Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 28 2014, 9:15 am
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
SUSY ST. JOHN GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
CYNTHIA L. PLOUGHE
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
MONISHA RHODES, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1312-CR-1068
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT #8
The Honorable Amy Jones, Judge
Cause No. 49F08-1310-CM-068438
August 28, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
Following a bench trial, Monisha Rhodes was convicted of Resisting Law
Enforcement1 as a class A misdemeanor. Rhodes challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting her conviction as the sole issue on appeal.
We affirm.
At approximately 1:40 a.m. on October 19, 2013, Officer Darryl Miller of the
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department was dispatched to 406 Harvard Place in
Marion County to assist medical personnel with a possible robbery victim. Upon arrival,
Officer Miller knocked on the door at 406 Harvard Place, but there was no response.
Officer Miller observed that the front window of the residence had a large hole in it and
that there were traces of blood and a pair of women’s shoes on the front porch.
As he approached 406 Harvard Place, Officer Miller had noticed a woman sitting
on the screened-in porch at 410 Harvard Place, a neighboring residence. That woman
was no longer visible, but a second woman at 410 Harvard Place opened the front door to
that residence, and Officer Miller walked over to speak with her. As Officer Miller
entered the screened-in porch at 410 Harvard Place, he noticed Rhodes lying on the floor
of the porch as if she were unconscious. Officer Miller noted that Rhodes appeared to be
“very intoxicated” and that her arms were scratched and bloody. Transcript at 7. Rhodes
did not respond to Officer Miller when he tried to rouse her.
The medics arrived and also attempted to rouse Rhodes. It was determined that
Rhodes was not unconscious. The medics first attempted to take Rhodes’s vital signs
1
Ind. Code Ann. § 35-44.1-3-1(a)(1) (West, Westlaw current with all 2014 Public Laws of the 2014 Second
Regular Session and Second Regular Technical Session of the 118th General Assembly).
2
and, at least initially, Rhodes cooperated with the medics. Rhodes then began shaking all
over and moving her eyes from side to side. At the same time, however, Rhodes was
answering questions. The medics told Rhodes to stop shaking and moving her eyes, and
Rhodes complied. When the medics helped Rhodes stand up so they could get her on the
cot, Rhodes suddenly became “very belligerent and angry” and started swinging at the
medics. Id. at 11. Officer Miller stepped in to assist the medics and grabbed one of
Rhodes’s arms while an assisting officer grabbed her other arm. Rhodes began
“screaming very violently” and the officers had to wrestle her to her knees to be
handcuffed. Id. Rhodes physically pulled away from the officers causing one of the
officers to lose his grip on her arm. Rhodes would not allow the officers to take control
of her arms and kept trying to move her arms in front of her body to prevent the officers
from putting her in handcuffs. It took the officers approximately fifteen seconds to get
Rhodes under control and place her in handcuffs.
On October 21, 2013, the State charged Rhodes with resisting law enforcement as
a class A misdemeanor and criminal mischief as a class B misdemeanor.2 A bench trial
was held on December 4, 2013, at the conclusion of which the trial court found Rhodes
guilty of resisting law enforcement. The same day, the trial court sentenced Rhodes to 1
year in the Marion County Jail with 271 days suspended and credit for 47 days she spent
incarcerated prior to sentencing.
2
The trial court granted the State’s motion to dismiss the criminal mischief charge prior to trial.
3
On appeal, Rhodes argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain her
conviction for resisting law enforcement. Our standard of reviewing challenges to
the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a criminal conviction is well settled.
When reviewing a claim that the evidence introduced at trial was
insufficient to support a conviction, we consider only the probative
evidence and reasonable inferences that support the trial court’s finding of
guilt. We likewise consider conflicting evidence in the light most favorable
to the trial court’s finding. It is therefore not necessary that the evidence
overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Instead, we will
affirm the conviction unless no reasonable trier of fact could have found the
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Gray v. State, 957 N.E.2d 171, 174 (Ind. 2011). When considering a challenge to the
evidence, we neither reweigh the evidence nor assess the credibility of witnesses. Turner
v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039 (Ind. 2011).
Rhodes contends that the evidence is not sufficient to prove the “forcibly” element
set out in I.C. § 35-44.1-3-1(a)(1), which provides, “A person who knowingly or
intentionally . . . forcibly resists, obstructs, or interferes with a law enforcement officer or
a person assisting the officer while the officer is lawfully engaged in the execution of the
officer’s duties . . . commits resisting law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor[.]”
(emphasis supplied). With respect to the “forcibly” element, this court has stated:
the term “forcibly” modifies “resists, obstructs, or interferes.” Spangler v.
State, 607 N.E.2d 720, 723 (Ind. 1993). Thus, the word “forcibly” is a
word descriptive of the type of resistance proscribed by law, and
“[r]esistance, obstruction, or interference with force is the action the statute
addresses.” Id. One “forcibly resists” law enforcement when “strong,
powerful, violent means are used to evade a law enforcement official’s
rightful exercise of duties.” Id. However, the force necessary to sustain a
conviction need not rise to the level of mayhem, and our supreme court has
acknowledged that a “modest level of resistance” may suffice. Graham v.
4
State, 903 N.E.2d 963, 965 (Ind. 2009) (citing Johnson v. State, 833 N.E.2d
516, 517 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)).
Stansberry v. State, 954 N.E.2d 507, 510-11 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Forcible resistance
“should not be understood as requiring an overwhelming or extreme level of force. The
element may be satisfied with even a modest exertion of strength, power, or violence.”
Walker v. State, 998 N.E.2d 724, 727 (Ind. 2013).
As recently recognized by our Supreme Court, there is no strict bright-line test for
whether a defendant acts “forcibly.” Walker v. State, 998 N.E.2d 724. Rather, appellate
courts consider the facts of each case and then place them “along a spectrum of force,
though often with the facts varying only by slight degrees.” Id. at 727. Our Supreme
Court has acknowledged that the fact-sensitive nature of such cases leads to “a degree of
unpredictability in outcome, for both the defendant and the State.” Id. at 727-28.
A survey of previous cases shows that merely walking away from a law-
enforcement encounter, see, e.g., Spangler v. State, 607 N.E.2d 720 (Ind. 1993), leaning
away from an officer’s grasp, see, e.g., A.C. v. State, 929 N.E.2d 907 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010), or “twisting and turning ‘a little bit’ ” against an officer’s actions, see, e.g., Ajabu
v. State, 704 N.E.2d 494, 495-96 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), do not establish “forcible”
resistance. On the other hand, pushing away from an officer with one’s shoulders while
cursing and yelling while the officer is attempting to conduct a search of one’s person
and then “stiffen[ing] up” when officers tried to put him in a police vehicle does
constitute forcible resistance. See Johnson v. State, 833 N.E.2d 516, 517 (Ind. Ct. App.
2005).
5
In McCaffrey v. State, 605 N.E.2d 241 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), the defendant refused
to obey officers’ orders to stand and had to ultimately be carried to the police car by two
police officers. Upon arrival at the jail, the defendant refused to exit the police car and
pulled his legs up and would not put them down. This court held that the defendant’s
actions were not a mere passive refusal to act; rather, the defendant’s refusal to leave the
police car or to put his feet on the ground constituted sufficient force to sustain his
conviction for resisting law enforcement. In Stansberry v. State, 954 N.E.2d 507, the act
of placing one’s hands on the casing of a doorway to resist leaving the house was found
to be sufficient force to support a conviction of resisting law enforcement.
In the present case, Rhodes pulled away from one of the officers such that the
officer lost his grip on her arm. Breaking an officer’s grasp requires exerting at least as
much force as pushing away or stiffening up. See Johnson v. State, 833 N.E.2d 516.
Moreover, in response to the officers’ attempts to place Rhodes in handcuffs, Rhodes
straightened her arms and tried to tuck them under herself. This is similar to pulling up
one’s legs, see McCaffrey v. State, 605 N.E.2d 241, or holding on to a doorframe to
prevent oneself from being handcuffed. See Stansberry, 954 N.E.2d 507. Indeed,
Rhodes used such force that it took two police officers approximately fifteen seconds to
get control of her arms and place her in handcuffs. The facts of this case sufficiently
establish that Rhodes forcibly resisted the officers.
Contrary to Rhodes’s claim on appeal, the outcome in this case is not dictated by
the result reached in K.W. v. State, 984 N.E.2d 610 (Ind. 2013). In K.W., the juvenile
“merely . . . ‘began to resist and pull away,’ or ‘turned, [and] pulled away.’” Id. at 612.
6
The Court held that nothing in the description of the incident suggested that the juvenile
exerted any strength, power, or violence “beyond what is inherent in taking a step away.”
Id. at 613. As noted above, Rhodes’s actions fall farther on the side of the continuum for
forceful resistance. Rhodes pulled her arm away from the officer such that one officer
lost his grasp on her arm. Rhodes then continued using force against the officers by
straightening her arms and trying to prevent the officers from placing her in handcuffs by
hiding her arms underneath her. The facts support the trial court’s determination that
Rhodes knowingly or intentionally forcibly resisted a law enforcement officer while the
officer was lawfully engaged in the execution of the officer’s duties. We therefore
conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support Rhodes’s conviction for resisting law
enforcement as a class A misdemeanor.
Judgment affirmed.
VAIDIK, C.J., and MAY, J., concur.
7