[Cite as Mullins v. Ohio Bd. of Regents, 2010-Ohio-545.]
Court of Claims of Ohio
The Ohio Judicial Center
65 South Front Street, Third Floor
Columbus, OH 43215
614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
www.cco.state.oh.us
JADA L. MULLINS
Plaintiff
v.
OHIO BOARD OF REGENTS, et al.
Defendants
Case No. 2006-07023
Judge Joseph T. Clark
DECISION
{¶ 1} Plaintiff brought this action alleging wrongful termination in violation of
public policy, defamation, invasion of privacy, and “harassment.”1 The issues of liability
and damages were bifurcated and the case proceeded to trial on the issue of liability.
{¶ 2} Plaintiff’s claims arise as a result of the termination of her employment
with the Ohio Board of Regents (OBR) on November 12, 2004. On September 20,
1999, plaintiff began her employment with OBR and she was subsequently assigned as
a secretary in the department of Educational Linkages and Access. Plaintiff was a
member of the Ohio Civil Service Employees Association, AFSCME, Local 11, AFL-CIO
(union) which represented bargaining unit employees such as plaintiff. Plaintiff's
supervisor at the time was Jane Fullerton, OBR’s Associate Vice Chancellor.
1
Although plaintiff referred to a claim for racial discrimination in her post-trial brief, she did not
allege discrimination in her complaint and no credible evidence was presented at trial to support such a
claim.
{¶ 3} It is undisputed that plaintiff was a capable worker; however, during her
term of employment with OBR, she received extensive counseling and discipline for
tardiness. According to the evidence, in 2001, OBR agreed to adjust plaintiff’s schedule
to accommodate her efforts to obtain childcare. On November 27, 2002, Kristina Frost,
OBR’s Vice Chancellor for Operations, and Mary Harriel, OBR’s Director of Human
Resources, provided plaintiff with a memorandum entitled “Job Performance and Work
Expectations.” (Defendants’ Exhibit W.) Plaintiff signed the memorandum which noted
that “continued unprofessional behavior after receipt of these work expectations” would
not be tolerated and would result in discipline.
{¶ 4} Harriel testified that she maintained a “discipline log” which documented
actions taken by OBR in response to plaintiff’s tardiness and unprofessional conduct.
On May 8, 2003, plaintiff received a notice of “pattern abuse” of leave which showed
that plaintiff had been late or absent 13 of 31 working days during the period from
March 6, to April 17, 2003. OBR allowed adjustments to plaintiff’s starting time between
June 25, and July 25, 2003; however, in August 2003, plaintiff received three oral
reprimands for tardiness and unprofessional behavior. In September 2003, plaintiff was
again allowed to change her starting time. According to Harriel, plaintiff was on
disability leave from October 27, 2003 to February 12, 2004. On March 17, 2004,
plaintiff received a written reprimand which cited 12 incidents of tardiness and “pattern
abuse.” (Defendants’ Exhibit E.) On March 22, plaintiff once again changed her starting
time. On May 17, 2004, plaintiff was placed on a 30-day suspension for failure of good
behavior, misfeasance, misuse of state equipment, and unauthorized access after
working hours.
{¶ 5} When plaintiff returned to work on June 29, 2004, she received an
updated version of OBR’s Job Performance and Work Expectations. Harriel testified
that plaintiff continued to have attendance problems after her return to work and that
Ray Mussio, a labor relations specialist from the Ohio Office of Collective Bargaining,
was assigned to conduct an investigation of four incidents of tardiness. Mussio testified
that plaintiff admitted that she had been tardy on three of the occasions under
investigation and that she did not recall the fourth incident. According to Mussio,
plaintiff stated during her interview that she believed she had been “targeted” by OBR’s
management and that attendance rules were not evenly enforced. Following the
investigation, on October 21, 2004, a pre-disciplinary meeting was conducted which
resulted in a finding of just cause for discipline. (Defendants’ Exhibit FF.) On
November 12, 2004, plaintiff was notified by a letter from Roderick Chu, OBR’s
Chancellor, that she had been found in violation of OBR’s time and attendance policy
and that her employment with OBR had been terminated. (Defendants’ Exhibit M.)
WRONGFUL TERMINATION
{¶ 6} With regard to plaintiff’s claim for wrongful termination in violation of public
policy, as a member of the bargaining unit, plaintiff was entitled to file a grievance to
challenge her termination. Plaintiff did so and her grievance was addressed at the
hearing before the arbitrator who upheld plaintiff’s removal pursuant to the terms of the
union contract. (Defendants’ Exhibit O.)
{¶ 7} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that a union employee with terms of
employment governed by a collective bargaining agreement is barred from asserting a
wrongful termination claim on the basis of public policy. Haynes v. Zoological Society of
Cincinnati (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 254. “Wrongful discharge in violation of public policy
serves to afford at-will employees protection from employers who unilaterally terminate
employees for abusive reasons. Employees subject to a [collective bargaining
agreement] do not require judicially-created protection because their employment rights
are already subject to protection.” Urban v. Osborn Mfg., 165 Ohio App.3d 673, 2006-
Ohio-1080, ¶18.
{¶ 8} Inasmuch as plaintiff was a union employee, and the terms of her
employment were defined by a collective bargaining agreement, she cannot prevail on
her claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy.
DEFAMATION
{¶ 9} As for the claim for defamation, plaintiff contends that OBR published false
statements about her tardiness, alleged drug use, and her “threatening conduct.”
{¶ 10} Defamation, which includes both libel and slander, is a false publication
causing injury to a person’s reputation, exposing the person to public hatred, contempt,
ridicule, shame or disgrace, or affecting the person adversely in his or her trade or
business. Sweitzer v. Outlet Communications, Inc. (1999), 133 Ohio App.3d 102, 108.
Under Ohio law, truth is a complete defense to a claim for defamation. Ed Schory &
Sons, Inc. v. Francis, 75 Ohio St.3d 433, 445, 1996-Ohio-194.
{¶ 11} There is no question that plaintiff violated OBR’s time and leave policy.
Although plaintiff asserts that Harriel told other employees that plaintiff had been under
the influence of drugs or alcohol, Harriel denied making such statements and plaintiff
failed to present any credible evidence to support her allegation. Plaintiff also alleged
that Kristina Frost stated that plaintiff had exhibited threatening conduct. However, no
corroborating evidence was presented to show that Frost made such a comment. The
court finds that plaintiff has not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that any
statements made by OBR’s employees were untrue.
{¶ 12} Furthermore, in the context of a defamation claim, the defense of privilege
applies to statements that are “made in good faith on any subject matter in which the
person communicating has an interest, or in reference to which he has a right or duty, if
made to a person having a corresponding interest or duty on a privileged occasion and
in a manner and under circumstances fairly warranted by the occasion and duty, right or
interest. The essential elements thereof are good faith, an interest to be upheld, a
statement limited in its scope to this purpose, a proper occasion, and publication in a
proper manner and to proper parties only.” Hahn v. Kotten (1975), 43 Ohio St.2d 237,
244. A qualified privilege can be defeated only by clear and convincing evidence of
actual malice. Bartlett v. Daniel Drake Mem. Hosp. (1991), 75 Ohio App.3d 334, 340.
“Actual malice” is “acting with knowledge that the statements are false or acting with
reckless disregard as to their truth or falsity.” Jacobs v. Frank (1991), 60 Ohio St.3d.
111, 116.
{¶ 13} Even if plaintiff had proven that OBR’s employees made false and
defamatory statements, she could not prevail on her defamation claim if such
statements were made subject to a qualified privilege. Plaintiff admits that the alleged
defamatory statements made by OBR employees were published in connection with
OBR’s investigations and disciplinary actions even though plaintiff characterized OBR’s
actions as a “relentless” conspiracy to terminate her employment. Thus, based upon
the totality of the evidence, the court is convinced that the statements at issue
concerned plaintiff’s fitness as an employee. As managers, Harriel and Frost had a
duty to investigate allegations of tardiness and workplace violence and they made the
statements about plaintiff to other OBR employees who had a corresponding interest.
In short, statements made either by plaintiff’s supervisors or by those employees who
were charged with conducting the investigations which led to her termination were
conditionally privileged inasmuch as the statements were made in good faith and
concerned matters in which the employees had a common interest or duty.
INVASION OF PRIVACY
{¶ 14} Plaintiff’s claim for invasion of privacy is based upon actions taken by her
supervisors, including having her arrival time monitored, posting scheduling information
concerning employee hearings, and placing plaintiff on administrative leave. Plaintiff
specifically asserts that Harriel and Fullerton should have known that such actions
would cause ridicule and embarrassment.
{¶ 15} The Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized an invasion of privacy claim
involving “the wrongful intrusion into one’s private activities in such a manner as to
outrage or cause mental suffering, shame or humiliation to a person of ordinary
sensibilities.” Housh v. Peth (1956), 165 Ohio St. 35, paragraph two of the syllabus.
“The scope of a person’s liability for intrusion into another’s seclusion is stated in
Section 652B of the Restatement of Torts 2d, as follows: ‘One who intentionally
intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private
affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the
intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.’” Sustin v. Fee (1982), 69
Ohio St.2d 143, 145.
{¶ 16} The actions which plaintiff claims to have been a wrongful intrusion into
her private activities were conducted during business hours and were, for the most part,
open to public observation. Specifically, plaintiff’s late arrivals occurred in plain view of
other employees. Furthermore, a public employee’s expectation of privacy in the
workplace may be limited by office practices, work procedures, or regulation. Brannen v.
Bd. of Educ.(2001), 144 Ohio App.3d 620, 630. Indeed, some government offices may
be so open to the public or other employees that there may be no reasonable
expectation of privacy. Id. With regard to plaintiff’s assertion that OBR’s employees
unreasonably monitored her computer use, Ohio courts have found that employees
have no expectation of privacy in their office space, computer, or desk if the employer
owns them and they are assessable to other employees. Branan v. Mac Tools, Franklin
App. No. 03AP-1096, 2004-Ohio-5574, ¶43-46; Coats v. Cuyahoga Metro. Housing.
Auth. (Apr. 12, 2001), Cuyahoga App. No. 78012. Additionally, plaintiff acknowledged
that, as early as 2001, she was aware that her supervisors were monitoring both her
arrival time and her computer usage. The court finds that plaintiff had no reasonable
expectation of privacy regarding her work in OBR’s offices.
{¶ 17} Furthermore, in the context of an office environment, periodic monitoring
by a supervisor would not be highly offensive to a reasonable person. As discussed
above, plaintiff’s supervisors had legitimate business reasons for monitoring and
investigating her conduct in the office. Although plaintiff testified that she resented
being monitored, she failed to prove that such monitoring would be highly offensive to a
reasonable person. In fact, plaintiff failed to show that the monitoring was highly
offensive to her. In reply to a message from a fellow employee which was critical of a
supervisor, plaintiff replied as follows: “I HOPE THAT THEY ARE SPYING ON THIS
CONVERSATION. IF SO, GO F%*K YOURSELVES.” (Defendants’ Exhibit DD.) The
court finds that the administrative actions which plaintiff asserts were unwarranted
would not be highly offensive to a reasonable person. Accordingly, plaintiff’s claim for
invasion of privacy must fail.
HARASSMENT
{¶ 18} The court construes plaintiff’s claim for “harassment” as a claim for
intentional infliction of emotional distress. In order to sustain such a claim, plaintiff must
show that: “(1) defendant intended to cause emotional distress, or knew or should have
known that actions taken would result in serious emotional distress; (2) defendant’s
conduct was extreme and outrageous; (3) defendant’s actions proximately caused
plaintiff’s psychic injury; and (4) the mental anguish plaintiff suffered was serious.”
Hanly v. Riverside Methodist Hosp. (1991), 78 Ohio App.3d 73, 82; citing Pyle v. Pyle
(1983), 11 Ohio App.3d 31, 34.
{¶ 19} To constitute conduct sufficient to give rise to a claim of intentional
infliction of emotional distress, the conduct must be “so outrageous in character, and so
extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded
as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Yeager v. Local Union 20,
Teamsters (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 369, 375, quoting 1 Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts
(1965) 73, Section 46, Comment d.
{¶ 20} “It has not been enough that the defendant has acted with an intent which
is tortious or even criminal, or that he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or even
that his conduct has been characterized by ‘malice,’ or a degree of aggravation which
would entitle the plaintiff to punitive damages for another tort. * * * Generally, the case
is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would
arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, ‘Outrageous!’ The
liability clearly does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty
oppressions, or other trivialities.” Id. at 374-375.
{¶ 21} The court finds that plaintiff has failed to allege any conduct on the part of
OBR’s employees that could be reasonably characterized as extreme and outrageous
as is necessary to support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Accordingly, plaintiff cannot prevail on her claim of “harassment” and intentional
infliction of emotional distress.
{¶ 22} For the foregoing reasons, judgment shall be rendered in favor of
defendants.
Court of Claims of Ohio
The Ohio Judicial Center
65 South Front Street, Third Floor
Columbus, OH 43215
614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
www.cco.state.oh.us
JADA L. MULLINS
Plaintiff
v.
OHIO BOARD OF REGENTS, et al.
Defendants
Case No. 2006-07023
Judge Joseph T. Clark
JUDGMENT ENTRY
This case was tried to the court on the issue of liability. The court has
considered the evidence and, for the reasons set forth in the decision filed concurrently
herewith, judgment is rendered in favor of defendants. Court costs are assessed
against plaintiff. The clerk shall serve upon all parties notice of this judgment and its
date of entry upon the journal.
_____________________________________
JOSEPH T. CLARK
Judge
cc:
Susan M. Sullivan Jada L. Mullins
Assistant Attorney General P.O. Box 7605
150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor Columbus, Ohio 43207
Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130
AMR/cmd
Filed January 22, 2010
To S.C. reporter February 16, 2010