Affirmed and Opinion filed August 21, 2014.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-13-00268-CV
HELEN MAYFIELD, Appellant
V.
STEVE FULLHART AND
GRAY TELEVISION GROUP, INC. D/B/A KBTX-TV, Appellees
On Appeal from the 80th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2011-26159
OPINION
Appellant, Helen Mayfield, sued appellees, Gray Television Group, Inc.
d/b/a KBTX-TV1 and Steve Fullhart for libel based on reports regarding Mayfield
that appellees broadcast on television and posted on the internet. Mayfield
1
In her petition, Mayfield named “Gray Communications” and “KBTX News” as
defendants. Appellees filed an unchallenged verified denial, averring the correct name of the one
entity is “Gray Television Group, Inc. d/b/a KBTX-TX” and there is no separate entity named
“KBTX News.”
appeals a summary judgment in favor of appellees on the ground her claim is
barred by the statute of limitations. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Mayfield, a disbarred attorney, appears pro se in the present appeal. In
2007, a grand jury indicted Mayfield on multiple counts of forgery. In July 2008, a
Brazos County jury convicted Mayfield, and she was sentenced to two years’
confinement in state jail. The Waco court of appeals affirmed the conviction, and
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals refused Mayfield’s petition for review. See
Mayfield v. State, Nos. 10-08-00292, 293, 294, 295-CR, 2010 WL 2953199 (Tex.
App.—Waco July 28, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem op., not designated for publication).
At relevant times, Fullhart was a news reporter for KBTX-TV—a television
station in College Station, Texas. On October 5, 2007, the station broadcast a
report by Fullhart regarding Mayfield’s indictments. A few hours later the same
day, the report was published on the station’s publicly accessible website.
On July 25, 2008, the station broadcast another report by a different news
reporter regarding Mayfield’s conviction. A few hours later the same day, that
report was published on the station’s website.
On April 29, 2011, Mayfield sued appellees for libel.2 Mayfield also named
John Cuoco, apparently a reporter for a different television station, as a defendant,
but he was never served with process.
Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment on the sole ground that
Mayfield’s suit is barred by the applicable one-year statute of limitations.
2
In her petition, Mayfield referred to her claim generally as “defamation,” but it is more
specifically a claim for libel. See Dolcefino v. Randolph, 19 S.W.3d 906, 917 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (recognizing broadcast of a defamatory statement on
television constitutes libel, not slander).
2
Mayfield timely filed a response and a countermotion for summary judgment, to
which appellees responded. Mayfield set her countermotion for submission after
the hearing date noticed on appellees’ motion. At the hearing on appellees’
motion, the trial court permitted Mayfield to file post-hearing authority on the
limitations issue. Subsequently, Mayfield filed what she referenced as further
responses to appellees’ motion, including additional argument on the limitations
issue, and further support, including evidence, for her countermotion.
On December 13, 2011, the trial court signed (1) an order granting the
appellees’ motion for summary judgment and dismissing all of Mayfield’s claims
against those parties, and (2) an order denying Mayfield’s countermotion for
summary judgment. Subsequently, Mayfield non-suited her claims against Cuoco,
thereby rendering final the summary judgment in favor of appellees.
II. ANALYSIS
Mayfield filed an original and a supplemental appellate brief, which are
deficient in that many of her contentions are unclear, difficult to understand, and
unsupported by record references, argument, or authorities, as required by the
appellate briefing rules. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(g), (i). 3 However, liberally
construing the briefs, we glean that Mayfield’s issues pertinent to this appeal
(numbered differently at various points throughout her brief) fall into five
categories: (1) portions of the clerk’s record have been destroyed or altered; (2)
some of appellees’ summary judgment evidence was inadmissible; (3) appellees
failed to produce certain items during discovery; (4) appellees failed to serve
3
Additionally, Mayfield includes matters irrelevant to challenging the trial court’s orders
at issue and unsubstantiated allegations. For instance, she essentially challenges her criminal
conviction and the actions of authorities relative to the criminal prosecution and suggests
appellees burglarized Mayfield’s home to steal her legal files.
3
Mayfield with a complete copy of the motion for summary judgment and any
notice of hearing; and (5) the statute of limitations did not bar her suit.
A. Complaint regarding the Record
Mayfield contends her due process rights were violated because she is
indigent and entitled to a free record but the district clerk omitted exhibits that
would defeat the statute-of-limitations ground from the record filed in our court.
We reject this contention because the crux is not that the clerk inadvertently failed
to file a complete record but rather an unsupported claim that “someone in the
judge’s office” or appellees tampered with the record. Moreover, Mayfield did not
request the clerk to supplement our record with any omitted items, as she was
permitted to do if she believed a requisite item was missing. See Tex. R. App. P.
34.5(c)(1). She claims a request to supplement would have been pointless because
the records have been “destroyed or altered.” However, the record does not reflect
that Mayfield invoked the procedure for correcting the record if an item is lost or
destroyed. See id. 34.5(e).
B. Admission of Evidence
Mayfield argues the “documents of conviction” purportedly filed to support
the motion for summary judgment were inadmissible under Texas Rule of
Evidence 609(e) because appeal of her conviction was pending in the United States
Supreme Court. It is not clear to what documents she refers. Regardless, rule 609
is wholly inapplicable; it prescribes circumstances under which a prior criminal
conviction is admissible for purposes of impeaching a witness and provides that
pendency of an appeal renders a conviction inadmissible for that purpose. See Tex.
R. Evid. 609, 609(e).
4
C. Contention regarding Discovery
Mayfield argues that appellees failed to respond to her discovery requests
with documents that would defeat the statute-of-limitations ground. Mayfield has
waived her complaint because the record does not indicate she filed a motion to
compel production of any documents before the hearing, much less obtained a
ruling. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1) (providing that, to preserve error, party must
present complaint to trial court via timely objection or request and obtain a ruling);
Corona v. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., 245 S.W.3d 75, 84 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008,
pet. denied) (recognizing that failure to obtain ruling on discovery dispute waives
challenge to summary judgment on ground movant did not adequately respond to
discovery request); see also U. Lawrence Boze’ & Assoc., P.C. v. Harris Cnty.
Appraisal Dist., 368 S.W.3d 17, 32 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)
(recognizing generally that to preserve error on a discovery dispute, the appealing
party must obtain a ruling by the trial court on the discovery issue).
D. Service of the Motion for Summary Judgment and Notice of Hearing
Mayfield suggests she was not served with a complete copy of appellees’
motion for summary judgment and any notice of hearing. However, the motion
and the notice of hearing each contain a certificate of service by appellees’ counsel
attesting to timely service on Mayfield via certified mail, return receipt requested.
A certificate of service by an attorney of record is prima facie evidence of the fact
of service, and creates a presumption of receipt, rebuttable through proof of non-
receipt. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 21a(e); Approx. $14,980 v. State, 261 S.W.3d 182,
186–87 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Further, a non-movant
seeking to set aside a summary judgment on the ground she received no notice of
hearing must preserve error in a post-judgment motion. See Babajide v. Citibank
(South Dakota), N.A., No. 14–04–00064–CV, 2004 WL 2933575, at *1 (Tex.
5
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 21, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.). The record does
not demonstrate that Mayfield raised the service issue in the trial court, much less
that she presented evidence controverting the certificates of service.
E. Statute-of-Limitations Ground
Mayfield challenges the summary judgment on the ground her suit was
barred by the statute of limitations. We conclude the trial court did not err by
granting summary judgment on that ground. 4
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
A party moving for traditional summary judgment must establish there is no
genuine issue of material fact and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d
211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003). A defendant moving for traditional summary judgment
must negate at least one element of each of the plaintiff’s theories of recovery or
plead and conclusively establish each element of an affirmative defense. Science
Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997). If a movant
defendant establishes his right to summary judgment as a matter of law, the burden
shifts to the non-movant to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material
fact. See Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). We
review a summary judgment de novo. Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215. We take all
evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true and indulge every reasonable
inference and resolve any doubts in her favor. Id.
4
Mayfield does not expressly challenge the denial of her countermotion for summary
judgment. In that motion, Mayfield asserted she could prove all elements of her claim and
referenced her attached evidence. In her appellate brief, she argues appellees’ publications were
defamatory. Even if we construe that argument as challenging the denial of her counter motion,
the trial court did not err by denying that motion and granting appellees’ motion because the
statute of limitations bars Mayfield’s claims, irrespective of whether they are meritorious.
6
2. Discussion
Under Texas law, the statute of limitations for libel is one year after the date
that the cause of action accrues. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.002(a)
(West 2002). To support their limitations ground, appellees relied on “the single
publication rule,” which our court has adopted in cases alleging mass media libel.
See Holloway v. Butler, 662 S.W.2d 688, 690–91 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see also Williamson v. New Times, Inc., 980 S.W.2d
706, 710 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, no pet.). The “single publication rule”
provides,
No person shall have more than one cause of action for damages for
libel . . . or any other tort founded upon any single publication or
exhibition or utterance, such as any one edition or issue of a
newspaper or book or magazine or any one presentation to an
audience or any one broadcast over radio or television or any one
exhibition of a motion picture. Recovery in any action shall include
all damages for any such tort suffered by the plaintiff in all
jurisdictions.
Holloway, 662 S.W.2d at 690. When the rule applies, a libel action accrues, for
statute-of-limitations purposes, upon “publication.” See id. at 692; see also
Williamson, 980 S.W.2d at 710. Publication is complete on “the last day of the
mass distribution of copies of the printed matter” because that is the day “when the
publishers, editors and authors have done all they can to relinquish all right of
control, title and interest in the printed matter.” See Holloway, 662 S.W.2d at 692;
see also Williamson, 980 S.W.2d at 710. Our court rejected the principle that each
time a libelous article is brought to the attention of a third person, such as each
time a libelous book, paper, or magazine is sold, a new publication has occurred,
creating a separate tort. See Holloway, 662 S.W.2d at 690–91. The rationale
behind the single-publication rule includes (1) preventing the assertion of stale
claims, multiplicity of claims, and problems concerning apportionment of
7
damages, conflicts of laws, and venue, and (2) the fact that the mass
communication of a single defamatory statement constitutes, for all practical
purposes, a single wrong. See id. at 691. A plaintiff is not limited to a single cause
of action in the event the same information appears in separate printings of the
same publication or in different publications. Id. at 692. The single publication
rule applies strictly to multiple copies of a libelous article published as part of a
single printing. Id.
Appellees presented as summary judgment evidence affidavits averring as
follows: (1) their two news reports regarding Mayfield were broadcast respectively
on October 5, 2007 and July 25, 2008, and posted on the KBTX-TV website the
same days; (2) neither KBTX-TV nor Fullhart individually has published any news
reports or otherwise made any statements concerning Mayfield since July 25,
2008; and (3) since the dates that KBTX-TV posted the reports on its website, the
reports “have not been reposted, republished, edited, changed, or altered in any
way.” As appellees asserted, Mayfield did not file her suit until April 29, 2011—
well over one year after the last report was broadcast on television and posted on
the station website.5 Although Mayfield claims the affidavits presented by
appellees were perjured, she failed to present any controverting evidence.
Mayfield presents what we construe as three challenges to the limitations
ground: (1) the single publication rule does not apply to a libel claim based on a
report published on the internet; (2) the discovery rule tolled the limitations period;
and (3) she alleged a business disparagement claim, for which the statute of
5
Although not exactly clear, in her petition, Mayfield’s claim against appellees seems to
be based only on their October 5, 2007 report—not their July 25, 2008 report. Mayfield did
complain that John Cuoco made an allegedly defamatory report in July 2008, but Mayfield’s
summary judgment evidence indicated he was a reporter for a different television station than
KBTX-TV. Even if Mayfield’s claim against appellees was also based on their July 25, 2008
report, appellees established the entire claim is barred by limitations.
8
limitations is two years, the discovery rule applies, and the single publication rule
does not apply.
Application of the single publication rule to internet publication
We recognize that the Holloway court defined the single publication rule to
include only one cause of action for “any one broadcast over . . . television,” but its
discussion regarding determining when a publication has occurred focused on
printed media, such as a newspaper. See id. at 690–92. Regardless, Mayfield does
not challenge application of the single publication rule relative to the television
broadcasts at issue; she focuses solely on the internet publication of the reports. In
fact, as mentioned above, there is no evidence controverting appellees’ proof that
the reports were each broadcast only once on television. Thus, we need not further
address the single publication rule relative to television broadcasts.
Rather, we turn to Mayfield’s argument that the single publication rule
should not apply when, as in the present case, a news report is posted on the
publisher’s webpage. Mayfield suggests a report posted on the internet has a
greater potential than a report published in a newspaper or on television to remain
publicly available for a long period, be repeatedly viewed, and be viewed by a
wide audience. She apparently maintains that a new cause of action for libel
accrues, for limitations purposes, each day that the report remains on the internet;
i.e., there is a new publication and Mayfield has been defamed every day because
the report remains accessible to third parties.
We have not found, and the parties do not cite, any Texas cases addressing
whether the single publication rule applies to a media report posted on the internet.
However, in Nationwide Bi-Weekly Administration, Inc. v. Belo Corp., 512 F.3d
137, 141–46 (5th Cir. 2007), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals predicted The
Supreme Court of Texas would apply the rule to a report published on the internet
9
and reject “the continuous publication rule” suggested by Mayfield—that when
such a report remains constantly available on the internet, each day results in a new
publication. See id. at 143 (recognizing Fifth Circuit, when applying Texas law
but addressing unsettled issue, is required to follow the rule it believes the
Supreme Court of Texas would adopt). The Fifth Circuit based its decision on (1)
the majority view among courts, and (2) the rationale behind the rule. See id. at
142–46.
With respect to the first factor, the Fifth Circuit was persuaded by the fact
that every court that had decided the issue as of that date had held the single
publication rule applies to information publicly available on the internet. See id. at
144 (citing, e.g., Oja v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 440 F.3d 1122, 1133 (9th Cir.
2006); Van Buskirk v. New York Times Co., 325 F.3d 87, 89 (2nd Cir. 2003); Mitan
v. Davis, 243 F.Supp.2d 719, 724 (W.D. Ky. 2003); Churchill v. State, 378 N.J.
Super. 471, 876 A.2d 311, 316 (2005); McCandliss v. Cox Enters., 265 Ga. App.
377, 593 S.E.2d 856, 858 (2004); Traditional Cat Ass’n, Inc. v. Gilbreath, 118
Cal.App.4th 392, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 353, 361–62 (2004); Firth v. State, 98 N.Y.2d
365, 747 N.Y.S.2d 69, 775 N.E.2d 463, 466 (2002)).6
With respect to the second factor, the Fifth Circuit relied on the rationale
behind the widespread acceptance of the single publication rule in the internet
context, which consisted of the following considerations:
• The “functional similarities” between print and internet publications: “A
statement electronically located on a server which is called up when a
web page is accessed, is no different from a statement on a paper page in
6
The Fifth Circuit found only one case applying “the continuous publication rule,”
although the Fifth Circuit also stated that case was factually distinguishable because the website
at issue was a restricted-access database and not a website available to the public. See Belo, 512
F.3d at 143–44 (discussing Swafford v. Memphis Individual Practice Ass’n, No. 02A01–9612–
CV–00311, 1998 WL 281935 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 2, 1998)).
10
a book lying on a shelf which is accessed by the reader when the book is
opened.” Id. at 144 (quoting Mitan, 243 F.Supp.2d at 724); see also
Kaufman v. Islamic Soc’y of Arlington, 291 S.W.3d 130, 140 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied) (citing “functional similarities”
recognized by Belo court as a factor when holding journalist author of
internet article was “a member of the electronic or print media,” same as
one publishing through more traditional media, and thus authorized to
bring interlocutory appeal from order denying summary judgment);
• More importantly, the “potential for endless retriggering of the statute of
limitations, multiplicity of suits and harassment of defendants” and a
corresponding chilling effect on internet communication. Belo, 512 F.3d
at 145 (quoting Firth, 747 N.Y.S.2d 69, 775 N.E.2d at 466); and
• The fact that application of the rule to internet publications is consistent
with the policy considerations cited by Texas courts for applying the rule
to print media: to support the statute of limitation and prevent the filing
of stale claims. Id. (citing Holloway, 662 S.W.2d at 691).
The Fifth Circuit further rejected arguments similar to those suggested by
Mayfield in the present case. See id. at 145. Its plaintiff urged that “the
publication of defamatory and private information on the web has the potential to
be vastly more offensive and harmful than it might otherwise be in a more
circumscribed publication.” Id. The court reasoned that the concern more persons
will read internet publications because they are likely accessible for a potentially
indefinite period is outweighed by the competing policy interest of enforcing the
statute of limitations and preventing stale claims. Id. (citing Holloway, 662
S.W.2d at 691). The court also reasoned that the concern regarding broader
readership (irrespective of the temporal component) is likely relevant only to the
issue of damages—not to the triggering of the statute of limitations. Id.
Although we are not bound by the Fifth Circuit’s interpretation of Texas
law, see Penrod Drilling Corp. v. Williams, 868 S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex. 1993)
Longview Bank & Trust Co. v. First Nat’l Bank of Azle, 750 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1988, no pet.), or its predictions about what rule The Supreme
11
Court of Texas likely would apply, we agree with the Fifth Circuit’s reasoning and
hold that the single publication rule applies to a television station’s news report
publicly available on the internet. Accordingly, Mayfield’s libel claim for each of
the two reports at issue accrued on the sole date that the report was broadcast on
television and posted on the station’s website. Because Mayfield filed suit more
than one year after each such broadcast and internet publication, her libel claim is
barred by the statute of limitations.
Discovery rule
Mayfield also suggests, without supporting authority, that the discovery rule
tolled the limitations period because she was unaware of the reports when they
were first broadcast and published on the internet. Assuming, without deciding,
that she sufficiently raised this unpleaded contention in response to appellees’
motion for summary judgment, see Butler v. Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc., No. 14–
10–00297–CV, 2011 WL 1709898, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May
3, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.), our court has held the discovery rule does not
apply when an allegedly defamatory statement is disseminated via the mass media.
Holloway, 662 S.W.2d at 693. Accordingly, we reject application of the discovery
rule to toll limitations on Mayfield’s libel claim.
Contention regarding business disparagement claim
Finally, Mayfield contends she asserted a business disparagement claim for
which the statute of limitations is two years, the discovery rule applies, and the
single publication rule should not apply. See Dwyer v. Sabine Min. Co., 890
S.W.2d 140, 142 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1994, writ denied) (acknowledging
business disparagement has two-year statute of limitations); see also Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.003(a) (West Supp. 2014). As we construe this
12
complaint, Mayfield suggests appellees failed to address and prove entitlement to
summary judgment on one of her causes of action.
We review a summary judgment based on the pleadings “on file at the time
of the hearing, or filed thereafter and before judgment with permission of the
court,” and a claim not pleaded cannot form the basis for reversal. See Tex. R.
Civ. P. 166(a)(c); Taylor v. Sunbelt Mgmt., Inc., 905 S.W.2d 743, 744–45 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no writ); Wakat v. Montgomery County, No. 09-
09-00188-CV, 2011 WL 1224459, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Mar. 31, 2011, no
pet.) (mem. op.). We conclude Mayfiled pleaded only a claim for defamation
(more specifically, libel) which is distinct from a claim for business disparagement.
See Forbes, Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 170 (Tex. 2003).
The two torts differ in that a defamation action chiefly serves to protect the
personal reputation of an injured party, while a business disparagement claim
protects economic interests. Id. A plaintiff seeking damages for business
disparagement must prove special damages resulting from the harm. Id. If the
damages alleged are primarily personal and general—e.g., injury to personal
reputation, humiliation, or mental anguish—then the cause of action is one for libel
or slander, although incidental or consequential professional losses also are
pleaded and proved. Williamson, 980 S.W.2d at 710–11. However, if the main
complaint is a false statement directly injurious to a business interest and the
damages alleged and proved are limited to business losses, the claim may properly
be considered business disparagement, although aspects of personal defamation
may be incidentally involved. See id. at 711.
In Mayfield’s petition, the title of the section pleading her cause of action is
“Defamation.” She never mentions “business disparagement” in the petition She
makes only a general, passing reference to potential “financial injury” when
13
pleading the reports were defamatory because they injured her reputation: “All of .
. . Fullhart’s statements were false and defamatory per se because they were not
true and injured Mayfield’s reputation and exposed her to public contempt, ridicule
and financial injury.” Mayfield did not specify any business or property interest
that was directly injured by appellees’ publications. Then, when requesting
damages, she alleged, “Mayfield’s good reputation has been severely injured. . . .
Fullhart’s allegations tainted the jury pool and caused Mayfield to suffer mental
anguish, shame, public embarrassment.” Mayfield requested damages only
resulting from harm to her reputation and did not request any special damages. In
fact, in her summary judgment responses, she seemed to acknowledge that she did
not plead a business disparagement claim because she suggested her suit would not
be barred by limitations if she were subsequently permitted to plead such a claim.
Therefore, we conclude the pleading contains only a claim for libel. Thus,
we need not decide whether the discovery rule or single publication rule would
apply to any business disparagement claim. The trial court did not err by granting
summary judgment on the ground that the one-year statute of limitations barred the
libel claim.
Accordingly, we overrule all of Mayfield’s issues and affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ John Donovan
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Donovan and Brown.
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