FILED BY CLERK
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FEB 18 2010
STATE OF ARIZONA
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO DIVISION TWO
THE STATE OF ARIZONA, ex rel. THE ) 2 CA-CV 2009-0124
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC ) DEPARTMENT A
SECURITY, )
) OPINION
Petitioner/Appellant, )
)
v. )
)
GILBERT MUNOZ, JR., )
)
Respondent/Appellee. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. SP20010170
Honorable Margaret L. Maxwell, Judge Pro Tempore
REVERSED IN PART
Terry Goddard, Arizona Attorney General
By Kathryn E. Harris Mesa
Attorneys for Petitioner/Appellant
K E L L Y, Judge.
¶1 In this paternity and child-support action, the state appeals from the trial
court‟s ruling barring recovery of certain child-support arrearages from appellee Gilbert
Munoz, Jr. It argues the trial court erred in applying former A.R.S. § 25-503(H).
Specifically, the state maintains it was not required to obtain a written judgment on the
arrearages within three years of the youngest child‟s emancipation. We agree and reverse
the trial court‟s judgment as to the state.
Background
¶2 The facts are undisputed. Anita Guzman is the mother of two children,
born in 1985 and 1987. Because Guzman had received financial assistance from the state
to help provide for the children, the state, along with Guzman, brought this action in 2001
to establish paternity and obtain a child-support order. Munoz stipulated to paternity, and
the trial court ordered him to pay $120 per month in support. About a month later, the
court increased Munoz‟s obligation to $373 per month. It also found that Munoz owed
“past care and support” for the period from February 1998 to March 2001 and entered
judgment against him for $3,900.
¶3 In February 2009 Munoz petitioned to modify the support, arguing the
children were age nineteen or older and his income was insufficient to pay $373 per
month. The state asserted that “there [we]re still child support arrears due and owing on
th[e] case.” It calculated that, as of that date, Munoz owed a total of $12,464.55 in child
support arrearages and $6,929.73 in interest. After a hearing in May, the trial court
reduced Munoz‟s monthly payment to $300, noting that Munoz no longer had a current
child-support obligation but owed past-due support. Sua sponte the court questioned
whether the amounts in arrears that had not been reduced to a written judgment were still
enforceable under former A.R.S. § 25-503(H).
¶4 After briefing, the trial court noted that, under former § 25-503(H), either
the state or the mother was required to request a written judgment on any arrearages
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within three years of a child‟s emancipation. Both children had turned eighteen by 2005
and had thus been emancipated under § 25-503(O)(2) more than three years before the
hearing. The court therefore concluded that the time for reducing any outstanding
amounts to a written judgment had expired in February 2008. This appeal followed.
Discussion
¶5 First, we note Munoz has not filed an answering brief on appeal. We could
regard this failure as a confession of error. See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 15(c). In our
discretion, however, we decline to do so here. See Nydam v. Crawford, 181 Ariz. 101,
101, 887 P.2d 631, 631 (App. 1994).
¶6 In the sole issue on appeal, the state argues the trial court erred in
determining that the three-year limitation in former § 25-503(H) defeated its claims for
arrearages in view of the legislature‟s amendment removing the limitation effective
September 21, 2006. We review this question of statutory interpretation de novo. See
Guerra v. Bejarano, 212 Ariz. 442, ¶ 6, 133 P.3d 752, 753 (App. 2007). Former § 25-
503(H) provided:
The right of a party entitled to receive support or the
department to receive child support payments as provided in
the court order vests as each installment falls due. Each
vested child support installment is enforceable as a final
judgment by operation of law. Unless it is reduced to a
written money judgment, an unpaid child support judgment
that became a judgment by operation of law expires three
years after the emancipation of the last remaining
unemancipated child who was included in the court order.
Beginning on January 1, 2000, child support orders, including
modified orders, must notify the parties of this expiration
date. The filing of a request for a written money judgment
before the end of that period preserves the right to judgment
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until the court grants a judgment or the court denies the
request.
2006 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 209, § 1. In State ex rel. Department of Economic Security v.
Hayden, 210 Ariz. 522, ¶ 14, 115 P.3d 116, 120 (2005), our supreme court interpreted
§ 25-503(H) to mean that “child support obligations not timely reduced to a written
judgment” were terminated.
¶7 Subsequently, the legislature amended subsection H by removing the
provision that a judgment by operation of law expired three years after emancipation of
the youngest child. 2006 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 209, § 1. The amendment, in which
subsection H also became subsection I, took effect on September 21, 2006. See Ariz.
Const. art. IV, pt. 1, § 1(3). The state argues, as it did below, that § 25-503(I), as
amended, controls in this case and allows it to collect the arrearages Munoz owes. We
agree.
¶8 Section 12-505, A.R.S., provides:
A. An action barred by pre-existing law is not revived
by amendment of such law enlarging the time in which such
action may be commenced.
B. If an action is not barred by pre-existing law, the
time fixed in an amendment of such law shall govern the
limitation of the action.
C. If an amendment of pre-existing law shortens the
time of limitation fixed in the pre-existing law so that an
action under pre-existing law would be barred when the
amendment takes effect, such action may be brought within
one year from the time the new law takes effect, and not
afterward.
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¶9 Our supreme court has explained the proper interpretation of and interplay
among these three subsections.
The most logical reading of § 12-505 is one that makes
it applicable to the entire universe of unfiled claims allegedly
affected by new or amended statutes of limitation.
Subsection A provides that claims under which the time to
file had already passed under the old statute remain barred.
Subsection B provides that the new statute generally applies
to all other claims, but an express qualification to the general
rule is set forth in subsection C. If a claim would have been
timely filed under the old law but not the new, under
subsection C the plaintiff has one year from the effective date
of the new law to file suit.
City of Tucson v. Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc., 209 Ariz. 544, ¶ 42, 105 P.3d 1163, 1173
(2005).
¶10 As the state points out, another department of this court applied this statute
in the child-support-enforcement context in Rutherford v. Babcock, 168 Ariz. 404, 814
P.2d 361 (App. 1991). In that case, the parties‟ marriage was dissolved in 1980, “[t]he
father‟s duty to support terminated on February 23, 1987,” and the mother petitioned for
enforcement on February 27, 1989. Id. at 405, 814 P.2d at 362. Former A.R.S. § 12-
2453, the child-support-enforcement statute in effect at the time, had been amended in
1983 to extend the time for enforcement from two years to three. See 1983 Ariz. Sess.
Laws, ch. 263, § 2. “The trial judge interpreted the phrase „barred by pre-existing law‟
[§ 12-505(B)] to mean at the time the petition was filed, rather than at the time of the
statutory amendment,” and applied the two-year limitation. Id. at 406, 814 P.2d at 363.
On appeal, the court explained this approach was incorrect and the relevant inquiry was
whether the case was barred by the law existing before the amendment. Id. Because the
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mother in Rutherford had an enforceable right to collect arrearages at the time the statute
was amended, the new statute of limitations applied. Id.
¶11 Likewise, in this case, when § 25-503 was amended in 2006, the three-year
period provided in the pre-amendment version of the statute had not yet expired. Thus,
nothing in the existing law barred the action to collect arrearages from Munoz. See § 12-
505(B). The amendment eliminated the three-year limitation, which therefore does not
bind Guzman and the state.
¶12 In reaching a contrary conclusion, the trial court cited State ex rel.
Department of Economic Security v. Schramm, No. 1 CA-CV 06-0460 (memorandum
decision filed Nov. 6, 2007), issued by another department of this court. The trial court
relied on the Schramm court‟s statement, “If no written judgment has issued, however,
any judgment that became enforceable by operation of law expires „at the end of that
three-year period.‟” Id., quoting Hayden, 210 Ariz. 522, ¶ 1, 115 P.3d at 117. The trial
court concluded that, because Schramm had been decided after the 2006 amendment,
“Hayden has not been overruled.”
¶13 The trial court erred in relying on Schramm. First, a memorandum decision
may not be regarded as precedent. See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 28(c) (with two exceptions
not relevant here, “[m]emorandum decisions shall not be regarded as precedent nor cited
in any court”). Second, the question presented here was not before the court in Schramm.
See Schramm, No. 1 CA-CV 06-0460. Finally, the youngest child in Schramm had
turned eighteen in September 1999, and the three-year period provided in former § 25-
503(H) had expired in 2002, before the statute was amended. Schramm, No. 1 CA-CV
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06-0460, ¶¶ 2, 8. The amended statute did not revive the action because the former three-
year limitation period had passed. Thus, the trial court here erred in ruling that the three-
year limitation period prevented enforcement of outstanding child support which had not
already been reduced to judgment.
Disposition
¶14 We conclude § 25-503(I) does not bar the state from collecting from Munoz
any arrearages not reduced to judgment by February 17, 2008, and we reverse the trial
court‟s judgment as to the state.
VIRGINIA C. KELLY, Judge
CONCURRING:
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Chief Judge
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Presiding Judge
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