IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
No. 68766-2-1 r3
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Respondent,
DIVISION ONE Z gl
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UNPUBLISHED OPINg)N ^>J
D'MARCO LA'CALVIN MOBLEY,
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Appellant. FILED: June 30, 2014= B^
Appelwick, J. — Mobley appeals his multiple felony convictions. He argues that
he was denied effective assistance of counsel when his attorney misadvised him of the
sentencing consequences of going to trial versus accepting a plea deal. He also alleges
several trial errors, including a Batson1 violation, evidentiary errors, and insufficient
evidence. He argues that his kidnapping conviction should have merged into his
convictions for rape in the first degree. Finally, he contends that the court erred in using
his juvenile adjudications to enhance his offender score. We reverse Mobley's kidnapping
conviction and remand to the trial court for resentencing. We otherwise affirm.
FACTS
This case arises from D'Marco Mobley's pimp/prostitute relationship with three
women: A.W., J.B., and J.J. Mobley and A.W. met through a mutual acquaintance.
Mobley became A.W.'s pimp and the pair eventually entered into an intimate relationship.
Mobley and A.W. later met another prostitute, J.B. J.B. began to work for Mobley.
Eventually, J.B. also entered into an intimate relationship with Mobley. This caused
jealousy and tension between A.W. and J.B. A.W. decided to leave Mobley
1 Batson v. Kentucky. 476 U.S. 79, 86, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986)
No. 68766-2-1/2
J.B. continued to work for Mobley for some time, but ultimately decided to leave
him as well. She sent him a text informing him of this and began working with another
prostitute, J.J. J.J. had also met Mobley around the same time through her pimp, "Boom."
She said that Mobley commanded her to work for him too. Although she tried to avoid
Mobley, she would occasionally give him money. She was 17 years old at the time.
One month after J.B. left Mobley, she and J.J. saw him at a local hotel. J.B. agreed
to speak with Mobley in his car. At first, Mobley was kind to J.B., telling her that he missed
her and was worried about her. But, when J.B. told Mobley that she no longer had feelings
for him or wanted to work for him, he became aggressive. He grabbed J.B. and took her
keys, phone, and purse. J.J. came down to the car and eventually persuaded Mobley to
calm down.
After J.B. and J.J. got out of the car, they called Bill—a man with whom J.B. had
previously been involved—for help. Bill later called J.J. and told her and J.B. to come
outside. Bill and three other men had Mobley at gunpoint in the parking lot. The men
beat Mobley to the point of unconsciousness. J.B. took back her keys and phone, and
broke Mobley's car windows.
Mobley later called J.J. and J.B. and threatened them. The next day, a rock was
thrown through J.B.'s window, and J.B. and J.J. suspected that Mobley was the culprit.
Mobley called J.B. the day after that, asking for a ride to his mother's house. J.B. felt bad
for Mobley because Bill had beaten him up, so she agreed.
When J.B. picked Mobley up, he told her he did not feel safe with her driving and
asked if they could switch places. J.B. agreed. When she got back into the car, Mobley
pointed a gun at her and drove to the Riverside Casino in Tukwila. Mobley then wrapped
No. 68766-2-1/3
a sweater around J.B.'s face and placed her in the trunk. At some point, Mobley met up
with another man and they put J.B. in the trunk of a different car. They drove around
throughout the night, at various points beating J.B., shoving a gun in her face, threatening
to make her swallow a bullet, and demanding oral sex.
Mobley eventually took J.B. to her house where she changed her clothes. Mobley
then told her to call up customers to set up dates. She contacted a regular customer who
booked her a hotel room. A detective, who had been looking for J.B. overnight, contacted
her there. They arranged a sting operation that led to Mobley's arrest.
Mobley was convicted of promoting commercial sexual abuse of a minor,
promoting prostitution in the first degree, promoting prostitution in the second degree,
kidnapping in the first degree, robbery in the second degree, two counts of rape in the
first degree, and unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree. He appeals.
DISCUSSION
I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Mobley argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel when his
attorney misadvised him of the sentencing consequences of going to trial. Mobley further
maintains that the trial court erred in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on the issue.
A. Effective Assistance of Counsel
The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees defendants
the right to effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685,
104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). To demonstrate ineffective assistance, an
appellant must show that the attorney's performance was deficient and that the deficiency
was prejudicial. State v. Thomas. 109 Wn.2d 222, 225-26, 743 P.2d 816 (1987).
No. 68766-2-1/4
Deficient performance is that which falls below an objective standard of reasonableness.
In re Pet, of Moore. 167 Wn.2d 113, 122, 216 P.3d 1015 (2009). Prejudice occurs if, but
for the deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
proceedings would have been different. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35, 899
P.2d 1251 (1995). There is a strong presumption of effective assistance. Moore, 167
Wn.2d at 122. But, we will conclude that counsel's representation is ineffective if we can
find no legitimate strategic or tactical reason for a particular decision. McFarland, 127
Wn.2d at 336.
The right to effective assistance extends to the plea bargaining process. Padilla
v. Kentucky. 559 U.S. 356, 373, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284 (2010). To show
prejudice where a plea offer has been rejected because of counsel's deficient
performance, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that he would have
accepted the more favorable plea offer had he received effective assistance of counsel.
Missouri v. Frve. U.S. 132 S. Ct. 1399, 1409, 182 L. Ed. 2d 379 (2012). The
defendant must further demonstrate that there is a reasonable probability that the plea
would have been entered without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court refusing to
accept it. Id.
Mobley's attorney raised the issue of ineffective assistance at his sentencing
hearing. Counsel said:
Mr. Mobley had mentioned to me in lesser detail in the past an issue which
he would seek to raise at this time. And that is one with regard to whether
or not he was fairly advised by the State in their proffer of a plea agreement
as to the consequences of his failing to accept that.[2]
2 The State's proposal does not purport to state the maximum that Mobley faced if
convicted of all charged crimes. In that respect, it cannot constitute a misrepresentation
No. 68766-2-1/5
He then referenced a January 4, 2012, memo from the State that proposed a plea deal.
The memo stated that:
Assuming that the defendant's prior juvenile record will count as 3 points for
many of the current crimes above, ... if he is convicted of 7 of the pending
9 charges ... he will be maxed out at 9 points. . . .
Ifthe defendant is maxed out following trial and convicted of any rape or the
[promoting commercial sexual abuse of a minor] charge, the State will be
recommending the high end of the range (318 months) plus the 5 year
weapon enhancement. That would bring his total time to 378 months, or
31.5 years.
The memo continued to propose a "low-end sentence recommendation of 210 months."
Counsel told the court he read this to mean that, if Mobley was convicted, his
sentences would be served concurrently, rather than consecutively. Counsel stated that
he failed to do his own research about sentencing consequences without any strategic
reason for doing so. As a result, counsel averred, he incorrectly advised Mobley that his
sentences would run concurrently and Mobley relied on this advice in rejecting the plea.
The trial court sentenced Mobley to 240 months on one count of first degree rape, 93
months on the other, and 51 months on kidnapping in the first degree, to be served
consecutively. He was sentenced to 4443 months in total.
of Mobley's risk of going to trial. Instead, Mobley's focus is that his counsel should have
explained that the State's offer did not represent the maximum he was facing and that
counsel admittedly did not do so.
3 Mobley's sentence appears to include a 60 month firearm enhancement on his
kidnapping conviction. We note that the firearm enhancement box was not checked on
page 5 of Mobley's judgment and sentence. However, page 2 indicates that a 60 month
enhancement applied to his kidnapping conviction. And, Mobley does not dispute that a
firearm enhancement was imposed or that the imposition was proper.
No. 68766-2-1/6
This is the extent of the relevant evidence presented on appeal: the State's memo
and counsel's brief comments at the sentencing hearing. There is no proof of what else
counsel communicated to Mobley; what other relevant information Mobley received, if
any; or to what extent Mobley relied on counsel's advice in choosing to proceed to trial.
We decline to rely solely on Mobley's allegations of deficient performance and prejudice
as articulated through his trial and appellate counsel. We cannot conclude on this record
that Mobley suffered from ineffective assistance of counsel.
B. Evidentiary Hearing
Mobley further asserts that the trial court wrongly declined to hold an evidentiary
hearing on the issue of ineffective assistance. Whether to grant an evidentiary hearing is
a matter within the trial court's discretion. See McCluskev v. Handorff-Sherman. 68 Wn.
App. 96, 105, 841 P.2d 1300 (1992), affd, 125 Wn.2d 1, 882 P.2d 157 (1994).
When Mobley's counsel raised ineffective assistance, the State objected because
Mobley had not previously raised or briefed the issue. The court chastised Mobley for his
untimely oral motion and failure to provide relevant materials to the court or the State. It
then acknowledged that there were "two solutions to this. We can adjourn the
proceedings and the Court can weigh and consider whether or not Counsel needs to be
appointed and resolve this issue at this level or it can go to the appellate courts having
preserved your record." The court ultimately decided to conclude the proceedings and
leave the issue for appeal.
Mobley cites Lafler v. Cooper U.S. , 132 S. Ct. 1376, 182 L. Ed. 2d 398
(2012), to assert that he should have been provided an evidentiary hearing. In Lafler, the
defendant alleged that his counsel's inadequate assistance caused him to reject a plea
No. 68766-2-1/7
offer and that he received a less favorable outcome at trial, jd. at 1383. The State agreed
that counsel's performance was deficient, jd, at 1384. Thus, the sole question in front of
the Court was "how to apply Strickland's prejudice test where ineffective assistance
results in a rejection of the plea offer and the defendant is convicted at the ensuing trial."
Id. The Court noted that, in some cases, an evidentiary hearing may be appropriate:
In some cases, the sole advantage a defendant would have received under
the plea is a lesser sentence.... In this situation the court may conduct an
evidentiary hearing to determine whether the defendant has shown a
reasonable probability that but for counsel's errors he would have accepted
the plea.
JU at 1389.
However, to argue that Lafler entitles Mobley to an evidentiary hearing bypasses
the requirement that Mobley establish deficient performance. In Lafler, the parties
stipulated to this point. Id. at 1384. By contrast, here there is insufficient record to
determine whether counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.
Mobley maintains that the court should have considered this issue at the trial level,
rather than leave a limited record on appeal. Where a defendant raises ineffective
assistance at trial, the proper course may be for the court to conduct further inquiry. See,
e.g.. United States v. Nguyen. 262 F.3d 998, 1003-05 (9th Cir. 2001). In Nguyen, the
defendant repeatedly requested new counsel due to a perceived breakdown in
communications, jd. at 1002, 1004. The district court denied his requests, cursorily
concluding that his attorney was competent and suggesting that any error could be
remedied on appeal. Id. at 1004. The Ninth Circuit reversed, calling these rationales
"improper." Id. at 1003, 1005. It explained that the district court should have taken the
No. 68766-2-1/8
time to carefully consider the attorney-client relationship. See jd. at 1003. Itfurther stated
that, by leaving the ineffective assistance issue for appeal, the district court incorrectly
limited the defendant's arguments. Id. at 1004.
The present case is distinct from Nguyen. For example, Mobley did not raise his
ineffective assistance claim in a preventative manner. The breakdown in Nguyen was
ongoing and affected the defendant's representation for the remainder of the trial and
sentencing. See id at 1002. By contrast, Mobley alleged a past error—not current or
continuing ineffectiveness. Further inquiry here was less urgent than in Nguyen.
Moreover, Mobley did not present his ineffective assistance argument in a timely
manner or allow the State an adequate opportunity to respond. Mobley's attorney
received the State's presentence report on April 19, 2012. The sentencing hearing was
set for April 20, but, at Mobley's request, was rescheduled for April 27. Mobley's counsel
did not raise ineffective assistance until the hearing, eight days after he received notice
of the State's intent to seek to sentence Mobley to consecutive terms. Despite the fact
that he had more than a week to prepare, Mobley did not provide the State or the court
with briefing or any indication that he intended to allege ineffective assistance.
By concluding the fact-finding portion of the proceedings, the trial court admittedly
limited Mobley's ability to demonstrate and argue ineffective assistance on direct appeal.
But, as the State notes, when matters outside the trial record must be considered to
resolve an issue, the proper course is a personal restraint petition. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d
at 335. Such is the case here.
The present record is insufficient to review this issue on direct appeal. We decline
to remand for an evidentiary hearing.
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No. 68766-2-1/9
II. Batson Challenge
Mobley contends that the trial court improperly denied his Batson objection to the
State's peremptory challenge to an African-American juror. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S.
79, 86, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986) The State maintains that the prosecutor
had a race-neutral reason for the challenge, because the juror failed to disclose relevant
information until after the prosecution's time for voir dire had concluded.
In Batson, the United States Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause
prohibits purposeful racial discrimination in the jury selection process. Id The Court
established a three-part process to determine whether a prosecutor improperly excluded
a juror based on race. See id at 96-98. First, the defendant must make a prima facie
case of purposeful discrimination.4 ]d at 96. The burden then shifts to the State to
provide a race-neutral explanation for excusing the juror. ]d at 97. Finally, the trial court
must determine if the defendant established purposeful discrimination. kJ. at 98. This
court gives the trial court's determination great deference and will not reverse it unless it
is clearly erroneous. State v. Luvene, 127 Wn.2d 690, 699, 903 P.2d 960 (1995). Where
there are two permissible views of the evidence, the finder of fact's choice between them
cannot be clearly erroneous. ]d at 700.
In Luvene. the defendant argued that the prosecutor excluded one of the two
African-American jurors on the basis of race. Id at 699. The prosecutor offered two race-
neutral explanations: the challenged juror's brother had been convicted of an armed
robbery and the challenged juror was very vague on the topic of the death penalty. ]d at
4 If, as here, the prosecutor has provided a race-neutral explanation and the trial
court has ruled on the question of racial motivation, "the preliminary prima facie case is
unnecessary." State v. Luvene. 127 Wn.2d 690, 699, 903 P.2d 960 (1995).
No. 68766-2-1/10
700. Luvene had been convicted of first degree robbery while armed with a deadly
weapon. Id. at 694. He was also sentenced to death for committing aggravated first
degree murder, jd. at 694-95. The prosecutor felt that the juror was attempting to avoid
answering questions about the death penalty. ]d at 700. The trial court agreed and found
that the prosecutor clearly had a race-neutral reason for excusing the juror. ]d
On appeal, Luvene noted that the prosecutor did not excuse other jurors who had
relatives with criminal histories or ambiguous stances on the death penalty. Id The State
responded that no other juror possessed both traits, jd The Supreme Court found that
the prosecutor's reasons, taken as a whole, supported the trial court's decision, meaning
that it was not clearly erroneous, jd. at 700-01.
Here, the prosecutor raised a peremptory challenge to juror 91, one of two African-
American jurors on the venire. He offered a race-neutral reasons for his challenge: Juror
91 did not disclose that she had several family members who were prostitutes until the
prosecution's voir dire rounds had concluded. The prosecutor stated,
That is - it happened after my round, and I gave her the opportunity
and she did not respond. I absolutely cannot seat a juror with that type of
experience level, where I know no information about how she thinks about
it. And for that reason I most definitely will be exercising peremptory.
. . . That was my concern, is that I did not have an opportunity then
to follow up on what Ifeel is a pretty extensive lack of information about this
person's involvement in a world that is the whole centerpiece of this case.
The trial court pointed out that the prosecutor had asked about the jurors' attitudes
toward prostitution and that juror 91 had offered some answers. The prosecutor
responded that juror 91 had responded regarding drugs, but he did not feel that he heard
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No. 68766-2-1/11
her attitude toward prostitution specifically. The court concluded that there was no race-
based reason for excluding juror 91.
As in Luvene, other jurors possessed the characteristic that troubled the
prosecutor, but the excluded juror's background was the most concerning. ]d at 700.
Juror 91's mother, three cousins, and two aunts had been prostitutes. By contrast, here,
the other jurors had a friend, known 40 years earlier but had lost touch; a stepmother; or
high school classmates who were prostitutes. In both the present case and in Luvene,
the detail that concerned the prosecutor involved a central element of the case: the victims
in this case were prostitutes, while the defendant in Luvene committed the same crime
as the juror's family member. Id. at 700. And, in both cases, the prosecutor lacked
information about the juror's attitude toward a critical facet of the case.
Mobley argues that the prosecutor's race-neutral reasons were insufficient,
because the prosecutor did not ask the court for permission to question the juror further.
The trial court has discretion to permit further examination of a juror after voir dire has
concluded. See State v. Lopez. 67 Wn.2d 185, 187, 406 P.2d 941 (1965). Lack of
questioning before dismissing a juror can be evidence of racially motivated dismissal.
State v. Hicks. 163 Wn.2d 477, 491, 181 P.3d 831 (2008). In Hicks, the prosecutor
dismissed the only remaining African-American juror. ]d Though he gave race-neutral
reasons for doing so, he had failed to question the juror about any of those topics. See
id. at 484, 491. The appellate court found that this was sufficient for the trial court to find
an inference of discrimination. ]d at 492.
Unlike in Hicks, the prosecutor here made several efforts to elicit relevant
information from juror 91, but juror 91 did not disclose important details until the
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No. 68766-2-1/12
prosecution's voir dire had concluded. This court gives a high level of deference to the
trial court's ruling on a Batson challenge. Hicks, 163 Wn.2d at 493. Based on the
evidence, the prosecutor's reasons for excluding juror 91 support a finding that his
motivation was not racial.
The trial court properly denied Mobley's Batson challenge.
III. Expert Testimony
Mobley asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the State's
expert witness to testify about pimp/prostitute vernacular and dynamics. He raises
several challenges to the testimony, arguing that it was cumulative, irrelevant, and
impermissibly prejudicial.
We review the trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v.
Finch. 137 Wn.2d 792, 810, 975 P.2d 967 (1999). Only relevant evidence is admissible.
ER 402. Relevant evidence is that having any tendency to prove or disprove a fact that
is material to the determination of the action. ER 401. Relevant evidence may be
excluded if its prejudicial effect substantially outweighs its probative value. ER 403.
An expert witness with scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge may
testify at trial if that knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or
determine a fact in issue. ER 702. The knowledge may assist the trier of fact if it is not
misleading and concerns matters beyond the common knowledge of the average juror.
State v. Thomas. 123 Wn. App. 771, 778, 98 P.3d 1258 (2004).
Before trial, Mobley moved to exclude the testimony of Sergeant Ryan Long, whom
the State sought to call as an expert in prostitution related crimes. He argued that
Sergeant Long's testimony was unnecessary, because there would be three fact
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No. 68766-2-1/13
witnesses—Mobley's victims—who could testify about pimp/prostitute terminology. The
court admitted the testimony under State v. Simon. 64 Wn. App. 948, 8.1 P.2d 139 (1991),
reversed in part on other grounds by State v. Simon. 120 Wn.2d 196, 840 P.2d 172
(1992). In Simon, this court found that the testimony of a police detective with extensive
experience with prostitution related crimes would be helpful to the jury. ]d at 963-64.
The court stated that the average juror would "not likely know of the mores of the
pimp/prostitute world." ]d at 964.
At trial, Sergeant Long testified about many aspects of prostitution. These included
the structure of the prostitution industry; common vernacular; and the pimp/prostitute
relationship and its stages. Sergeant Long likened the evolution of the pimp/prostitute
relationship to that of a domestic violence relationship.
The fact witnesses—A.W., J.J., and J.B—also testified about prostitution
terminology. Their testimony further explained how they personally became involved in
prostitution and with Mobley. The witnesses also detailed how their relationship with
Mobley evolved. In addition, J.J. and J.B. testified in detail about the events that led up
to Mobley's arrest, including the incident in the parking lot and the night he kidnapped
J.B.
A. Cumulative Evidence
Mobley argues that, in light of the fact witness testimony, Sergeant Long's
testimony was cumulative. While Sergeant Long did testify about some of the same
terminology as the fact witnesses did, his testimony also provided a general overview of
the prostitution industry and its dynamics. The Simon court recognized that this is helpful
to the jury. 64 Wn. App. at 964. By contrast, the fact witnesses' testimony involved their
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No. 68766-2-1/14
own specific experiences and backgrounds. Sergeant Long's testimony thus offered
something that the testimony of the fact witnesses did not. It was not cumulative.
B. Relevance
Mobley next argues that two pieces of Sergeant Long's testimony were irrelevant.
First, he asserts that testimony about the rules between pimps and prostitutes did not
apply to Mobley's relationships with the victims. This argument rests on A.W.'s comment
to a police officer that Mobley did not make rules or quotas for her. But, A.W. also testified
that Mobley had set a daily quota of $500. While this discrepancy may draw A.W.'s
credibility into question, it does not mean that no pimp/prostitute rules applied in this case.
For example, Sergeant Long testified that "the number one rule is that the pimp gets all
the money." A.W.'s testimony corroborates this dynamic in her relationship with Mobley:
[PROSECUTOR:] Did you hold onto [the money] when you made it?
[A.W.:] No.
[PROSECUTOR:] Where did it grow [sic]?
[A.W.:] To the defendant.
[PROSECUTOR:] How much of it- not in terms of a dollar amount, but what
percentage?
[A.W.:] All of it.
Second, Mobley contends that Sergeant Long's testimony about pimps "'selling a
dream'" to prostitutes was irrelevant, because Mobley's victims had all worked as
prostitutes before. But, Sergeant Long's testimony pertained to a new relationship
between a particular pimp and prostitute, not only to a prostitute's first experience.
Sergeant Long stated,
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No. 68766-2-1/15
What we find is ~ what I found is that when the interaction starts, it
begins with this fraudulent romantic encounter, this "I think you are pretty.
Let me get your nails done. We'll get your hair done. Why don't you try
these clothes on? You don't -- you may not have a very good family life.
Let me help you out."
Once that blossoms, the girl is flattered that somebody is paying
attention to them because they may not have a very nice home life.
Sometimes they do. Sometimes they are just naive.
It moves to this process where it is kind of that honeymoon process.
He has made contact with a person who is potentially the next victim, the
prostitute to be turned out. It goes through what I call - what's known in the
game as "selling a dream." And that process is you and I, the pimp and the
prostitute, are going to have this wonderful life.
The evidence here shows that a similar pattern happened with at least two of
Mobley's victims. A.W. testified that she had a rough childhood with drug-addicted
parents. When she met Mobley, he "seemed like a really caring, nice person." He told
A.W. that he wanted to meet her parents and help her see her brothers. A.W. said she
considered Mobley a boyfriend, although she called it "wishful thinking."
J.B. testified to a similar experience. Her parents were drug addicts and her home
life was difficult. At first, Mobley "tried to make me feel better. He told me that he saw a
lot of potential in me and he didn't think that I was ugly." J.B. also thought that Mobley
"was a nice guy. I thought he seemed pretty smart and dressed really nice." She further
testified that "I was definitely very attracted to him. I definitely wanted to have a
relationship with him." These experiences parallel Sergeant Long's comments. His
testimony was not irrelevant.
C. Prejudicial Effect
Mobley finally argues that Sergeant Long's testimony was more prejudicial than
probative for two reasons. First, Mobley challenges Sergeant Long's analogy between
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No. 68766-2-1/16
pimp/prostitute and domestic violence relationships, although "violence was not alleged
to be a feature" in his relationships with the victims. Mobley did not object to this testimony
at trial. He may not assign error to it now. RAP 2.5(a); State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918,
935, 155 P.3d 125 (2007).
Even had Mobley objected, his argument is not supported by the evidence in this
case. The evidence shows that he committed many of his crimes either with violence or
the threat of it. Moreover, each of the fact witnesses testified about Mobley treating them
violently. Rather than mischaracterize Mobley's relationships, Sergeant Long's analogy
merely provided the jury with a more familiar example of an emotionally abusive
relationship so it could understand the lesser known world of prostitution.
Mobley next asserts that Sergeant Long's testimony was impermissibly prejudicial,
because it vouched for the fact witnesses' credibility. But, Sergeant Long made no
comments about the credibility of any other witness. His testimony involved only general
statements about common terms and dynamics between pimps and prostitutes. And, he
testified that he conducted no investigation in this case, had not conversed with any
witnesses, and did not know the identities of the victims—the fact witnesses in question.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the State's expert testimony.
IV. Witness Misconduct
Mobley alleges that a prosecution witness committed misconduct by improperly
referencing Mobley's criminal history and previous weapon possession. Mobley contends
that this violated his right to a fair trial.
Criminal defendants have the due process right to a fair trial. State v. Davis. 141
Wn.2d 798, 824, 10 P.3d 977 (2000). Generally, the trial court has wide discretion in
16
No. 68766-2-1/17
determining how to conduct trial and deal with irregularities. State v. Gilcrist, 91 Wn.2d
603, 612, 590 P.2d 809 (1979). The court should grant a mistrial only when the defendant
has been "so prejudiced that nothing short of a new trial can insure that [the] defendant
will be tried fairly." Id
Sergeant Richard McMartin was part of the team that arrested Mobley. During
direct examination about the arrest, the prosecutor asked Sergeant McMartin, "What's
the protocol in a situation like this?" Sergeant McMartin responded,
Basically, all we needed to do is see him, and then people would try to move
in and arrest him without any issues.
Because of known history with him, we expected him to be armed.
So we needed enough people to block him in so he couldn't try to escape.
Sergeant McMartin later commented,
My experience and training is that anybody can be armed at any time,
especially in the criminal - with somebody that has so much criminal history.
He was known to have weapons from previous history. We even had
information . . . .
At this point, the prosecutor stopped the witness and redirected questioning.
Mobley moved for a mistrial, arguing that the witness committed misconduct. The
trial court ruled that Sergeant McMartin's testimony was improper, but that it could be
cured with an instruction. The court instructed the jury that:
You heard information in this trial from Sergeant McMartin
referencing alleged criminal history of the defendant. That portion of
Sergeant McMartin's testimony is stricken and must not be considered by
you.
According to Mobley, this instruction was insufficient to cure the resulting prejudice.
This is so, he argues, because Sergeant McMartin's comments about weapons and
Mobley's criminal history were extraordinarily prejudicial.
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No. 68766-2-1/18
If a trial court instructs the jury to disregard improper testimony, this court
presumes that the jurors followed that instruction. State v. Weber. 99 Wn.2d 158, 166,
659 P.2d 1102 (1983). Whether a new trial must be granted depends on whether the
improper testimony, when viewed against the backdrop of all the evidence, so tainted the
entire proceeding as to deny the defendant a fair trial. ]d at 164.
In Weber, the defendant was convicted of felony flight after being pulled over for
running a red light. ]d at 159-60. Weber moved for a mistrial based on the arresting
officer's statement that Weber "'felt that he was in a lot of trouble for not stopping.'" Id at
160. The trial court denied Weber's motion, but instructed the jury to disregard the
statement. Id at 160-61. The Washington Supreme Court affirmed, reasoning that there
was additional evidence that Weber willfully failed to stop. ]d at 165-66. The court further
noted that we presume the jury follows a judge's instruction to disregard an improper
remark. Id at 166.
Here, as in Weber, Sergeant McMartin's testimony was not the only evidence
presented to the jury that Mobley had a weapon. Mobley himself testified that he owned
a gun, which was under his car seat when he was arrested. Both A.W. and J.B. testified
that they had seen Mobley with a gun that looked like the same gun taken into evidence.
J.B. further testified that Mobley used the gun in kidnapping her.
There was also additional evidence that Mobley had a criminal history. The parties
stipulated that Mobley had previously been convicted of a serious offense, and the court
read this stipulation to the jury. Mobley also admitted that he had several pending drug
cases, and both he and his mother testified that there were warrants out for his arrest. In
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No. 68766-2-1/19
light of the additional corroborating evidence, Mobley was not so prejudiced that the
officer's testimony required nothing short of a new trial.
The trial court properly issued a curative instruction. Mobley was not denied the
right to a fair trial.
V. Sufficient Evidence of Commercial Sexual Abuse of a Minor
Mobley argues that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he promoted
commercial sexual abuse of a minor. There is sufficient evidence to support a conviction
if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence permits a rational
trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State
v. Tilton, 149 Wn.2d 775, 786, 72 P.3d 735 (2003). When an appellant challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence, he admits the truth of the State's evidence and all reasonable
inferences that may be drawn from it. State v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d
1068(1992).
To sustain a conviction, the jury must unanimously conclude that the defendant
committed the crime charged in the information. State v. Whitney, 108 Wn.2d 506, 511,
739 P.2d 1150 (1987). Where a single offense may be committed in more than one way,
the jury need not unanimously agree on the means by which the crime was committed,
as long as a rational trier of fact could have found each alternative means proved beyond
a reasonable doubt. State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 410, 756 P.2d 105 (1988).
Mobley was charged with promoting commercial sexual abuse of a minor. The "to
convict" instruction provided, in pertinent part,
To convict the defendant of the crime of Promoting Commercial
Sexual Abuse of a Minor, as charged in Count I, each of the following
elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:
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No. 68766-2-1/20
(1) That during the period of time intervening between January 1, 2011
through June 20, 2011, the defendant:
(a) Knowingly advanced the commercial sexual abuse of J.J.; or,
(b) Knowingly profited from a minor engaged in sexual conduct.[5]
Mobley asserts that neither of the alternative means was supported by substantial
evidence.
Mobley argues that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that he
knowingly advanced J.J.'s commercial sex abuse per section (1)(a) of the to convict
instruction. The jury instructions defined "advances commercial sexual abuse of a minor"
as:
[A] person, acting other than as a minor receiving compensation for
personally rendered sexual conduct or as a person engaged in commercial
sexual abuse of a minor:
1) causes or aides a person to commit or engage in commercial sexual
abuse of a minor, or;
2) procures or solicits customers for commercial sexual abuse of a
minor, or;
3) provides persons or premises for the purposes of engaging in
commercial sexual abuse of a minor, or;
4) operates or assists in the operation of a house or enterprise for the
purpose of engaging in commercial sexual abuse of a minor, or;
5The to convict instruction differs slightly from the statutory definition of the crime.
Compare RCW 9.68A.101(1) ("A person is guilty of promoting commercial sexual abuse
of a minor ifhe or she knowingly advances commercial sexual abuse or a sexually explicit
act of a minor or profits from a minor engaged in sexual conduct or a sexually explicit
act."). To the extent that the altered wording changes the elements that the State must
prove, Mobley argues that the to convict instruction controls. Where otherwise
unnecessary elements of a crime are included in the to convict instruction without
objection, the State assumes the burden of proving those added elements. State v.
Hickman. 135 Wn.2d 97, 102, 954 P.2d 200 (1998). Here, the State must prove the
elements as provided in the to convict instruction.
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No. 68766-2-1/21
5) engages in any other conduct designed to institute, aid, or facilitate
an act or enterprise of commercial sexual abuse of a minor.
Mobley maintains that none of these elements apply, because J.J. considered
Boom—not Mobley—to be her pimp. The precise nature of J.J. and Mobley's relationship
is unclear. J.J. testified extensively about giving Mobley money. But, she also testified
that she still gave Boom money at that time. When asked whether she considered Mobley
her pimp, J.J. said, "I don't know. I couldn't say what we was. I didn't really know. I was
kind of at a confusing state." Still, she expressed concern that Mobley would beat her if
she didn't give him money. And, it was clear from J.J.'s testimony and the context of the
situation that her money was coming from her work as a prostitute. Taken in a light most
favorable to the State, J.J.'s testimony was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find that
Mobley caused her to engage in commercial sexual abuse.
Mobley further contends that the State failed to show that he knew J.J. was a minor
under section (1)(b) of the to convict instruction.6 J.J. testified that Mobley knew she was
17 when she started giving him money:
[PROSECUTOR:] How old were you when this was going on that you were
giving this money to Mr. Mobley?
[J.J.:] I was 17.
[PROSECUTOR:] Did you and Mr. Mobley ever talk about age?
[J.J.:] No. He knew how old I was when I first met him.
[PROSECUTOR:] Before you started giving him money?
6 The State counters that the "knowingly" component of element (1)(b) extended
to the word "profited," but not to the victim's age. However, where a statutory element
requires a mens rea of knowledge, we treat the word "knowingly" as modifying both the
verbs and the object of the sentence. See, e.g.. State v. Zeferino-Lopez. 179 Wn. App.
592, *97, 319 P.3d 94 (2014); State v. Killingsworth. 166 Wn. App. 283, 289, 269 P.3d
1064(2012).
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No. 68766-2-1/22
[J.J.:] Yes. I was with Boom.
[PROSECUTOR:] How did he know that?
[J.J.:] Because I think Boom told him my age.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Now, I object to speculation.
THE COURT: Overruled. [Interaction with coughing juror.]
[PROSECUTOR:] Let me ask you this, [J.J.]: Were you present when Boom
told him, or is that something that you just heard about?
[J.J.:] I think Boom told me.
[PROSECUTOR:] That he had told him?
[J.J.:] Yeah. And I heard--
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, hearsay.
THE COURT: Sustained.
J.J.'s testimony is the only evidence that Mobley knew J.J. was a minor. Mobley's
hearsay objection was sustained as to J.J.'s statement that Boom told her that he told
Mobley her age. But, Mobley did not move to strike that particular statement or any that
preceded. Nor did the trial court instruct the jury to disregard the testimony. "When an
objection is sustained with no further motion to strike the testimony and no further
instruction for the jury to disregard the testimony, the testimony remains in the record for
the jury's consideration." State v. Stackhouse. 90 Wn. App. 344, 361, 957 P.2d 218
(1998). J.J.'s testimony about Mobley's knowledge thus remained part of the record.
Taken in the light most favorable to the State, J.J.'s testimony is sufficient for a rational
trier of fact to find that Mobley knew that J.J. was a minor.
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No. 68766-2-1/23
Substantial evidence supported both of the alternative means provided in the to
convict instruction. There was sufficient evidence to prove that Mobley promoted
commercial sexual abuse of a minor.
VI. Double Jeopardy
Mobley argues that his kidnapping conviction should have merged into his
convictions for rape in the first degree. Under the merger doctrine, when one crime can
be elevated to a higher degree by proof of a second crime, the second crime shall merge
into the first to prevent double jeopardy. State v. Eaton. 82 Wn. App. 723, 730, 919 P.2d
116 (1996). overruled on other grounds by State v. Frohs. 83 Wn. App. 803,811 n.2, 924
P.2d 384 (1996). The doctrine applies here, because Mobley's kidnapping conviction
elevated his rape convictions from second to first degree.
The State concedes error. We accept the State's concession. We reverse
Mobley's kidnapping conviction and remand to the trial court for resentencing. See State
v. Kier. 164 Wn.2d 798, 814, 194 P.3d 212 (2008).
VII. Juvenile Adjudications
Mobley argues that the trial court improperly used his juvenile adjudications to
enhance his offender score and sentence. He asserts that this violated his right to a jury
trial and right to due process.
The Washington Supreme Court dismissed this argument in State v. Weber, 159
Wn.2d 252, 255, 149 P.3d 646 (2006). It held that juvenile adjudications fall under the
"prior conviction" exception established in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490,
120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000) ("Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any
fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must
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No. 68766-2-1/24
be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."). Weber. 159 Wn.2d at
265. Thus, under Weber, juvenile adjudications may properly be included in a
defendant's offender score. See id
Mobley maintains that Weber was wrongly decided. But, Weber is binding
precedent and controls here. The trial court did not err in using Mobley's juvenile
adjudications to calculate his offender score and sentence.
VIII. Cumulative Error
Mobley contends that the errors he alleges resulted in cumulative prejudice that
requires reversal of his convictions. The accumulation of otherwise nonreversible errors
may deny the defendant a fair trial. State v. Coe. 101 Wn.2d 772, 789, 684 P.2d 668
(1984). But, the defendant must establish multiple errors in order to obtain reversal.
Mobley fails to show that any errors occurred at his trial, as the only error he demonstrated
involved his sentencing. Accordingly, there is no cumulative error.
We cannot conclude on the record before us that Mobley received ineffective
assistance of counsel. We do not find merit in Mobley's allegations of trial error or his
challenge to the use of juvenile adjudications in his offender score. We reverse Mobley's
first degree kidnapping conviction and remand to the trial court for resentencing. We
otherwise affirm.
WE CONCUR:
\ J^o^-y-,
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