People v. Wilson CA4/1

Filed 8/20/14 P. v. Wilson CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D065468

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. RIF1101914)

BRANDON RAMSEY WILSON,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County, Richard T.

Fields, Judge. Affirmed.

Mark L. Christiansen, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson, Lynne

McGinnis and Elizabeth M. Carino, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.
 Brandon Ramsey Wilson appeals a judgment following his jury conviction of first

degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)).1 On appeal, he contends: (1) the evidence

is insufficient to support the jury's finding that the murder was premeditated and

deliberate; and (2) the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct during closing

arguments.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 2011, Wilson was living in a three-bedroom apartment in Moreno Valley with

his girlfriend, Renisha Bruins, her four-year-old son, and her cousin, Shukeem Beard.

Wilson and Bruins shared the master bedroom. Bruins told her friend, Tori Clark, about

an argument she had with Wilson during which she elbowed him and said she wanted to

leave, but he would not let her leave. Wilson grabbed her and she fell and hit her head.

Wilson and Bruins were planning to get married.

On the afternoon of March 26, 2011, Wilson went to Palm Springs with Bruins,

her brother, her grandfather, and Clark. While at a casino, Bruins became irritated at

Wilson because he was drunk and acting silly, but she ignored him. After Wilson calmed

down, Bruins was in a happy mood again.

Shortly before 9:00 p.m., Wilson was dropped off at their apartment and Bruins

went with Clark to a friend's house for a "girls night." At about 9:00 p.m., Beard arrived

home to prepare for work and saw Wilson sleeping on the couch. At about 1:00 a.m. to

1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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2:00 a.m., Beard came home during a work break and saw Wilson still asleep on the

couch. Without speaking to Wilson, Beard returned to work.

While at her friend's house, Bruins was in a good mood and drinking alcohol. She

spoke positively about Wilson and was video recorded saying, "I love you, Brandon." At

about 2:30 a.m. to 3:00 a.m., Bruins and Clark left their friend's house and Bruins was

dropped off at her apartment.

At about 3:00 a.m. or 3:30 a.m., Rosalba Negrete, a neighbor who lived below

Bruins and Wilson's apartment, was awakened by loud thumping noises emanating from

the apartment above. She heard thumping noises intermittently over a period of about

one hour. She also heard yelling and a loud female voice saying, "No," "Stop," and "Go."

At about 4:00 a.m. to 4:15 a.m., another neighbor, Jonell Hughes, arrived home

after work and heard thumping sounds as she approached the building's outside stairwell.

When she reached the second flight of stairs, she heard loud voices of a man and a

woman coming from apartment 3017 (i.e., Bruins and Wilson's apartment). When she

reached the third flight of stairs, she heard a woman say, "Get off of me," and a man

repeatedly saying, "Shut up." When she reached the third floor landing, she smoked a

cigarette, but did not hear anything more. She entered her apartment and went to bed at

about 5:00 a.m.

At about 5:00 a.m., Wilson called his mother and apparently told her he had

stabbed Bruins. She told him to turn himself in. She called his father, who then called

Wilson. Wilson told his father he was in Rialto, about 30 minutes away, and said he was

on his way to Ontario. Wilson was crying and distraught. His father talked Wilson into

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coming back and turning himself in. They agreed to meet at a restaurant in Moreno

Valley.

At about 9:00 a.m., Wilson met his parents and cousin, Robert Turner, at the

restaurant. When they went to the police station, it was not open to the public on that

Sunday morning so they went to see their minister. They later returned to the station and

contacted a police officer in the parking lot who helped them enter the station.

At 10:47 a.m., Corporal Brian Wolfe let Wilson, his parents, and his cousin into

the police station. Wilson told him "he had an accident between him and his girlfriend"

and that "it may be serious." Wolfe sent Deputy Matthew Reilly to check on Bruins.

Wilson told Wolfe that Bruins was angry with him and came toward him with a kitchen

knife. She attacked him, they struggled, and he took the knife from her, cutting his hand

in the process, and then stabbed her "a few times." Wilson was arrested and gave police

more information during a subsequent interview.

When Reilly arrived at the apartment, Beard led him to the master bedroom.

Reilly found Bruins's dead body on the bed wrapped in sheets and a blanket. There was

blood on her face and on the blanket, headboard, ceiling, carpet, and all four walls. A

subsequent investigation found a 12-inch knife with a seven-inch blade in the kitchen

sink. An odor of bleach emanated from the sink and the water trapped in the sink

contained a mixture of blood and bleach. Investigators determined that Bruins likely was

moving around during the attack and was stabbed at different locations in the bedroom.

Dr. Christopher Happy performed an autopsy and found Bruins had been stabbed a

total of 13 times. She was stabbed in the neck, four times in the upper extremities, and

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eight times in the torso, including once in her upper back. She also had defensive

injuries, including scratches and bruises. Happy believed the knife found in the kitchen

sink was consistent with the one used to kill Bruins. Her death was caused by stab

wounds to her neck and torso. He concluded she likely was alive "minutes or at least

seconds" after sustaining those wounds.

An information charged Wilson with one count of murder (§ 187, subd. (a)) and

alleged he committed the murder by using a knife (§§ 12022, subd. (b)(1), 1192.7, subd.

(c)(23)). It also alleged he had one prior strike conviction (§§ 667, subds. (c), (e)(1),

1170.12, subd. (c)(1)), two prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)), and a prior serious

felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)). At trial, the prosecution presented evidence

substantially as described above. The parties stipulated that Bruins had a blood alcohol

content in excess of 0.12 percent. In his defense, Wilson presented the testimony of a

former girlfriend who said that he never lost his temper and was never violent toward her.

He also presented the expert testimony of Dr. Francisco Gomez, a clinical

neuropsychologist, who testified Wilson had a cognitive disorder that could make it

difficult for him to develop strategies to solve problems. In unexpected or stressful

situations, persons with that disorder act more impulsively and overreact to the situation.

Afterward, those persons would feel guilt and remorse. On cross-examination, Gomez

admitted he had not reviewed the police reports from Wilson's previous robbery and

fraud convictions to determine whether Wilson had acted impulsively in those situations

and had not planned those crimes. Wilson had not reported to him any impulse-control

problems he had experienced in the past. Wilson also presented the testimony of a

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forensic toxicologist who testified that alcohol can make a person more aggressive and

violent. However, there was no way to tell how Bruins was affected by alcohol. Alcohol

slows a person's reaction time and adversely affects a person's balance and coordination.

The jury found Wilson guilty of first degree murder and found true the knife use

allegation. He admitted all of the prior conviction allegations. The trial court sentenced

him to a total term of 55 years to life in prison. Wilson timely filed a notice of appeal.

DISCUSSION

I

Substantial Evidence to Support Wilson's First Degree Murder Conviction

Wilson contends the evidence is insufficient to support the jury's finding the

murder was premeditated and deliberate and therefore his conviction of first degree

murder must be reversed.

A

When a defendant challenges his or her conviction for insufficient evidence on

appeal, we apply the substantial evidence standard of review. "Under this standard, the

court 'must review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to

determine whether it discloses substantial evidence--that is, evidence which is

reasonable, credible, and of solid value--such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.' [Citations.] The focus of the substantial

evidence test is on the whole record of evidence presented to the trier of fact, rather than

on ' "isolated bits of evidence." ' " (People v. Cuevas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 252, 260-261,

italics added in Cuevas.) We "must presume in support of the judgment the existence of

6
every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence." (People v. Jones (1990)

51 Cal.3d 294, 314.) Furthermore, "[a]lthough we must ensure the evidence is

reasonable, credible, and of solid value, nonetheless it is the exclusive province of the

trial judge or jury to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the

facts on which that determination depends. [Citation.] Thus, if the verdict is supported

by substantial evidence, we must accord due deference to the trier of fact and not

substitute our evaluation of a witness's credibility for that of the fact finder." (Ibid.)

"The standard of review is the same in cases in which the People rely mainly on

circumstantial evidence." (People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 792.)

B

Section 189 defines first degree murder as all "willful, deliberate, and

premeditated killing." However, to prove deliberation and premeditation, "it shall not be

necessary to prove the defendant maturely and meaningfully reflected upon the gravity of

his or her act." (§ 189.) People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, at page 1080, stated:

"A verdict of deliberate and premeditated first degree murder requires more than a

showing of intent to kill. [Citation.] 'Deliberation' refers to careful weighing of

considerations in forming a course of action; 'premeditation' means thought over in

advance." Alternatively stated, " 'premeditated' means 'considered beforehand,' and

'deliberate' means 'formed or arrived at or determined upon as a result of careful thought

and weighing of considerations for and against the proposed course of action.' " (People

v. Mayfield (1997) 14 Cal.4th 668, 767.) Mayfield further stated: "The process of

premeditation and deliberation does not require any extended period of time. 'The true

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test is not the duration of time as much as it is the extent of the reflection. Thoughts may

follow each other with great rapidity and cold, calculated judgment may be arrived at

quickly . . . .' " (Ibid.) "An intentional killing is premeditated and deliberate if it

occurred as the result of preexisting thought and reflection rather than unconsidered or

rash impulse." (People v. Stitely (2005) 35 Cal.4th 514, 543.) However, "[i]t is well

established that the brutality of a killing cannot in itself support a finding that the killer

acted with premeditation and deliberation." (People v. Anderson (1968) 70 Cal.2d 15,

24.) The question of "how long a thought must be pondered before it can be said to be

premeditated and deliberated" (People v. Bender (1945) 27 Cal.2d 164, 184) is

"fundamentally a question of fact for the jury in each case under proper instructions."

(Ibid.)

In People v. Anderson, supra, 70 Cal.2d 15, the California Supreme Court set forth

certain types of evidence reviewing courts should consider in determining whether there

is substantial evidence to support findings of premeditation and deliberation for first

degree murder, stating:

"The type of evidence which this court has found sufficient to
sustain a finding of premeditation and deliberation falls into three
basic categories: (1) facts about how and what defendant did prior to
the actual killing which show that the defendant was engaged in
activity directed toward, and explicable as intended to result in, the
killing--what may be characterized as 'planning' activity; (2) facts
about the defendant's prior relationship and/or conduct with the
victim from which the jury could reasonably infer a 'motive' to kill
the victim, which inference of motive, together with facts of type (1)
or (3), would in turn support an inference that the killing was the
result of 'a pre-existing reflection' and 'careful thought and weighing
of considerations' rather than 'mere unconsidered or rash impulse
hastily executed' [citation]; (3) facts about the nature of the killing

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 from which the jury could infer that the manner of killing was so
particular and exacting that the defendant must have intentionally
killed according to a 'preconceived design' to take his victim's life in
a particular way for a 'reason' which the jury can reasonably infer
from facts of type (1) or (2)." (Id. at pp. 26-27.)

However, the Anderson factors, although "helpful for purposes of review, are not a sine

qua non to finding first degree premeditated murder, nor are they exclusive." (People v.

Koontz, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1081.) Anderson merely cataloged common factors that

had occurred in prior cases and its factors "do not represent an exhaustive list of evidence

that could sustain a finding of premeditation and deliberation, and the reviewing court

need not accord them any particular weight." (People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149,

1183.)

C

Based on our review of the whole record, we conclude there is substantial

evidence to support the jury's finding that Wilson's murder of Bruins was premeditated

and deliberate. The jury could reasonably infer from the testimony of the two neighbors

that Wilson and Bruins physically struggled over a period of about one hour. The

neighbors heard intermittent thumping noises. One neighbor heard a woman (presumably

Bruins) yell, "No," "Stop," and "Go." Another neighbor heard a woman (presumably

Bruins) yell, "Get off of me," and a man (presumably Wilson) repeatedly say, "Shut up."

Bruins was stabbed a total of 13 times, including once in the back, with a kitchen knife.

The jury could reasonably infer from the evidence that Wilson went to the kitchen to get

that knife, returned to the bedroom, and then used the knife to repeatedly stab Bruins as

she moved defensively around the bedroom. It could also infer Wilson showed a

9
consciousness of guilt when he attempted to cover up his crime by wrapping Bruins's

body in sheets and a blanket and washing off the knife with bleach in the kitchen sink and

thereafter fleeing the scene of the crime.

The evidence supports an inference that Wilson went to the kitchen to obtain the

knife and then returned to the bedroom to viciously attack Bruins, thereby supporting the

additional inference that he planned the attack and deliberately murdered her with

premeditation. (Cf. People v. Perez (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1117, 1126 [planning activity was

shown by defendant's obtaining knife from kitchen before attacking the victim with it].)

Those inferences discredit Wilson's claims that Bruins attacked him with the knife and/or

that he acted impulsively when he stabbed her. Likewise, the jury could reasonably

disregard, as not credible or persuasive, Gomez's uncontradicted expert testimony

regarding Wilson's cognitive impairment and probable impulsive behavior.

The evidence showing the manner of the killing also supported a reasonable

inference that Wilson killed Bruin with premeditation and deliberation. "[T]he method of

killing alone can sometimes support a conclusion that the evidence sufficed for a finding

of premeditated, deliberate murder." (People v. Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 863-864;

see also People v. Perez, supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 1127 [manner of killing was indicative of

premeditation and deliberation].) Most of Bruins's stab wounds were to the left side of

her torso, supporting a reasonable inference Wilson was aiming for her heart and

therefore deliberately intending to kill her. The stab wound to her upper back supports a

reasonable inference that Wilson stabbed Bruins as she tried to escape his attack and

contradicted Wilson's version that Bruins attacked him with the knife. Finally, the

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number of stab wounds, a total of 13, supports a reasonable inference that Wilson

murdered Bruins with premeditation and deliberation and did not accidentally or

impulsively stab her while defending against her attack on him. (Cf. People v. San

Nicolas (2004) 34 Cal.4th 614, 658 [jury could conclude defendant intended to kill victim

based on "sheer number of wounds on [her] body, many of which individually would

have been fatal"]; People v. Pride (1992) 3 Cal.4th 195, 247 ["A violent and bloody death

sustained as a result of multiple stab wounds can be consistent with a finding of

premeditation."].)

The absence of strong evidence of Wilson's motive in killing Bruins does not

refute the jury's finding of premeditation and deliberation. (People v. Whisenhunt (2008)

44 Cal.4th 174, 202.) Although the prosecutor argued in closing that Wilson killed

Bruins so he, as a parolee who had just committed another crime (e.g., assault), would not

go back to prison, there is substantial evidence to support the jury's finding of

premeditation and deliberation even if it did not believe the prosecutor's proffered motive

for Wilson's killing of Bruins. The evidence discussed above showing Wilson's planning

of the killing, the neighbors' testimony regarding the one-hour struggle, and the vicious

manner in which he repeatedly stabbed Bruins over a period of time (as shown, in part,

by the blood found throughout the bedroom), constitutes substantial evidence to support

the jury's finding of premeditation and deliberation. (People v. Perez, supra, 2 Cal.4th at

pp. 1129-1130 [defendant's planning conduct, together with manner of killing, supported

jury's reasonable inference of premeditation and deliberation].) The jury could have

reasonably inferred Wilson had an opportunity to reflect on his decision to kill Bruins

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after she pleaded with him to stop and did so with careful thought and weighing of the

considerations and did not kill her based on an unconsidered or rash impulse. (People v.

Stitely, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 543; People v. Mayfield, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 767.)

Wilson has not carried his burden on appeal to show the evidence is insufficient to

support his conviction of first degree murder.

II

Prosecutor's Closing Arguments

Wilson contends the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct during closing

arguments. He argues the prosecutor distorted the reasonable doubt burden of proof and

improperly asked the jury to consider matters outside of the evidence.

A

Before the parties' closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury on the

reasonable doubt burden of proof, stating, "[p]roof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof

that leaves you with an abiding conviction that the charge is true." During her closing

arguments, the prosecutor extensively discussed the evidence showing Wilson's guilt of

first degree murder. Wilson's counsel then presented her opposing closing arguments. In

rebuttal, the prosecutor argued:

"You know in order for you to find the defendant guilty of murder,
whether you decide it's first or second [degree], you have to have an
abiding conviction of the truth. You have to get up tomorrow and
know I gave [Bruins] justice. I did the right thing. Next week you'll
know that you gave this family, you gave [Bruins] justice." (Italics
added.)

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The trial court overruled Wilson's objection to that argument as improper. The

prosecutor then continued, stating:

"Justice. This is what it's all about. The defendant has had his day
in court. He . . . has exercised his right to a trial. That doesn't mean
there's something wrong with this case. That abiding conviction[]
will lead you in a year from now to say I did the right thing . . .
during that trial.

"This girl deserved justice. And that man deserves to be called what
he is. He's a cold-blooded murderer. That's what he is.

"And I ask you all to follow the evidence where it leads you. Use
your common sense and let him know that what he did to that
woman was wrong. And it's cold-blooded murder." (Italics added.)

After the jury retired to begin deliberations, the trial court and counsel discussed

the court's ruling on Wilson's objection to the prosecutor's closing argument regarding an

abiding conviction of the truth and justice for Bruins and her family, as follows:

"THE COURT: You can't argue just one side justice. That would
be like saying you can't argue your side of justice before the
evidence.

"[Wilson's counsel]: I believe it goes to justice for the victim but not
for the family. It's justice for the victim. I don't believe it extends to
the family.

"THE COURT: I think the justice is the People of the State of
California, which includes the family. . . . [B]oth sides are entitled
to justice. . . . It is certainly not improper for you to say give my
client justice. And I don't think it's improper for the People to say
give [Bruins] justice.

"It wasn't in the context of anything but in light of the evidence. We
had all of the argument regarding the evidence on the case, so it
wasn't make up your own rules and convict the defendant. It was
he's guilty because of all of this argument he [sic] had regarding
actual evidence. All of these things.

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 "And after we had an hour, probably an hour and a half total of
argument, then she says give them justice. Well, that's in light of all
of the evidence. She didn't say ignore the evidence and convict him
anyway. She said give them justice. I don't think it's improper for
either side to say give my side justice. Give my side justice.

"In light of the evidence, I can't imagine it would be any more
inappropriate for you to say give the defendant justice. And she says
give my side justice. Give the family justice. I think if I were one of
the family members, and I believed in light of all of the evidence . . .
as a parent I'd want justice.

"If the evidence shows that my kid was killed unlawfully, why is it
improper to say give the family justice in light of the evidence?

"It might be improper . . . to say we really can't prove it but convict
him anyway, so they have some skewed sense of peace. But that
didn't happen. The entire argument was in light of all the evidence.

"We had lengthy [arguments]. So, . . . in light of the fact the People
believe they have shown, the evidence demonstrates the defendant's
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, in light of that fact give him justice.
I just don't know what is wrong with that.

"I don't know what would be wrong with you saying the same thing.
If you were arguing in light of the fact the People cannot prove the
case beyond a reasonable doubt, please give my client justice.

"So that's the Court's view of it."

The jury returned a verdict finding Wilson guilty of first degree murder.

B

A defendant generally may not complain on appeal of prosecutorial misconduct

unless he or she timely objected below on the same ground and requested the jury be

admonished to disregard the impropriety. (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795,

841.) Under the federal Constitution, a prosecutor commits misconduct when his or her

behavior comprises a pattern of conduct so egregious that it infects the trial with such

14
unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process. (People v. Gionis (1995) 9

Cal.4th 1196, 1214.) If the prosecutor's conduct does not render a criminal trial

fundamentally unfair under the federal standard, that conduct is prosecutorial misconduct

under California law only if it involves the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to

attempt to persuade either the court or the jury. (People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353,

427.)

Although a prosecutor is given wide latitude in vigorously arguing the People's

case, the prosecutor may not misstate the law. (People v. Bell (1989) 49 Cal.3d 502, 538

(Bell); People v. Bandhauer (1967) 66 Cal.2d 524, 529.) The prosecutor "has the right to

fully state his views as to what the evidence shows and to urge whatever conclusions he

deems proper. Opposing counsel may not complain on appeal if the reasoning is faulty or

the conclusions are illogical because these are matters for the jury to determine." (People

v. Thomas (1992) 2 Cal.4th 489, 526.) "It has long been settled that appeals to the

sympathy or passions of the jury are inappropriate at the guilt phase of a criminal trial.

[Citations.] We recognize that the prosecutor 'may vigorously argue his case and is not

limited to "Chesterfieldian politeness" ' [citations], but the bounds of vigorous argument

do not permit appeals to sympathy or passion such as that presented here." (People v.

Fields (1983) 35 Cal.3d 329, 362-363, fn. omitted.)

"[W]hen the claim focuses upon comments made by the prosecutor before the

jury, the question is whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury construed or

applied any of the complained-of remarks in an objectionable fashion." (People v.

Samayoa, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 841.) Even if an error could not be cured by an

15
admonition to the jury, reversal of a defendant's conviction is warranted only if on the

whole record the error resulted in a miscarriage of justice. (Bell, supra, 49 Cal.3d at

p. 535.)

C

Wilson asserts the prosecutor's closing argument in rebuttal distorted the

reasonable doubt burden of proof because she argued the jurors must have as an abiding

conviction that Bruins's family was given justice rather than an abiding conviction of the

truth. We disagree with the premise of Wilson's argument. Although the prosecutor

referred to justice for Bruins and her family, she did not argue, either expressly or

implicitly, that the abiding conviction aspect of the reasonable doubt burden of proof

meant the jurors need only have an abiding conviction that Bruins's family was given

justice. Although the prosecutor referred to the jurors' giving Bruins and her family

"justice" and knowing they did the "right thing," her argument could not reasonably be

interpreted as suggesting the jury could convict Wilson without proof of his guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt.

Furthermore, before closing arguments the trial court instructed the jurors on the

reasonable doubt burden of proof, stating that "[p]roof beyond a reasonable doubt is

proof that leaves you with an abiding conviction that the charge is true." In her closing

argument, the prosecutor referred to that burden of proof, stating, "you have to have an

abiding conviction of the truth." The fact that the prosecutor argued the jurors would

then know they gave Bruins and her family justice did not lower that burden of proof.

Rather, her argument explained that if the jurors properly applied the reasonable doubt

16
burden of proof, they would then know afterward (e.g., a week or year later) they gave

Bruins and her family justice and did the right thing.

In any event, to the extent there was any ambiguity in the prosecutor's argument

regarding the "abiding conviction" requirement, the trial court correctly instructed the

jury with CALCRIM No. 220 on the reasonable doubt standard of proof and further

instructed the jury that "[y]ou must follow the law as I explain it to you . . . . [and] [i]f

you believe that the attorneys' comments on the law conflict with my instructions, you

must follow my instructions." There is no reasonable likelihood the jurors understood, or

applied, the prosecutor's closing argument regarding the abiding conviction requirement

in the manner Wilson asserts. The prosecutor did not err.

D

Wilson also asserts the prosecutor's closing argument improperly appealed to the

passions of the jurors. He cites People v. Vance (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1182 (Vance), in

which the court stated it is misconduct for a prosecutor to appeal to the passions of the

jurors by asking them to imagine the suffering of the victim. (Id. at p. 1192.) Vance

further stated:

"It is equally established that it is misconduct for a prosecutor to
argue that the jury in a noncapital case―or in the guilt phase of a
capital case―should consider the impact of the crime on the victim's
family. [Citations.] The justification for both of these exclusionary
policies is that they deal with subjects that are inherently emotional,
possessing an unusually potent power to sway juries, and that their
use must therefore be rigidly confined and controlled . . . ." (Vance,
supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 1193.)

17
Wilson asserts that by arguing the jurors should consider justice for Bruins and her

family, the prosecutor improperly argued the jurors should consider the impact of the

crime on Bruins and her family and therefore improperly appealed to their passions rather

than their impartial and objective judgment based on the evidence.

We conclude the prosecutor's arguments improperly appealed to the passions of

the jurors by asking them to give justice to Bruins and her family. By so doing, the

prosecutor, in effect, asked the jurors to consider the impact of the crime on Bruins's

family. (Cf. Vance, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 1193.) In People v. Medina (1995) 11

Cal.4th 694, the California Supreme Court appeared to implicitly hold a prosecutor's

argument that the jurors should "do justice" for the victim is an improper appeal to the

jurors' passions. (Id. at p. 759.) Applying the California standard for prosecutorial

misconduct, we conclude the prosecutor in this case used deceptive or reprehensible

methods to attempt to persuade the jurors. (People v. Ochoa, supra, 19 Cal.4th at

p. 427.)

However, although we conclude the prosecutor's arguments referring to justice for

Bruins and her family improperly appealed to the jurors' passions, we, like Medina,

nevertheless conclude that error was harmless under California law. (People v. Medina,

supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 760.) Based on our review of the entire record in this case, we

conclude there is no reasonable probability that the "prosecutor's brief and isolated

comments could have influenced the jury's guilt determination." (Ibid.) The trial court

instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 220 on the reasonable doubt burden of proof and

that it "must impartially compare and consider all the evidence that was received

18
throughout the entire trial." It also instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 200, stating:

"Do not let bias, sympathy, prejudice, or public opinion influence your decision," and if

the attorneys' comments conflict with the court's instructions, "you must follow my

instructions." We presume the jurors understood and followed the court's instructions.

(People v. Sanchez (2001) 26 Cal.4th 834, 852.) Given those and other instructions and

the overwhelming evidence, discussed above, supporting Wilson's guilt of first degree

murder, we conclude there is no reasonable probability the prosecutor's brief arguments

referring to justice for Bruins and her family could have influenced the jury's

determination of Wilson's guilt. (Medina, at p. 760.) Alternatively stated, there is no

reasonable probability the prosecutor's appeal to the jurors' sympathy or passions for

Bruins or her family affected the verdict. (People v. Fields, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 363;

People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836; People v. Pensinger (1991) 52 Cal.3d 1210,

1250.) We conclude any prosecutorial error did not result in a miscarriage of justice.

(Bell, supra, 49 Cal.3d at p. 535.) The prosecutor's error in so arguing was harmless

under California law and does not require reversal of Wilson's conviction of first degree

murder. Vance and the other cases cited by Wilson are factually inapposite and do not

persuade us to reach a contrary conclusion.

Furthermore, to the extent Wilson asserts the prosecutor's arguments require

reversal under the federal standard for prosecutorial misconduct, we disagree. Although

we concluded above the prosecutor's arguments constituted misconduct under the

California standard, we conclude that under the federal standard the prosecutor's brief and

isolated comments regarding justice for Bruins and her family did not constitute a " 'a

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pattern of conduct "so egregious that it infect[ed] the trial with such unfairness as to make

the conviction a denial of due process." ' " (People v. Gionis, supra, 9 Cal.4th at

p. 1214.)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

McDONALD, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.

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