FILED BY CLERK
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF ARIZONA MAY 30 2012
DIVISION TWO
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO
CATALINA FOOTHILLS UNIFIED )
SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 16, a ) 2 CA-CV 2011-0166
political subdivision of the State of ) DEPARTMENT B
Arizona, )
) OPINION
Plaintiff/Appellee, )
)
v. )
)
LA PALOMA PROPERTY OWNERS )
ASSOCIATION, INC., an Arizona non- )
profit corporation, )
)
Defendant/Appellant. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. C20075114
Honorable Michael O. Miller, Judge
Honorable Scott Rash, Judge
DISMISSED
Law Offices of Diane M. Miller, PLLC
By Diane M. Miller Phoenix
and
DeConcini McDonald Yetwin & Lacy, P.C.
By Lisa Anne Smith Tucson
Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellee
Stubbs & Schubart, P.C.
By G. Lawrence Schubart Tucson
Attorneys for Defendant/Appellant
E S P I N O S A, Judge.
¶1 In this eminent-domain/condemnation action, defendant/appellant La
Paloma Property Owners Association, Inc. (LPPOA) appeals from the trial court’s signed
“Partial Judgment” dated August 29, 2011. Because we lack jurisdiction, we dismiss the
appeal.
Factual Background and Procedural History
¶2 Plaintiff/appellee Catalina Foothills Unified School District No. 16 owns
property, known as Block 24, which neighbors La Paloma, a subdivision in the Tucson
area. Block 24 is bounded on its southeast side by Campo Abierto, a private drive owned
by LPPOA that provides access to La Paloma. In 2007, the district filed a complaint
seeking to condemn an easement over a portion of Campo Abierto in order to provide
access to an early childhood learning center that was at that time being constructed on
Block 24. The trial court dismissed the complaint, however, finding that the district did
not have authority to condemn an easement “for a private roadway over private land,” but
also granting the district leave to amend its complaint to condemn the property in fee
simple. The district amended its complaint to seek condemnation in fee, “subject to a
perpetual easement in favor of Defendant La Paloma POA and any other property owners
with rights under the plat or other recorded documents for ingress, egress, utilities and
such other purposes for which the Disputed Property is currently used.” In March 2008,
2
the trial court granted the district immediate possession of the subject property but did not
foreclose continued use of the property for accessing La Paloma.
¶3 LPPOA subsequently petitioned this court for special-action relief, but we
declined to exercise jurisdiction. Litigation continued in the trial court, and in May 2011
the district moved in limine to preclude testimony by LPPOA’s expert witness about
severance damages that LPPOA would suffer as a result of the district’s proposed taking.
The trial court heard argument on the motion, made certain legal findings, and took the
motion under advisement.
¶4 In August 2011, the trial court granted the district’s motion in limine,
reasoning, “Because [the expert] was told to assume [the district] lacked authority to give
[LPPOA] an easement and just compensation cannot be reduced by a non-monetary asset
such as a conveyance of a deed of easement, he did not rely on the proposed form of
easement in reaching his opinion of value.” The court concluded that “[a]n expert
opinion based on incorrect legal assumptions will not assist the trier of fact to understand
the evidence or determine a fact at issue as required by Ariz. R. Evid. 702,” and
consequently excluded the expert’s testimony.
¶5 LPPOA then lodged a proposed partial judgment, which the trial court
signed. The partial judgment contained a certification that “there is no just reason for
delay and the entry of this Judgment is hereby expressly directed pursuant to Ariz. R.
Civ. P. 54(b).” It purported to “resolve[] claims that involve issues of constitutional and
statutory construction that are properly determined prior to further proceedings or a trial,”
3
but it did not identify those claims or the court’s resolution of them. Instead, the partial
judgment incorporated by reference legal and factual determinations from the court’s
2008 order of immediate possession, its 2011 minute entry from the hearing on the
motion in limine, and its under-advisement ruling on the same motion. LPPOA filed a
timely notice of appeal.1
Appellate Jurisdiction
¶6 Although neither party initially addressed the issue, we have an
independent duty to determine whether we have jurisdiction over an appeal. Sorensen v.
Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 191 Ariz. 464, 465, 957 P.2d 1007, 1008 (App. 1997). After
finding a possible jurisdictional defect, we ordered the parties to submit additional
briefing on the issue. In its supplemental memorandum, LPPOA argues we have
jurisdiction pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-2101(A)(1) and Rule 54(b), or, in the alternative,
pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-2101(A)(6) and Bilke v. State, 206 Ariz. 462, 80 P.3d 269 (2003).
We examine these potential bases of jurisdiction in turn.
A.R.S. § 12-2101(A)(1) and Rule 54(b)
¶7 Subject to limited exceptions not relevant here, this court has jurisdiction to
consider an appeal “[f]rom a final judgment entered in an action or special proceeding
commenced in a superior court.” § 12-2101(A)(1). “The general rule is that an appeal
lies only from a final judgment,” Davis v. Cessna Aircraft Corp., 168 Ariz. 301, 304, 812
1
The partial judgment also incorporated the court’s October 2007 order dismissing
the original complaint; however, that order was not included in the notice of appeal and
consequently is not at issue here.
4
P.2d 1119, 1122 (App. 1991), that “‘dispose[s] of all claims and all parties,’” Santa
Maria v. Najera, 222 Ariz. 306, ¶ 5, 214 P.3d 394, 395 (App. 2009), quoting Musa v.
Adrian, 130 Ariz. 311, 312, 636 P.2d 89, 90 (1981). The requirement that a judgment be
final before an appeal may lie arises from a public policy preference that cases not be
decided “in a piecemeal fashion.” Davis, 168 Ariz. at 304, 812 P.2d at 1122; Robinson v.
Kay, 225 Ariz. 191, ¶ 4, 236 P.3d 418, 419 (App. 2010).
¶8 By virtue of Rule 54(b), however, a party may appeal from a ruling that
disposes of fewer than all parties or claims “upon an express determination [by the trial
court] that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of
judgment.” But in order for the court to direct entry of a final judgment under Rule
54(b), its ruling must actually dispose of “one or more, but not all, of the multiple
claims.” Davis, 168 Ariz. at 304, 812 P.2d at 1122. In other words, the court’s order
must result in “‘an ultimate disposition of an individual claim.’” Id., quoting Sears,
Roebuck & Co. v. Mackey, 351 U.S. 427, 436 (1956).2
¶9 We review a trial court’s Rule 54(b) determination de novo. Davis, 168
Ariz. at 304, 812 P.2d at 1122. “Rule 54(b) certification does not give this court
jurisdiction to decide an appeal if the judgment in fact is not final, i.e., did not dispose of
at least one separate claim of a multi-claim action.” Id.; see Sisemore v. Farmers Ins. Co.
of Ariz., 161 Ariz. 564, 565, 779 P.2d 1303, 1304 (App. 1989) (“The insertion of Rule
2
This appeal does not implicate the provisions of Rule 54(b) relating to multiple-
party litigation.
5
54(b) language only acts to make an order or judgment final and immediately appealable
if the judgment completely disposes of an entire claim.”). Accordingly, although the
order appealed from is styled as a “Partial Judgment” and contains a Rule 54(b)
certification, we must still examine it in detail to determine whether it actually disposes
of any claim.
¶10 The language of the partial judgment itself does not purport to dispose of
any claim; that is, it does not itself grant relief to either party in any form. Instead, it
incorporates by reference three of the court’s prior orders or minute entries relevant to
this appeal, and provides,
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
DECREED as follows:
....
The legal and factual determinations made . . . in
numbered Paragraphs 1 through 7 and Paragraphs 9 through
12 of the Minute Entry dated March 19, 2007, [sic] are
incorporated in this Judgment, constitute the law of the case,
and are binding on the parties as a matter of law.
The legal and factual determinations of this Court set
forth in the Minute Entry Orders of July 19, 2011, and
August 17, 2011, are binding on the parties as a matter of law.
We therefore look to these prior orders to determine if any of them is independently final
and appealable.
¶11 The March 19, 2008, minute entry grants the district’s request for an order
of immediate possession of the disputed property. Both this court and our supreme court
have held that an order of immediate possession is not directly appealable because it is
6
not a final judgment. Rogers v. Salt River Project Agric. Improvement & Power Dist.,
110 Ariz. 279, 517 P.2d 1275 (1974); Cordova v. City of Tucson, 15 Ariz. App. 469, 470-
71, 489 P.2d 727, 728-29 (1971); see also Bailey v. Myers, 206 Ariz. 224, ¶ 8, 76 P.3d
898, 900 (App. 2003) (special action provides only relief from order of immediate
possession). This rule is further supported by A.R.S. § 12-1116(O), which anticipates
that additional proceedings will be held after entry of an order of immediate possession
and before entry of a final judgment.3 The order of immediate possession therefore is not
a final judgment. And, because “[a] trial court’s Rule 54(b) certification does not give
this court jurisdiction to decide an appeal if the judgment in fact is not final,” we lack
jurisdiction to review the order of immediate possession or the findings it contains,
notwithstanding the trial court’s inclusion of Rule 54(b) language in the partial judgment.
Davis, 168 Ariz. at 304-05 & 305, 812 P.2d at 1122-23 & 1123; see also Musa, 130 Ariz.
at 313, 636 P.2d at 91 (summary judgment ruling disposing of legal theories but no
claims not final and appealable, notwithstanding trial court’s Rule 54(b) certification).
¶12 In its July 2011 minute entry, the trial court took the district’s motion in
limine under advisement but made two findings that LPPOA challenges in this appeal.
First, the court concluded that the district “could acquire the property at issue in fee
simple and then grant an easement to [LPPOA], and that such a transaction is not a
3
Section 12-1116 outlines the procedures for obtaining an order of immediate
possession. Subsection (O) provides: “Any stipulation that is made or any evidence that
is introduced pursuant to this section shall not be introduced in evidence or used to the
prejudice of any party in interest on the trial of the action.”
7
substitution for the monetary compensation required by Article 2 § 17 of the Arizona
Constitution, but rather is a cost to cure the severance damages caused by the taking.”
The court additionally found that “the transfer of an easement from the [district] to
[LPPOA] for purposes of ingress and egress by the homeowners does not violate A.R.S.
[§] 15-342[(10)].”4 These findings do not dispose of any claim. See Musa, 130 Ariz. at
313, 636 P.2d at 91. Indeed, the July 2011 minute entry does not even reflect a ruling on
any pending motion. Consequently, the minute entry is not a final judgment from which
an appeal may lie.
¶13 Finally, the August 2011 under-advisement ruling granted the district’s
motion in limine, which sought to preclude LPPOA’s expert witness from testifying
about severance damages because his opinion was “based entirely on the assumption that
the District may not convey to LPPOA an easement to continue to use the property to be
condemned.” The court reaffirmed its preliminary findings from the July 2011 minute
entry and determined,
Because [the expert] was told to assume [the district] lacked
authority to give [LPPOA] an easement and just
compensation cannot be reduced by a non-monetary asset
such as a conveyance of a deed of easement, he did not rely
on the proposed form of easement in reaching his opinion of
value nor did he prepare an alternative analysis should the
legal assumptions prove incorrect.
4
Section 15-342(10) limits a school district’s power to “sell school sites or enter
into leases or lease-purchase agreements for school buildings and grounds” by requiring
that certain transfers be approved by the district’s electors.
8
The court concluded, “An expert opinion based on incorrect legal assumptions will not
assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact at issue as required
by Ariz. R. Evid. 702,” and consequently precluded the expert’s testimony. The court,
however, granted LPPOA leave to obtain a revised valuation in light of its ruling. Thus,
although the court’s ruling on the district’s motion limited the evidence LPPOA would be
able to present at trial, that ruling did not dispose of any claim and thus cannot be
considered a final judgment. See Englert v. Carondelet Health Network, 199 Ariz. 21,
¶ 24, 13 P.3d 763, 771 (App. 2000) (characterizing motion in limine ruling as pretrial,
interlocutory order).
¶14 Neither the judgment nor any of the incorporated orders constitutes a final
judgment in the case. Accordingly, Rule 54(b) certification was unwarranted, and we
lack jurisdiction to consider this appeal pursuant to § 12-2101(A)(1).
A.R.S. § 12-2101(A)(6) and Bilke v. State
¶15 Both parties argue, in the alternative, that we have jurisdiction pursuant to
§ 12-2101(A)(6), which allows appeals from certain non-final judgments: “An appeal
may be taken to the court of appeals from the superior court . . . [f]rom an interlocutory
judgment that determines the rights of the parties and directs an accounting or other
proceeding to determine the amount of the recovery.” Relying on Bilke, 206 Ariz. 462,
80 P.3d 269, LPPOA claims we have jurisdiction because the partial judgment entered in
this case “effectively resolves all issues except the amount of damages.”
9
¶16 In Bilke, our supreme court considered the previous version of this
provision, then found at § 12-2101(G), see 1973 Ariz. Sess. Laws ch. 75, § 10, and held
that “interlocutory judgments can be appealed under § 12-2101(G) when the trial judge
has signed an order that contains language indicating that the judgment is a final
determination of the rights of the parties and the only remaining issue is the amount of
recovery.”5 206 Ariz. 462, ¶ 1, 80 P.3d at 270. The court explained that “appealability
under § 12-2101(G) turns not on the finality of the judgment, but on the finality of the
liability decision and the trial court’s discretionary finding that an appeal should lie in the
particular case” and suggested that “Rule 54(b) certification, while not necessary, would
satisfy the finality requirement.” Id. ¶ 23.
¶17 The district agrees that § 12-2101(A)(6) confers jurisdiction and argues that
Bilke has implicitly abrogated this court’s decision in Cordova, 15 Ariz. App. 469, 489
P.2d 727 (1971), which held that orders of immediate possession are not appealable
under former § 12-2101(G). But neither party cites or acknowledges Rogers v. Salt River
Project Agricultural Improvement & Power District, in which our supreme court
followed Cordova and held that an order of immediate possession is not appealable
5
Section 12-2101(G) has been renumbered § 12-2101(A)(6). See 2011 Ariz. Sess.
Laws ch. 304, § 1. Apart from a minor grammatical difference, the two provisions are
identical. Id.
10
because appellate courts lack “legislative authorization for allowing such an appeal prior
to the final judgment.” 110 Ariz. at 280, 517 P.2d at 1276.6
¶18 Although Bilke is the more recent case, we conclude that Rogers controls.
The Bilke court presumably was aware of its holding in Rogers and could have overruled
it, but it did not do so. See City of Phoenix v. Leroy’s Liquors, Inc., 177 Ariz. 375, 378,
868 P.2d 958, 961 (App. 1993) (“Whether prior decisions of the Arizona Supreme Court
are to be disaffirmed is a question for that court.”). And Rogers, which specifically holds
that orders of immediate possession are not appealable under the predecessor to
§ 12-2101(A)(6), is squarely on point with the present case, whereas Bilke involved an
appeal from a summary judgment ruling, did not involve an order of immediate
possession, and articulated a more general rule. Compare Rogers, 110 Ariz. at 280, 517
P.2d at 1276, with Bilke, 206 Ariz. 462, ¶¶ 1, 4, 80 P.3d at 270; cf. Clouse ex rel. Clouse
v. State, 199 Ariz. 196, ¶ 11, 16 P.3d 757, 760 (2001) (established axiom that where both
general and specific constitutional provisions relate to same subject, specific provision
controls). Thus, although Bilke may have application beyond its specific facts, we find
controlling the express holding in Rogers that an order of immediate possession “‘does
not qualify as an appealable interlocutory judgment’” under § 12-2101(A)(6). Rogers,
110 Ariz. at 280, 517 P.2d at 1276, quoting Cordova, 15 Ariz. App. at 471, 489 P.2d at
729 (internal quotations omitted). Nor do we have jurisdiction over the July and August
6
We observe that this has long been the rule in Arizona. See De Hansen v. Dist.
Court, 11 Ariz. 379, 383, 94 P. 1125, 1126 (Terr. 1908) (order of immediate possession
“unquestionably not directly appealable” under Ariz. Civ. Code, § 1214 (1901)).
11
2011 orders under § 12-2101(A)(6) because neither is a final determination of the rights
of the parties that leaves only the issue of recovery to be determined. See Bilke, 206 Ariz.
462, ¶ 1, 80 P.3d at 270. Accordingly, we conclude that we also lack jurisdiction over
the partial judgment as an interlocutory judgment pursuant to § 12-2101(A)(6).
¶19 LPPOA requests that in the event we find we lack jurisdiction, we remand
this matter to the trial court “for the limited purpose of supplementing the record or the
Trial Court’s findings to correct any technical deficiency.” However, for the reasons
discussed above, we conclude the deficiency in the judgment is more than merely
technical and the jurisdictional defect cannot be cured by the limited remand LPPOA
proposes.
Special-Action Jurisdiction
¶20 In certain cases where we lack appellate jurisdiction, we have nevertheless
elected to assume special-action jurisdiction over a matter brought as a direct appeal.
See, e.g., Grand v. Nacchio, 214 Ariz. 9, ¶ 25, 147 P.3d 763, 772 (App. 2006); Danielson
v. Evans, 201 Ariz. 401, ¶ 35, 36 P.3d 749, 759 (App. 2001); Lloyd v. State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co., 189 Ariz. 369, 374-75, 943 P.2d 729, 734-35 (App. 1996). In special
actions, we decide whether to exercise jurisdiction after considering various well-
established factors, including whether there exists an “equally plain, speedy, and
adequate remedy by appeal,” see W. Pinal Family Health Ctr., Inc. v. McBryde, 162 Ariz.
546, 547, 785 P.2d 66, 67 (App. 1989), and whether the case “presents a purely legal
question on an issue of statewide importance,” Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. v. Superior
12
Court, 186 Ariz. 405, 407, 923 P.2d 871, 873 (App. 1996). Both parties request that we
accept special-action jurisdiction in the event we find we lack appellate jurisdiction, but
neither party explains how this case satisfies the criteria described above apart from a
generalized argument by the district that special-action review would promote judicial
economy. See Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions 7(e) (special-action petition shall include
jurisdictional statement). And our own review does not demonstrate that this case merits
the exercise of our extraordinary jurisdiction. See Nataros v. Superior Court, 113 Ariz.
498, 499, 557 P.2d 1055, 1056 (1976) (“A special action requests extraordinary relief
which is usually granted only where justice cannot be satisfactorily obtained by other
means.”).
¶21 First, we have already declined to exercise jurisdiction over a previous
petition for special action, filed in 2008, from the same order of immediate possession at
issue here, which petition raised many of the same issues as are now presented.7 Even
assuming, without deciding, that a subsequent petition for special action challenging the
same ruling as a previous petition would not be categorically barred, the amount of time
that has passed since the order was entered—four years in this case—weighs heavily
against our exercising extraordinary jurisdiction to review it now. See Anserv Ins. Servs.,
Inc. v. Albrecht, 192 Ariz. 48, ¶¶ 10-11, 960 P.2d 1159, 1161 (1998) (finding petition
7
Although the record in this case does not contain the special-action petition, we
take judicial notice of the petition, which is contained in this court’s records for case
number 2 CA-SA 2008-0028. See In re Sabino R., 198 Ariz. 424, ¶ 4, 10 P.3d 1211,
1212 (App. 2000) (court may properly take judicial notice of its own records).
13
meritorious but denying relief because of petitioner’s extensive delay in filing special
action); State ex rel. Neely v. Rodriguez, 165 Ariz. 74, 77, 796 P.2d 876, 879 (1990)
(“One of the equitable considerations involved in accepting special action jurisdiction is a
petitioner’s showing of a need for speedy relief . . . .”).
¶22 And, although we occasionally accept special-action jurisdiction to review
rulings on motions in limine, see, e.g., Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 186 Ariz. 405, 923 P.2d
871, we decline to exercise such jurisdiction here because review of the ruling on the
motion in limine will be available, and we believe more appropriately conducted, on
appeal from an eventual final judgment. See A.R.S. § 12-2102(A); see also Yauch v. S.
Pac. Transp. Co., 198 Ariz. 394, ¶ 10, 10 P.3d 1181, 1186 (App. 2000) (reviewing trial
court’s motion in limine ruling on appeal); Larsen v. Decker, 196 Ariz. 239, ¶¶ 6-8, 995
P.2d 281, 283 (App. 2000) (reviewing trial court’s evidentiary rulings on appeal); Stapert
v. Ariz. Bd. of Psychologist Exam’rs, 210 Ariz. 177, ¶ 21, 108 P.3d 956, 961 (App. 2005)
(special-action jurisdiction reserved for “extraordinary circumstances” and “not available
‘where there is an equally plain, speedy, and adequate remedy by appeal’”), quoting State
ex rel. Romley v. Fields, 201 Ariz. 321, ¶ 4, 35 P.3d 82, 84 (App. 2001).
¶23 Finally, although the briefs raise issues of law, a consideration that supports
accepting special-action jurisdiction, neither party explains, nor do we see, how these
issues are of statewide importance. See Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 186 Ariz. at 407, 923
P.2d at 873. For all the foregoing reasons, we decline to exercise special-action
jurisdiction in this matter. See Robinson, 225 Ariz. 191, ¶ 7, 236 P.3d at 420.
14
Conclusion
¶24 Because the partial judgment appealed from is neither a final judgment, see
§ 12-2101(A)(1), nor an interlocutory order appealable under § 12-2101(A)(6), this court
lacks appellate jurisdiction. Furthermore, we decline to exercise discretionary, special-
action jurisdiction because LPPOA has failed to show that this matter satisfies the criteria
governing our acceptance of such jurisdiction. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed and
the case is remanded to the superior court for further proceedings.
/s/ Philip G. Espinosa
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ Garye L. Vásquez
GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Presiding Judge
/s/ Peter J. Eckerstrom
PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Judge
15