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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WAS
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 43887 -9
Respondent,
V.
CORY STEVEN WILLIAMS, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
I1
WORSWICK, C. J. — Following a bench trial, the trial court found Cory S. Williams guilty
of custodial assault. Williams appeals his conviction, asserting that ( 1) the trial court violated his
jury trial right when it accepted his jury trial waiver without performing an adequate on -the-
record colloquy to determine whether the waiver was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
given; and (2) his counsel was ineffective for failing to assert an affirmative self -
defense claim.
In his statement of additional grounds for review ( SAG), Williams raises a number of claims that
we cannot address because they either ask us to reweigh the evidence and evaluate the credibility
of witnesses or refer to matters outside the trial record. We affirm.
FACTS
Williams was a juvenile offender housed in the Cougar Lodge unit of Naselle Youth
Camp, a Washington State juvenile corrections facility. On December 19, 2011, Program
Manager Janet Darcher ordered residents to their rooms after observing disruptive behavior in
the unit. After a staff member informed Darcher that Williams was upset, she went to
Williams' s room and saw that he was getting " angrier and angrier" while pacing around the
No. 43887 -9 -II
room with his shirt off. Report of Proceedings ( RP) ( Aug. 15, 2012) at 66. Darcher called for
backup to assist with Williams. Staff members Michael Ennis and Alan Gregory responded to
Darcher' s call and went to Williams' s room to remove him to an isolation room.
When they arrived, Ennis saw Williams pacing around his room with his shirt off. Ennis
said to Williams, " Cory, it looks like you' re ready to fight," to which Williams responded, " I' m
not going to go." RP ( Aug. 15, 2012) at 37. After giving Williams several minutes to comply
with commands to voluntarily submit to restraints, Ennis attempted to physically restrain
Williams. When Ennis attempted to restrain Williams, Williams grabbed Ennis' s testicles and
started squeezing for approximately 30 seconds. Ennis yelled, " He' s got me by the balls. Get
him off me." RP ( Aug. 15, 2012) at 28. At some point during the struggle, Ennis also yelled,
Get him off. Get him off. I' m going to [ expletive] kill him. Get him off me." RP ( Aug. 15,
2012) at 29.
Williams eventually released his hold on Ennis. Darcher and Gregory then restrained
Williams and directed him to the isolation room. On July 6, 2012, the State charged Williams by
amended information with one count of custodial assault.
On August 10, 2012, Williams signed a jury trial waiver that stated the following:
The undersigned defendant states that:
1. I have been informed and fully understand that I have the right to have my case
heard by an impartial jury selected from the county where the crime( s) is
alleged to have been committed;
2. I have consulted with my lawyer regarding the decision to have my case tried
by a jury or by the court;
3. I freely and voluntarily give up my right to be tried by a jury and request trial
by the court.
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No. 43887 -9 -II
Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 24.
That same day, the trial court held a hearing to address Williams' s jury trial waiver, at
which the following discussion took place:
Trial court]: [ Defense please cover the Waiver of Jury Trial
counsel],
and then if I have any questions or the Prosecutor wants me to ask any questions,
I' ll cover those.
Defense counsel]: Yes. Your Honor, the Waiver of Jury Trial which is
dated today has my signature; it has Mr. William[ s]' s signature. I was over at
Green Hill about —about two hours ago. I was sitting in the conference room
withmy investigator and Mr. Williams so we went over it in person. I reviewed
the Waiver of Jury Trial form with him and we discussed the —the reasoning
behind doing so and the rights that he had and was giving up and we' re giving up
by signing the Waiver. So we had plenty of time, I believe, to talk about it and he
had an opportunity to answer —to ask me any questions and I answered them so
unless Mr. Williams has any further questions about that form that he signed, it' s
my opinion that it' s a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary Waiver of Jury Trial.
Trial court]: Mr. Williams, this is Judge Sullivan: Good afternoon, sir.
Williams]: Good afternoon.
Trial court] : Mr. Williams, did you hear —do you agree with what your
attorney just said?
Williams]: Yes.
Trial court]: Were you able to hear everything?
Williams]: Yes.
Trial court]: Okay. And you signed this Waiver of Jury Trial today; is
that correct?
Williams]: Yes, Your Honor.
Trial Did you sign it only after you had enough time to review it
court]:
with your attorney so you knew what in the world you were signing?
Williams]: Yes, sir.
RP ( Aug. 10, 2012), at 2 -4. The trial court accepted Williams' s jury trial waiver, and a bench
trial commenced on August 15.
At trial, Williams testified that he became frustrated and upset after being ordered to his
room. Williams admitted that he was yelling in his room and banging on his door when a staff
member called for backup. Williams also admitted that he took off his shirt to prepare for any
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No. 43887 -9 -II
physical altercation with staff. Williams stated that Ennis had asked him to " just walk to the
quiet room," but that he " refused" Ennis' s request. RP ( Aug. 15, 2012) at 79. According to
Williams, Ennis then grabbed his neck and head in a manner that caused him to have trouble
breathing. Williams stated that when he reached out to push Ennis off of him, he heard Ennis
yell, " He' s got my balls." RP ( Aug. 15, 2012) at 80. Williams claimed that he did not intend to
grab 'Ennis' s testicles and did not intend to harm Ennis. On cross -examination, Williams
testified that Ennis had been polite and professional when asking him to voluntarily walk to the
isolation room.
The trial court found Williams guilty of custodial assault. Williams timely appeals his
conviction.
ANALYSIS
I. JURY TRIAL WAIVER
Williams first asserts that the trial court erred by accepting his jury trial waiver without
performing an adequate on-the -record colloquy to determine whether Williams had knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily waived his jury trial right. Specifically, Williams argues that we
must reverse his conviction and remand for a jury trial because the trial court' s colloquy was not
sufficient to determine whether he was specifically advised about his state constitutional right to
a unanimous jury verdict. We disagree.
We review the validity of a jury trial waiver de novo. State v. Ramirez -
Dominguez, 140
Wn. App. 233, 239, 165 P. 3d 391 ( 2007). A defendant' s waiver of his or her jury trial right must
be made knowingly, intelligently, voluntarily, and without improper influences. State v. Stegall,
124 Wn.2d 719, 724 -25, 881 P. 2d 979 ( 1994). A written jury trial waiver " is strong evidence
El
No. 43887 -9 -II
that the defendant validly waived the jury trial right." State v. Pierce, 134 Wn. App. 763, 771,
142 P. 3d 610 ( 2006). " An attorney' s representation that the defendant' s waiver is knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary is also relevant" to a determination of whether the defendant' s jury trial
waiver was valid. State v. Benitez, 175 Wn. App. 116, 128, 302 P. 3d 877 ( 2013) ( citing Pierce,
134 Wn. App. at 771). Additionally, we consider whether the trial court informed the defendant
of his or her jury trial right. Pierce, 134 Wn. App. at 771.
Washington law requires that a defendant personally express a waiver of his or her jury
trial right in order for the waiver to be valid. Pierce, 134 Wn. App. at 771. But Washington law
does not require the trial court to conduct an extensive on- the -record colloquy with the defendant
prior to finding that the defendant validly waived his or her jury trial right. Pierce, 134 Wn.
App. at 771. " As a result, the right to a jury trial is easier to waive than other constitutional
rights." Benitez, 175 Wn. App. at 129.
Williams argues that the trial court was required to conduct a more extensive colloquy
before it could find that he validly waived his jury trial right because his written jury trial waiver
did not fully inform him of his state constitutional right to a unanimous jury verdict. But we
have repeatedly held that an extensive on- the -record colloquy is not required prior to accepting a
defendant' s jury trial waiver. See, e. g., Pierce, 134 Wn. App. at 771; Benitez, 175 Wn. App. at
128 -29. And our supreme court has held that a trial court need not conduct an on- the -record
colloquy to advise a defendant seeking to waive his jury trial right about the specific
consequences of waiving a jury trial before accepting the defendant' s waiver, rather, " all that is
required is a personal expression of waiver from the defendant." Stegall, 124 Wn.2d at 725.
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No. 43887 -9 -II
Here, Williams signed and submitted a written jury trial waiver that stated he ( 1) was
informed of his jury trial right, ( 2) consulted with his attorney about the decision to waive his
jury trial right, and ( 3) " freely and voluntarily" waived his jury trial right. Additionally, defense
counsel stated to the trial court that he had reviewed the jury trial waiver form with Williams,
discussed with Williams the reasons for waiving a jury trial, and believed that Williams had
knowing[ ly], intelligent[ ly], and voluntar[ ily]" waived his jury trial right. RP ( Aug. 10, 2012)
at 3. And the trial court confirmed with Williams that he had signed the waiver form and that he
agreed with defense counsel' s statements regarding his jury trial waiver. This was adequate to
show that Williams personally expressed his desire to waive his jury trial right and, thus, we hold
that the trial court did not err by accepting the waiver without conducting a more extensive on-
the -record colloquy with Williams.
II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Next, Williams asserts that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to assert a
claim of self defense. Again, we disagree.
-
We review ineffective assistance of counsel claims de novo. State v. Binh Thach, 126
Wn. App. 297, 319, 106 P. 3d 782 ( 2005). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim, Williams must show both that ( 1) counsel' s performance was deficient and ( 2) the
deficient performance prejudiced him. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct.
2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 ( 1984); State v. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d 311, 344 -45, 150 P. 3d 59 ( 2006).
Performance is deficient if, after considering all the circumstances, it falls below an objective
standard of reasonableness. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334 -35, 899 P. 2d 1251 ( 1995).
If a defendant fails to establish either prong of the ineffective assistance of counsel test, we need
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No. 43887 -9 -I1
not inquire further. State v. Foster, 140 Wn. App. 266, 273, 166 P. 3d 726 ( 2007). Defense
counsel does not render deficient performance by failing to request a jury instruction
unsupported by the evidence. See State v. Staley, 123 Wn.2d 794, 803, 872 P. 2d 502 ( 1994)
defendant is entitled to jury instructions if they are supported by the evidence); State v. King, 24
Wn. App. 495, 501, 601 P. 2d 982 ( 1979), ( counsel not required to argue self -
defense where the
defense is not warranted by the facts).
Generally, a defendant alleging self -
defense must produce some evidence of
circumstances amounting to self -
defense. State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 909, 976 P. 2d 624
1999). But where the defendant asserts self -
defense in connection with an alleged custodial
assault, he or she must produce some evidence that he or she was in actual, imminent danger of
serious injury or death. See State v. Bradley, 141 Wn.2d 731, 737 -38, 10 P. 3d 358 ( 2000). 1 The
requirement that a defendant produce evidence that he. or she was " in actual, imminent danger of
serious injury or death" before asserting a self defense claim in a prosecution for custodial
-
assault applies equally to custodial assaults alleged to have been committed in a juvenile
corrections institution. State v. Garcia, 107 Wn. App. 545, 548, 27 P. 3d 1225 ( 2001). When
determining whether the evidence at trial was sufficient to support a self -
defense instruction, we
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. See State v. Fernandez-Medina,
141 Wn.2d 448, 455 -5.6, 6 P. 3d 1150 ( 2000). ( " When determining if the evidence at trial was
sufficient to support the giving of an instruction, the appellate court is to view the supporting
evidence in the light most favorable to the party that requested the instruction. ").
1
Williams does not address this heightened requirement for self -
defense claims in the context of
a custodial assault prosecution.
7
No. 43887 -9 -II
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Williams, there is no evidence in the
record to support his claim of self -
defense. Although Williams testified that Ennis had restrained
him in a manner that caused him to have trouble breathing, he presented no evidence that the
restraint placed him " in actual, imminent danger of serious injury or death." Garcia, 107 Wn.
App. 548. Because Williams would not have been entitled to a self -
defense instruction had
defense counsel requested one, his counsel' s performance was not deficient and, thus, he fails to
demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel.
III. SAG
In his SAG, Williams first asserts that he. was unfairly targeted. by juvenile corrections
staff because he was the only African American individual in the unit. But there is no evidence
in the record supporting this assertion and, thus, we decline to address it. See McFarland, 127
Wn.2d at 335 ( reviewing courts do not consider matters-outside the record in a direct appeal).
Williams also asserts ( 1) that his defense counsel advised him to waive his jury trial right
because Pacific County residents are racist and ( 2) that defense counsel failed to tell him that a
jury had to be unanimous to convict him. Again, Williams' s assertions refer to matters outside
the trial record and, thus, we do not address them further.
Next, Williams asserts that it is implausible that he would have been able to clench
Ennis' s testicles for a full 30 seconds while other staff members were present to assist Ennis. He
also appears to argue that witnesses against him presented false testimony at his trial. But we do
not address these assertions because they ask us to reweigh the evidence and to evaluate the
credibility of witnesses. See State v. Walton, 64 Wn. App. 410, 515 -16, 824 P. 2d 533 ( 1992)
No. 43887- 9- 11
Appellate courts defer to the trier of fact on issues of conflicting testimony, witness credibility,
and the weight of evidence.).
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.
Worswick, C. J.
We concur:
J.
we