with designs on the
right side. She described the second person as a Hispanic man who was about the same
height as the shooter but older and “chunkier.” In addition, she indicated that the second
man was light-skinned, had slicked-back hair and wore a white T-shirt.
The autopsy
Based on an autopsy, a deputy medical examiner concluded that Jimenez died of
multiple gunshot wounds. He had been shot at least 13 times.

3
 Identification
About five weeks after the shooting, Arriaga met with a detective and circled
Leiva’s picture in a six-pack photographic lineup. She wrote that he was “the one that
pulled out [the] gun and shot [Jimenez].” At the preliminary hearing and trial, she again
identified Leiva.
Leiva’s interview
Leiva was arrested on October 21, 2009.
Detectives interviewed Leiva at the police station. He said he was as a member of
the Hangout Boys, or “H.O.B.,” a street gang. Its territory was west of Main Street
between 41st and 43rd. According to Leiva, he heard from a police officer that Minor, a
Playboys gang member, was killed. Someone else said that Minor had been walking with
a girl and had been killed, too. Leiva said he was home all day on August 14, 2009, with
his wife, kids and mother. That night, he played a video game called Call of Duty online
under the screen name Gordo.
At one point, the detectives showed Leiva his picture. It was circled. He asked,
“So why’d she circle me?” When he was asked what he meant, he responded, “She
circled the picture, right?”
Evidence establishing a connection between Leiva and Dominguez
A gang expert testified as follows. The Hang Out Boys and 55 Bunch are criminal
street gangs that get along with each other but are rivals of the Playboys. At the time of
the shooting, Leiva was a member of the Hang Out Boys. Previously, a police officer
had stopped a vehicle driven by Leiva. Dominguez was in the front passenger seat. He
had “55 Bunch” tattooed on his chest and “5B5” on the back of his neck.
The jail call
From jail, Leiva called his wife. The call was recorded. He stated, inter alia, “I
got no defense whatsoever,” and “You didn’t get me here, I got myself here.”
The kite
During the trial, the prosecutor filed a motion to admit evidence of a handwritten
note known as a kite. The motion recounted the following facts: “On or about August

4
3rd or 8th, 2012, [the trial court] asked [Dominguez] in open court if he wished to testify
on behalf of [Leiva] at the upcoming trial. [The trial court] did so upon the request of
[Leiva’s] counsel. . . . Counsel for Dominguez . . . stated on the record that she did not
want her client to testify at trial, and this essentially ended the on the record colloquy.”
(Fn. omitted.) A few days later, on August 10, 2012, Dominguez’s counsel asked for an
order requiring the sheriff’s department to classify Leiva and Dominguez as keep-always,
meaning they would be separated while awaiting court proceedings. The trial court
granted the request. On August 15, 2012, sheriff’s personnel searched Dominguez in
preparation for his transport to court and discovered the kite.
Leiva objected that the kite lacked authentication. The trial court overruled the
objection based on Evidence Code section 1421.
A custody assistant with the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department was called
to the stand. She testified that she searched Dominguez before he was taken from jail to
court and found a kite, a small piece of paper or note passed around between inmates. A
deputy sheriff testified that she typed up the contents of the kite. In doing so, she
translated the meaning of initials and abbreviations, and she translated Spanish terms into
English.
The kite was addressed to “C” for “Criminal,” which was Dominguez’s nickname.
It was from D for “Duende,” meaning Elf in Spanish, which was Leiva’s nickname. The
deputy sheriff who typed up the kite read it to the jury, stating, “It starts off by saying:
[¶] ‘First of all, greetings my ninja. Strict to it. As you already know we are keep aways
‘cause the judge thinks we [are] trying to come up with a master plan, which he is wrong,
right? Well, check it out. This either makes me or breaks me. I highly understand that.
But it all depends on you, my boy. You’re a smart kid and I know you can pull it off.
Choose your words wisely. [¶] Now you already told me you were up to it. Don’t let
me find out you refused because you are going to make things worse for the both of us.
You feel me? Don’t go up there and make us look like jerks either. It’s all on those 12
people, my boy, so spit your game to them. [¶] These are the three main topics: No. 1,
get me out [of] the party because I was never there. No. 2, you informed me about what

5
happened and with what kind of caliber.’ [¶] And in parenthesis is a ‘9’ for .9
millimeter. [¶] ‘No. 3, and the reason you put me at the party, we were bumping heads
or whatever, and also ‘cause you wanted to stay free, which you were. Make sure you let
those 12 people know that you have no problem cooperating, but you can’t cooperate on
something it ain’t true. You feel me? None of these three topics are going to affect you,
my boy. [¶] Topic two is really important, my boy. One day you told me the war story,
blah, blah, blah. Well, that’s about it. I love you, fool. And you know that ‘cause if I
didn’t you wouldn’t be here. I wish you the best. Start thinking on how you are going to
spit your game with the three topics. It’s time to shine, my boy. Flush this A.S.A.P. and
call my heffa or your homie S for a T.D.’ [¶] In parenthesis ‘touchdown.’ [¶] ‘Oh, I am
still waiting on that address. Once I get it I will call S. Enjoy the rest of your day. Don’t
trip. I will make sure my L’— [¶] in parenthesis ‘lawyer— [¶] ’—‘asks you some
questions so the three topics can come out to light because the other fool is not, ‘cause he
knows that will benefit me. Take care, fool.[]’ [¶] And then it has the letters ‘C,’ ‘T’
and ‘R,’ which in jail—it’s in parenthesis—it’s ‘Con todo respecto.’” After the “D” for
Duende, there was three dots and two slashes, which is the symbol for 13 in Mayan. And
then the kite stated: “‘Stick to the same, you did not know what the other two were going
to do.’”
The original kite and a photocopy were admitted into evidence. The deputy
sheriff’s typed transcription was not.
Defense Case
Elizabeth Barajas (Barajas) testified as follows: At 4:08 a.m. on the night of the
shooting, Arriaga called Barajas and said Jimenez had been shot four times by “two
Black guys” from Avalon, and that they left the scene in a black car. Between 10:00 a.m.
to 11:00 a.m., Barajas went to the scene of the crime and saw Arriaga. She said that “it
was two Hispanic males; they were in a black car; they were pretty boys—meaning
. . . they are nice dressed—they were not gang related. [¶] She said that from the car,
one of the males tells him, ‘Where are you from?’ [¶] [Jimenez] answers, ‘They call me
Big Minero from Playboys.’ [¶] And [one] of the guy[s] tells him, ‘Well, today is your

6
lucky day,’ and he shoots him.” Later, sometime near 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m., Arriaga
and Barajas were still at the crime scene. Jimenez’s friends were arriving at the crime
scene to place candles and flowers. Arriaga said “when they were walking from 51st to
52nd down the alley, [Jimenez and she saw] two [Hispanic] males standing right on the
corner. [¶] By the time [Jimenez and she] were approaching [the two Hispanic males],
one of the guys asked . . . , ‘Where are you from?’ [¶] [Jimenez] said, ‘They call me big
Minero from Playboys.’ [¶] At that time the guy said . . . , ‘Today is your luck day,
peanut,’ [and] stared shooting [Jimenez]. [¶] At the time [Jimenez] [spat] in his face,
and he was telling [Arriaga] to run. So she said she ran towards 52nd and Avalon, and
she was ducking within the cars because the other guy was trying to shoot at her. And
then the guys ran towards Avalon, got in a black car and left.” Arriaga described the two
Hispanic males as “cholos,” and said that they had black hoodies. She was not able to
see their faces.
Rebuttal
Arriaga testified that she called Barajas to say that Jimenez had been shot, and
they were at 52nd and Avalon. Though Arriaga spoke to Barajas later, it was not at the
scene of the crime. Also, Arriaga, never said the people involved were “Black,” nor did
she say they were Avalon gang members.
A police officer interviewed Arriaga shortly after the shooting at about 4:00 a.m.
She described the suspects as two Hispanic men, black hair, brown eyes, approximately
five feet eight inches tall, 160 pounds, and 21 to 22 years of age. She said one suspect
was wearing a black shirt with blue jeans, and the other was wearing a white shirt with
blue jeans. The officer broadcasted the suspects’ descriptions at about 4:09 a.m.
Events Leading to the Motion for a Mistrial; the Motion; Conviction
After closing arguments, the jury began deliberation.
The jury sent a note to the trial court stating, inter alia: “Yesterday (Thursday)
during the afternoon break around 3, the girl and older boy that were sitting in the back of
the court all week may have been taking cell phone pictures and/or video of the jury in
the hallway. Cell phones were being held like a camera while they sat by the door when

7
we were going back in. 3 jurors saw this. Could have been watching video but could
have been video/pics of us.”
The trial court held a hearing. Defense counsel indicated his belief that the People
referred to in the jury’s note were members of Leiva’s family. According to the trial
court, it planned to have investigators confiscate anything that could be used to take
photographs. At that point, defense counsel stated: “. . . I don’t see how any juror, no
matter what they say could possibly be fair and impartial under the circumstances.”
Subsequently, the trial court informed the jury that it was implementing a plan to
allay any concerns that it might have. The trial court identified the three jurors, and also
one alternate, who saw the suspicious activity. They were Juror Nos. 2, 5, 10 and 51.
The trial court questioned every juror. Juror No. 1 was asked if she could still be fair and
impartial. She said yes. After being asked, the rest of the jurors said they could be fair
and impartial, and that they did not feel personally threatened by the spectators.3
Defense counsel moved for a mistrial. He stated that it was “based upon the fact
that this incident . . . is of such major import that the jury cannot be fair and impartial at
this point. [¶] And I know the jurors have been examined individually by the court.
They must be made of sterner stuff than myself or anybody I know, because to me
. . . [the photographing or filming] means . . . that the gang or the family or somebody
was intending to take some kind of reprisal action against individuals members of the
jury. [¶] Now, since the beginning of this trial . . . , we have heard nothing . . . other than
the violence, the vindictiveness . . . of gangs and people who are in them. [¶] Here there
could be no other reason for a person to film a jury member but to mark their identity for
posterity and possible reprisal. [¶] For them to say that it does not affect them means
either they are in real fear and are not telling the truth, or that they believe that this was
an attempt to scare them and now they are angry and they are going to get revenge by
convicting him, or some false pride that they can’t be that easily persuaded. [¶]
. . . Everything about this indicates that this is a serious matter and it’s serious because

3
After Juror No. 1 was questioned, defense counsel asked the trial court to inquire
as to whether the other jurors felt personally threatened.

8
there is a threat to a juror, or a number of jurors, whether they recognize it as such or not.
[¶] And I just can’t believe that those people can sit there . . . [and] possibly ignore [what
happened] and continue to deliberate in a fair and impartial manner[.]”
After the prosecutor argued, the trial court stated: “[Defense counsel], the court
believes that what you say would have a great[] impact but it assumes something to be
true. And that is that [in] fact photographs were being taken and or video [was] being
taken. Now, . . . in this particular case even the query, the way it’s worded, the juror
indicates that they could be wrong. I mean, they indicate they could be playing video
games and that is a reason why the court is taking this method of approach in addressing
this entire issue. [¶] . . . There was nothing about anything [the jurors] said or by their
body language would indicate that they were hiding something or were in fear. I believe
their answers to have been genuine and to the point. [¶] . . . [¶] And in this particular
case, . . . I want to point out [that] the court firmly believes that no such [mis]conduct
took place [and] that the jury can be fair and impartial . . . at this point[.] [W]hat I don’t
want to do is set a precedent [establishing] . . . you can have gang cases and all you have
to do is go in the hallway, look like you are [taking photographs] and it will cause a
mistrial, and so therefore the motion is denied.”
Leiva was convicted and sentenced.
This timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
I. The Kite Evidence.
According to Leiva, the trial court should have excluded the kite based on lack of
authentication, and it should have precluded the deputy sheriff from testifying regarding
the contents and meaning of the kite because her transcription violated the secondary
evidence rule. He contends that the trial court’s errors resulted in a denial of due process
and a fair trial.
We disagree.

9
 A. Standard of review; constitutional principles.
Under state law, rulings on the admissibility of evidence are reviewed for abuse of
discretion. (People v. Scott (2011) 52 Cal.4th 452, 491.) “If a judgment rests on
admissible evidence[,] it will not be reversed because the trial court admitted that
evidence upon a different theory, a mistaken theory, or one not raised below.
[Citations.]” (People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th 892, 901.) When the erroneous
admission of evidence resulted in an unfair trial, there is a violation of due process.
(People v. Albarran (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 214, 229 (Albarran).) “Absent fundamental
unfairness, state law error in admitting evidence is subject to the traditional Watson test:
The reviewing court must ask whether it is reasonably probable the verdict would have
been more favorable to the defendant absent the error. [Citations.]” (People v. Partida
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.) In contrast, when a violation of due process is shown, the
reviewing court must reverse “unless the state can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
the error did not contribute to the verdict. [Citation.]” (Albarran, supra, 149
Cal.App.4th at p. 229.)
In Perry v. New Hampshire (2012) 132 S.Ct. 716, 723, the court explained that
“[o]nly when evidence ‘is so extremely unfair that its admission violates fundamental
conceptions of justice,’ [citation], [has the court] imposed a constraint tied to the Due
Process Clause.” (Ibid.) Boiling this concept down to a workable rule, the Ninth Circuit
stated: “Evidence introduced by the prosecution will often raise more than one inference,
some permissible, some not; we must rely on the jury to sort them out in light of the
court’s instructions. Only if there are no permissible inferences the jury may draw from
the evidence can its admission violate due process. Even then, the evidence must ‘be of
such quality as necessarily prevents a fair trial.’ [Citation.] Only under such
circumstances can it be inferred that the jury must have used the evidence for an
improper purpose.” (Jammal v. Van de Kamp (9th Cir. 1991) 926 F.2d 918, 920,
fn. omitted (Jammal).) California courts have utilized the Jammal court’s view of how to
identify when a trial is unfair. (People v. Hunt (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 811, 817;
Albarran, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 229.)

10
 B. Authentication.
“Authentication of a writing means (a) the introduction of evidence sufficient to
sustain a finding that it is the writing that the proponent of the evidence claims it is or
(b) the establishment of such facts by any other means provided by law.” (Evid. Code,
§ 1400.) A writing must be authenticated before it may be received into evidence. (Evid.
Code, § 1401, subd. (a).) Statute provides, inter alia, that a “writing may be authenticated
by evidence that the writing refers to or states matters that are unlikely to be known to
anyone other than the person who is claimed by the proponent of the evidence to be the
author of the writing.” (Evid. Code, § 1421.) Case law notes that “[c]ircumstantial
evidence, content and location are all valid means of authentication [citations].” (People
v. Gibson (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 371, 383.)
According to Leiva, the kite was inadmissible because it stated facts which could
have been known to others, including law enforcement officers and other inmates. This
argument, however, is not supported by the cases relied upon by Leiva. We examine
those cases below.
In People v. Lynn (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 715 (Lynn), two people—Lynn and
Morgan—were in jail together in connection with the murder of a man during a drug deal
gone bad. Jail trustees handed Morgan two notes, neither of which were in Lynn’s
handwriting. They were addressed to “Bob.” (Id. at pp. 721–723, 735.) The “person
speaking in [the first note] indicate[d] he was too drunk to drive at the time of the murder
and had Morgan drive. It contains exculpatory statements in connection with the murder
and says there was no intent to harm the victim. It advises Morgan, addressed as ‘Bob,’
his testimony can reduce the crime to second degree murder. [¶] The second note says
the person speaking did not want a ‘murder beef’ and advised Morgan, again addressed
as ‘Bob,’ to tell the jury the person speaking was drunk and went crazy. It admonishes
‘Bob’ not to ‘burn’ the speaker.” (Id. at p. 735.) The trial court ruled that the notes had
been authenticated by the setting and circumstances. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal stated,
in part, that the “contents of the writings, such as the expressed desire to avoid a first
degree murder conviction by Morgan’s testimony and the veiled threats of harm if ‘Bob’

11
testified adversely, make it unlikely anyone other than Lynn authored the notes. Thus,
authentication as contemplated by Evidence Code section 1421 is present. The trial court
made a correct preliminary determination of authentication.” (Lynn, supra, 159
Cal.App.3d at pp. 735–736, fn. omitted.)
In People v. Fonville (1973) 35 Cal.App.3d 693 (Fonville), disapproved on other
grounds in Donaldson v. Superior Court (1983) 35 Cal.3d 24, 32, the trial court ruled that
a recorded statement was admissible. The reviewing court affirmed based on Evidence
Code section 1421, noting: “[I]t would appear that the statements regarding what had
been denied to the police, what had been told to the police regarding the declarant’s state
of intoxication, quantity of intoxicants taken, and when the decedent had left the cafe,
indicate that it was in fact appellant whose words were on the recording. They are
matters that are unlikely to have been known by anyone other than the appellant.”
(Fonville, supra, 35 Cal.App.3d at p. 709.)
A recorded jailhouse conversation was at issue in People v. Estrada (1979) 93
Cal.App.3d 76. The court concluded that the recording was authenticated under
Evidence Code section 1413 because the investigator who made it identified the tape he
used for the recording.4
In our view, Lynn and Fonville support the trial court’s ruling based on
circumstantial evidence, content and location, or, alternatively, based on Evidence Code
section 1421.
Similar to Lynn, the setting and circumstances authenticate the kite as being
authored by Leiva. Here, the kite was addressed to a person with Dominguez’s nickname
from a person with Leiva’s nickname, and it contained inside information regarding facts
of the case against Leiva, such as his presence at a party and private conversations
between Dominguez and Leiva. Also, it implies a familiarity with the prosecution’s case
against Leiva and strategies that might assist the defense. For example, the kite implies
that the author had informed the police that the case involved a weapon of a particular

4
Evidence Code section 1413 provides: “A writing may be authenticated by
anyone who saw the writing made or executed, including a subscribing witness.”

12
caliber and he therefore needed an innocent explanation for his knowledge. In addition,
the kite was found on Dominguez’s person, suggesting he purposefully retained
possession of it believing it to be authentic because it correctly represented the facts and
conversations as he recalled them.
The instruction for Dominguez to spit his game to the jury was clearly a message
for him to tell a story that would exonerate the author, and it is unlikely that anyone other
than Leiva had a motive to author the kite. As in Lynn, the kite contained veiled threats if
the recipient did not capitulate. It stated that the author loved the recipient, otherwise he
“wouldn’t be here,” which implied that the author could have the recipient killed. Also,
the kite informed the recipient, “Don’t let me find out you refused” to abide by the
instructions in the kite. The veiled threats were unlikely to come from anyone other than
Leiva. And other than Dominguez, only Leiva knew what they had previously discussed.
For all the same reasons, we conclude that Evidence Code section 1421 applies.
In arguing that Evidence Code section 1421 does not apply, Leiva contends that the kite
contained facts that could have been known to law enforcement officers or other inmates.
However, Fonville establishes that when analyzing whether others were likely to know
information contained in a writing, courts do not take the knowledge of law enforcement
officers into account. Though Fonville did not say this expressly, it is the inescapable
conclusion. After all, the Fonville court concluded that it was unlikely that anyone other
than the appellant knew what he had told police officers. But, of course, the police knew.
Thus, the analysis necessarily excluded them. Regarding other inmates, there is no
evidence of how they would have learned the contents of the kite. Because the kite is
incriminating, it is highly unlikely that Leiva broadcast the information in the kite to
inmates throughout the jail where he was housed. And because that is true, it is highly
unlikely other inmates were privy to the information.
C. Secondary evidence rule.
As conceded by Leiva, his trial counsel did not object to the reading of the
transcribed kite based on the secondary evidence rule. The issue has not been preserved

13
for appeal. (Evid. Code, § 353; People v. Harrison (2005) 35 Cal.4th 208, 230; People v.
Holford (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 155, 169.)
Even if the issue had been preserved, we would find no error.
The secondary evidence rule provides in relevant part: “(a) The content of a
writing may be proved by otherwise admissible secondary evidence. The court shall
exclude secondary evidence of the content of writing if the court determines either of the
following: [¶] (1) A genuine dispute exists concerning material terms of the writing and
justice requires the exclusion. [¶] (2) Admission of the secondary evidence would be
unfair.” (Evid. Code, § 1521.)
The original kite was received into evidence. And so, too, was a photocopy of the
kite. A deputy sheriff typed up a transcription that interpreted certain initials,
abbreviations and symbols in the kite. She explained to the jury that her interpretations
were in parentheses. Then she read her transcription to the jury, making sure to identify
what constituted interpretation. Properly understood, the People offered the original kite
and a photocopy of the kite to prove the contents of the writing, and then offered the
deputy sheriff’s testimony to prove the meaning.
Leiva argues: “In the instant case, the court should have excluded [the deputy
sheriff’s transcription containing her interpretations of certain portions of the kite] as
being required in the interests of justice since this transcription contained more than the
contents of the original kite; it contained [the deputy sheriff’s] interpretations of a
document which was made from the kite and set in parentheses. For example, in the
place where the writer of the kite says, ‘You informed me about what happened and with
what kind of caliber,’ [the deputy sheriff added a ‘(9),’ indicating that the homicide
weapon was a 9 caliber weapon, namely a 9 mm semi-automatic. [Citation.] Other
examples include interpretations of ‘C’ meaning Dominguez’s moniker ‘Criminal’ and
[‘D’] indicating a moniker sometimes attributed to [Leiva] of [‘Duende,’ meaning ‘Elf’];
and three dotes and two slashes indicating the Mayan number of 13 used by Latino gangs
in Southern California.” (Fn. omitted.)

14
 This argument misses the mark. The People did not offer the deputy sheriff’s
interpretation of initials, abbreviations and symbols as evidence of the content of the kite.
As we have indicated, her interpretations were offered as evidence of the meaning of
those initials, abbreviations and symbols. Leiva contends that the deputy sheriff added
“(9)” to the content of the kite. But this contention is belied by the record. The original
kite stated: “You informed me about what happened and with what kind of caliber (9)[.]”
All the deputy sheriff did was offer her interpretation that “(9)” referred to “.9
millimeter.”
II. Denial of Mistrial.
Leiva argues that he should have been granted a mistrial because the jurors were
intimidated by court spectators and he was denied his constitutional right to trial by an
impartial jury. This argument lacks merit.
A. Standard of review; mistrial principles; constitutional principles.
We review the denial of a motion for mistrial under the abuse of discretion
standard. (People v. Montes (2014) 58 Cal.4th 809, 884.) “A trial court should grant a
motion for mistrial ‘only when “‘a party’s chances of receiving a fair trial have been
irreparably damaged”’” [citation], that is, if it is, ‘apprised of prejudice that it judges
incurable by admonition or instruction.’” (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 573.)
“An accused has a constitutional right to a trial by an impartial jury. [Citations.]
An impartial jury is one in which no member has been improperly influenced [citations]
and every member is ‘“capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence
before it”’ [citations].” (In re Hamilton (1999) 20 Cal.4th 273, 293–294 (Hamilton).)
“Misconduct on the part of a spectator is a ground for mistrial if the misconduct is of
such a character as to prejudice the defendant or influence the verdict.” (People v.
Lucero (1988) 44 Cal.3d 1006, 1022.)
“‘A sitting juror’s involuntary exposure to events outside the trial evidence, even
if not ‘misconduct’ in the pejorative sense, may require . . . examination for probable
prejudice. Such situations may include attempts by nonjurors to tamper with the jury, as
by bribery or intimidation. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘[T]ampering contact or

15
communication with a sitting juror[] usually raises a rebuttable “presumption” of
prejudice. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘Still, whether an individual verdict must be
overturned for jury misconduct or irregularity “‘“is resolved by reference to the
substantial likelihood test, an objective standard.”’” [Citation.] Any presumption of
prejudice is rebutted, and the verdict will not be disturbed, if the entire record in the
particular case, including the nature of the misconduct or other event, and the
surrounding circumstances, indicates there is no reasonable probability of prejudice, i.e.,
no substantial likelihood that one or more jurors were actually biased against the
defendant. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Harris (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1269, 1303.)
We must independently determine whether there was a reasonable probability of
prejudice. (Id. at p. 1304.)
B. No abuse of discretion.
The question is whether there was a substantial likelihood that one or more jurors
were biased against Leiva. In our view, the answer is no. The jurors stated that they did
not feel threatened, and that they could be fair and impartial. The trial court opined that
nothing in the jurors’ body language or words suggested that they were hiding something
or afraid. Moreover, the conduct of the spectators was ambiguous to the jurors and could
well have been innocent. As a consequence, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion.
At most it can be said that the spectators engaged in conduct that, when seen by
the three jurors and one alternate, was cause for some level of concern. This conduct,
and the jurors’ reactions to it, fall below the threshold of what amounts to the denial of an
impartial jury. We take our cue from People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 480
(Panah) and Hamilton.
In Panah, the record indicated “that some supporters of defendant were following
or ‘shadowing’ the jurors during breaks in their deliberations, while others, including his
mother, were clustering near the jury while it was assembling on breaks. Against this
backdrop, the trial court reported a juror had told the bailiff she felt intimidated by the
presence of defendant’s supporters, particularly his mother.” (Panah, supra, 35 Cal.4th

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at p. 480.) The court concluded that “there is nothing on the record to support
defendant’s claim that he was denied an impartial jury.” (Ibid.)
The relevant facts in Hamilton were these. According to a juror, the defendant’s
sister and her boyfriend parked in an alley behind the juror’s house. They sped away
when the juror saw them. Then, according to the juror, she telephoned a friend who was
a police dispatcher and asked for increased patrols near her residence. As a precursor to
its analysis, the court stated: “[W]e question whether a convicted person can ever
overturn the verdict on grounds that persons acting in his behalf deliberately sought to
influence the jury. Certainly no such claim could ever be valid where the accused himself
had instigated the incident; a party cannot profit by his or her own wrongdoing. But even
where, as here, there is no evidence petitioner was directly involved, recognition of such
a claim suggests tempting opportunities for [the allies of defendants in criminal trials] to
manufacture challenges against subsequent convictions.” (Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at
p. 305.) Next, the court stated: “‘[W]hen the alleged misconduct involves an
unauthorized communication with or by a juror, the presumption [of prejudice] does not
arise unless there is a showing that the content of the communication was about the
matter pending before the jury, i.e., the guilt or innocence of the defendant. [Citations.]’
[Citations.] As described [by the juror], the alley incident included no ‘communication’
about the trial, only a brief, nonverbal observation of persons parked outside her home.
[¶] Finally, if the incident, real or imagined, might be interpreted as an improper attempt
to intimidate [the juror] by silent menace, the result is no different. The objective
circumstances give rise to no substantial likelihood that the encounter resulted in [the
juror’s] actual bias against [the defendant].” (Id. at pp. 305–306.)
The ambiguous conduct of the spectators in the case at bar does not rise to the
level of shadowing jurors during deliberation or parking behind the house of a juror.
Thus, if there was no prejudice in Panah or Hamilton, we are compelled to conclude that
there was no prejudice here.

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III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
Absent trial court error, Leiva nonetheless contends that he is entitled to a reversal
based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Specifically, he contends he was prejudiced
because defense counsel unreasonably failed to: (1) call an expert on eyewitness
identification; and (2) object based on the secondary evidence rule to the deputy sheriff’s
reading of her transcription of the kite.
We cannot concur.
A. The law regarding ineffective assistance of counsel.
“A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment
entails deficient performance under an objective standard of professional reasonableness
and prejudice under a test of reasonable probability of an adverse effect on the outcome.
[Citation.]” (People v. Rivas (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1410, 1425.) “A reviewing court
will indulge in a presumption that counsel’s performance fell within the wide range of
professional competence and that counsel’s actions and inactions can be explained as a
matter of sound trial strategy. Defendant thus bears the burden of establishing
constitutionally inadequate assistance of counsel. [Citations.] If the record on appeal
sheds no light on why counsel acted or failed to act in the manner challenged, an
appellate claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be rejected unless counsel was
asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or there simply could be no
satisfactory explanation. [Citation.] Otherwise, the claim is more appropriately raised in
a petition for writ of habeas corpus. [Citation.]” (People v. Carter (2003) 30 Cal.4th
1166, 1211.)
B. The failure to call an expert.
In Leiva’s estimation, defense counsel was required to call an expert on
eyewitness identification because the case against him hinged upon Arriaga’s
uncorroborated testimony. He contends that this is a case in which there is no
satisfactory explanation for defense counsel’s decision and the ineffective assistance
claim can be resolved on appeal.
We reject Leiva’s contention.

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 The decision to call “certain witnesses is . . . a matter of trial tactics, unless the
decision results from unreasonable failure to investigate. [Citation.]” (People v. Bolin
(1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 334; People v. Mitcham (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1027, 1059 [the decision
whether to put on witnesses is a matter of “trial tactics and strategy which a reviewing
court generally may not second-guess”].) Beyond the foregoing, and for good reason, our
research has failed to unearth any case setting forth a per se rule requiring a defense
attorney to call an expert in every case in which eyewitness identification is
uncorroborated. (See People v. Datt (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 942, 952.) As stated by our
Supreme Court, “[e]xpert testimony on the psychological factors affecting eyewitness
identification is often unnecessary.” (People v. Lewis and Oliver (2006) 39 Cal.4th 970,
995.)
The record suggests that this was a case in which an expert witness regarding
eyewitness testimony did not fit with the defense theory and defense counsel therefore
reasonably did not call an expert.
On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Arriaga about inconsistencies
in her written statements when she was shown a photographic six pack. At one point, he
questioned her about her statement about who “pulled the gun,” and about saying that she
saw “the [man] on the left” shoot Jimenez even though she did not actually see anyone
shoot because she was running away. Defense counsel asked if she was trying to mislead
the police, and then he asked, “You were trying to convince the officers that you saw
[Jimenez] being shot, correct?” Arriaga said, “I didn’t see it[.]” The defense called
Barajas to testify that Arriaga first told her that the shooters were two Black guys from
Avalon, then she said they were two Hispanic pretty boys who were not gang-related, and
then she said that they were two Hispanic “cholos” who were wearing black hoodies.
In closing argument, defense counsel attacked Arriaga’s credibility by pointing out
the inconsistencies in her story and saying that she lied. He suggested that the jury
should believe Barajas. At one point, he stated that Arriaga was “an admitted gang
member [who] is inherently untrustworthy.” He also stated: “I don’t know who [killed
Jimenez]. Neither does [Arriaga]. I don’t know why [Arriaga] is lying.”

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 It is clear to us that defense counsel chose to challenge Arriaga’s veracity instead
of challenging her identification as honest but unreliable. It would have been
inconsistent, and confusing to the jury, for defense counsel to suggest that Arriaga
fabricated her story while at the same time she told the truth to the best of her ability but
was mistaken. But, ultimately, whether defense counsel provided ineffective assistance
cannot be resolved on appeal because “the record sheds no light on whether [defense]
counsel’s failure [to call an expert] was based upon sound trial tactics or resulted from
inexcusable oversight.” (People v. Mitcham, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 1059; People v. Bolin,
supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 333 [“To the extent the record on appeal fails to disclose why
counsel acted or failed to act in the manner challenged, we will affirm the judgment
‘unless counsel was asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there
simply could be no satisfactory explanation . . .’”].)
Regardless, Leiva cannot demonstrate prejudice. Arriaga identified Leiva as the
shooter during the six-pack photographic lineup, at the preliminary hearing and at trial.
Further, she testified that she was six or seven feet away from Leiva during their
confrontation. The prosecutor presented evidence that Leiva told his wife he did not have
a defense, and being in jail was his fault. Also, the prosecutor presented evidence of the
kite indicating that Leiva tried to persuade Dominguez to provide false testimony at trial.
In our view, evidence of Leiva’s guilt was overwhelming and it is not reasonably
probable that he would have obtained a more favorable outcome if defense counsel had
called an expert.
C. The failure to object based on the secondary evidence rule.
As previously indicated, the secondary evidence rule was not a bar to the
admissibility of the deputy sheriff’s interpretation of the meaning of the kite. Thus,
defense counsel did not underperform vis-a-vis his failure to raise the objection, and
Leiva was not deprived of adequate representation.

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 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

__________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST

We concur:

_____________________________, P. J.
BOREN

______________________________, J.*
FERNS

*
Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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