Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
Nov 02 2012, 9:13 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of CLERK
of the supreme court,
establishing the defense of res judicata, court of appeals and
tax court
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
STEPHEN T. OWENS GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
J. MICHAEL SAUER ELLEN H. MEILAENDER
Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
DENNIS LEER, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 20A04-1204-PC-185
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE ELKHART CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Gene R. Duffin, Senior Judge
Cause No. 20C01-0807-PC-10
November 2, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
Dennis Leer appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR), by
which he sought to challenge the sentence he received following his conviction of murder.
Leer presents the following restated issue for review: Did the post-conviction court err in
determining that Leer’s trial and appellate counsel did not render ineffective assistance in
failing to challenge the imposition of Leer’s sixty-year sentence for murder consecutively to
a sentence for an unrelated conviction for attempted murder?
We reverse and remand with instructions.
The facts of the underlying occurrence were set out in this court’s affirmance of
Leer’s conviction upon direct appeal, as follows:
Leer and Marie Kline were friends in high school in the 1980s. During
the summer of 1985, Leer and his girlfriend briefly shared an apartment with
Marie and her boyfriend. During that time, Leer and Marie became involved
in a sexual relationship. After the couples moved apart, Leer and his girlfriend
got married and no longer saw Marie.
Two years later, between Thanksgiving and Christmas in 1987, Leer
and his wife happened to see Marie at a local shopping mall. The Leers
invited Marie to their home for dinner. During the dinner, Marie and Leer’s
wife decided that they would try and keep in touch and get together more than
they had in the past. Around that time, the Leers began experiencing marital
problems because Leer’s wife thought Leer was spending too much time with
one of his friends. For example, Leer’s wife became very angry when Leer
and his friend went out of town on Christmas Eve and Leer was not at home
with her and their new baby.
During this time, Marie was living with her father and her brother and
working both a full-time and a part-time job. On December 29, 1987, Marie
went to bed after eating dinner with her father and brother. When Marie’s
father (“Kline”) went to bed, he turned off all of the interior and exterior lights
and locked the front door. At approximately 1:00 a.m., someone rang the front
doorbell. Kline heard Marie get up and answer the door and he then fell back
to sleep. When Kline got up the following morning, he noticed that Marie was
not at home. Kline also noticed that Marie’s car was still in the garage, the
exterior lights on the house were on, and the front door was unlocked. Kline
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further noticed in the snow on his driveway one set of footprints leading from
the driveway to the front door of the house and two sets of footprints leading
from the front door of the house back to the driveway. The footprints ended as
if two people had each gotten into a different side of the same vehicle.
When Marie’s employer called looking for Marie because she had not
reported for work that morning, Kline contacted the police to report that Marie
was missing. The police found Marie’s coat on a pile of snow in a church
parking lot about a mile from her house. There appeared to be a bullet hole
and blood on the left side of the jacket.
A few days later, on January 1, 1988, the police found Marie’s dead
body in a nearby open field. She was lying on her back with her arms
positioned over her head, and her intestines were coming out of a gunshot
wound on her left side. Marie had also been shot in the mouth. Her jaw was
fractured, the back of her throat and the base of her skull were perforated, and
her brain stem was blown away. Both shots were made with a shotgun, as
evidenced by the numerous shotgun pellets found inside Marie’s wounds. In
addition, the police found a spent twelve-gauge shotgun shell near Marie’s
body.
The police also noticed drag marks in the snow from the road to the
body. There was a large pool of blood in one area of the drag-path. The
police further noticed one set of footprints going from the road to the large
pool of blood on the drag-path, then back to the road, back to the drag-path,
and on to where the body was found. Vaginal and cervical swabs were taken
from Marie during an autopsy.
The Elkhart County Sheriff’s Department investigated the case and
considered several suspects, including Anthony Zeiger and Michael
Lambright, Marie’s former boyfriends and Scott Ulrich, her boyfriend at the
time of her death. No arrests were made however. In 2002, the Sheriff’s
Department turned the case over to the Indiana State Police Cold Case Squad.
The detectives assigned to the case sent Marie’s vaginal and cervical slides to
the crime lab, which discovered sufficient spermatozoa on the slides from
which DNA could be extracted and analyzed for comparison purposes.
Subsequent tests revealed that Leer’s DNA matched the DNA found on
Marie’s vaginal and cervical slides.
Also in 2002, Leer’s fiancée,1 Crystal Lam, learned from Leer’s brother
that Leer had previously been involved in a sexual relationship with Marie.
1
Apparently, Leer was divorced from the woman to whom he had been married at the time of Marie’s death.
3
When Lam confronted Leer with this information, Leer told her that he had
had sexual intercourse with Marie the night she disappeared. According to
Leer, his car got stuck in the snow that night, and he went to Marie’s house
between twelve and one o’clock in the morning to see if her brother could help
him. Marie answered the door and told him that her brother was sleeping but
that she could help. They walked to his car, got it out of the snow, and had
sexual intercourse. Marie then accompanied Leer to pick up a friend. On the
way back to Marie’s house, the friend and Marie got into an argument when
the friend insulted Marie’s brother, and the friend used Leer’s twelve-gauge
shotgun to shoot Marie.
The friend told Leer to stop the car, and the friend dragged Marie into a
field. Leer heard another gunshot, and the friend came back to the car and told
Leer to drive away. The friend had Marie’s coat and asked Leer to pull into a
nearby church parking lot where the friend left the coat. Thinking that she was
helping Leer, Lam told Leer’s story to the police. Leer was subsequently
charged with and convicted of murder. He did not testify at trial and never
named the friend that allegedly killed Marie.
Leer v. State, No. 02A04-0412-CR-701, 846 N.E.2d 374 (Ind. Ct. App. April 18, 2006), slip
op. at 2-5.
On October 8, 2004, following a jury trial, Leer was convicted of murdering Marie
Kline. His conviction was affirmed by this court upon direct appeal, as set out above. On
July 11, 2008, Leer, pro se, filed a PCR petition. The Indiana Public Defender entered its
appearance on Leer’s behalf, after which Leer’s petition was amended. Following an
evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court denied Leer’s petition on March 19, 2012.
In a post-conviction proceeding such as this, the petitioner bears the burden of
establishing his claims for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Kubsch v. State, 934
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N.E.2d 1138 (Ind. 2010). When appealing from the denial of a PCR petition, the petitioner
stands in the position of one appealing from a negative judgment and therefore must show
that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that
reached by the post-conviction court. Id. We further observe that the post-conviction court
is the sole judge of the weight of the evidence and credibility of witnesses. Fisher v. State,
810 N.E.2d 674 (Ind. 2004). Therefore, its findings and judgment will be reversed only upon
a showing of clear error, i.e., that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138.
Leer was convicted in 1988 of attempted murder as a class A felony and sentenced to
forty years imprisonment. Following his 2004 conviction for murder, the trial court
sentenced Leer to sixty years imprisonment, to be served consecutively to the forty-year
sentence for the 1988 conviction. In his unsuccessful direct appeal of the 2004 conviction,
Leer presented four issues for review, but did not challenge the consecutive aspect of his
sentence.
In the present appeal of the denial of his PCR petition, Leer contends trial and
appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to challenge the trial court’s order
to impose his sixty-year sentence in the present case consecutively to the forty-year sentence
in the 1988 case. Leer was represented by the same attorney both at trial and upon direct
appeal and presents his argument in the form of ineffective assistance of both trial and
appellate counsel. We note, however, that this is not a scenario in which trial counsel is
required, or even expected, to lodge an objection. See Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1194
(Ind. 2006) (“[c]ounsel need not object to preserve a sentencing error for review”).
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Therefore, we will analyze this issue as involving a claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel.
A claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel is evaluated using the standard
articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984). Hampton v. State, 961 N.E.2d 480 (Ind. 2012). In order to establish a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate that counsel performed
deficiently and the deficiency resulted in prejudice. Id. In applying this standard, we ask
whether, in view of all the circumstances, counsel’s actions were “reasonable ... under
prevailing professional norms.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 688. Our scrutiny of
counsel’s performance must be “highly deferential.” Hampton v. State, 961 N.E.2d at 491
(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689). Moreover, even if we deem appellate
counsel’s performance to be deficient, the petitioner will not prevail unless he or she
demonstrates “a reasonable probability that the outcome of the direct appeal would have been
different.” Id.
We begin with an inquiry into whether consecutive sentences were authorized in
Leer’s case at the time of sentencing. The authority to impose consecutive sentences is
granted by Ind. Code Ann. § 35-50-1-2 (West, Westlaw current with all 2012 legislation).
“The general rule is that the sentence in effect at the time of the commission of the crime is
the proper penalty.” Richards v. State, 681 N.E.2d 208, 213 (Ind. 1997). Therefore, we must
determine whether the version of I.C. § 35-50-1-2 in effect at the time Leer committed the
murder authorized consecutive sentences in the manner imposed by the trial court.
I.C. § 35-50-1-2 contains provisions pertaining to discretionary consecutive sentences
6
(found in subsection (a) at the time Leer committed this offense) and mandatory consecutive
sentences (subsection (b) at the time). The discretionary provision applies here. Both parties
agree that on December 29, 1987, I.C. § 35-50-1-2 conferred upon trial courts the discretion
to order that two sentences be served consecutively even if those two sentences were not
imposed contemporaneously. See, e.g., Hutchinson v. State, 477 N.E.2d 850 (Ind. 1985).
That changed, however, with our Supreme Court’s decision in Kendrick v. State, 529 N.E.2d
1311 (Ind. 1988). In Kendrick, upon petition for post-conviction relief, the appellant sought
to withdraw a guilty plea on grounds that he was not advised that as a consequence of his
plea, he might in later cases be ordered to serve those sentences consecutively to the one he
would then be serving. The Supreme Court affirmed the post-conviction court’s denial of the
PCR petition. In so doing, the Court concluded – for the first time – that a court could
impose consecutive sentences under I.C. § 35-50-1-2 only when said sentences were imposed
contemporaneously with each other. The Court explained:
The language employed in Section (a) above by the legislature is restrictive.
The general authority is limited to those occasions when a court is meting out
two or more terms of imprisonment. If a court is contemporaneously imposing
two or more sentences, it is granted the general statutory authority to order
them to be served consecutive to one another. Section (a) does no more than
this.
Kendrick v. State, 529 N.E.2d at 1312.2
As indicated above, Kendrick was decided after Leer committed the present offense
and thus was not the law applicable to his sentence at the time. Leer claims, however, that
the court “was required to sentence Leer in accordance with Kendrick v. State” because in
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Bartruff v. State, 553 N.E.2d 485 (Ind. 1990) and Seay v. State, 550 N.E.2d 1284 (Ind. 1990),
the Supreme Court determined that the defendants in those cases should have been sentenced
consistent with the principles announced in Kendrick even though, as here, they committed
their respective crimes before Kendrick was decided. Leer also directs our attention to a case
of even more recent vintage, Stites v. State, 829 N.E.2d 527 (Ind. 2005), in support of this
argument.
In Stites, in approximately1985, the defendant/appellant pled guilty to murder in an
agreement calling for Stites to serve a term of forty years imprisonment, to run consecutively
to a sentence imposed previously for a separate conviction. As part of the plea agreement,
the State agreed not to seek the death penalty. In 2002, Stites filed a petition for post-
conviction relief, alleging that her murder sentence was illegal because the trial court lacked
authority to order the sentence to be served consecutively to any other sentence. The post-
conviction court denied the petition following a hearing. The Supreme Court affirmed that
decision on grounds that Stites could not enter a plea agreement calling for an illegal
sentence, benefit from that sentence, and then later complain that it was an illegal sentence.
In so doing, however, the Court noted, citing Kendrick, “[a]t the time Stites committed the
offense the statute governing consecutive sentences was limited to those occasions where the
court was meting out two or more terms of imprisonment at one time.” Id. at 529. Stites thus
established that, for purposes of post-conviction review, cases decided before Kendrick were
nonetheless subject to the Kendrick holding that a court could order sentences to run
2
In 1994, the General Assembly modified I.C. § 35-50-1-2 and impliedly overruled this aspect of Kendrick.
The relevant portion of the statute now reads, “The court may order terms of imprisonment to be served
8
consecutively under I.C. § 35-50-1-2(a) only if those sentences were being imposed at the
same time. This is true regardless of the fact that the law was otherwise before Kendrick, i.e.,
regardless of whether consecutive sentences were authorized by Hutchinson at the time the
defendant committed the offense in question. Stites also renders irrelevant the State’s claim
that a subsequent revision to I.C. § 35-50-1-2, which effectively overruled Kendrick and
reinstated the Hutchinson view of consecutive sentencing, rendered Kendrick a mistake that
we need not follow. Although the statute was amended, it occurred before Stites was decided
and thus was within the contemplation of the Supreme Court when it held in 2005 that
Kendrick applied to a sentence imposed in 1985.
Therefore, pursuant to Stites, with respect to crimes committed before I.C. § 35-50-1-2
was amended in 1994, Kendrick forbade ordering two or more sentences to run consecutively
unless those sentences were imposed at the same time. We now turn to the dispositive
question in this case, which is – did appellate counsel render ineffective assistance of counsel
in failing to challenge Leer’s consecutive sentences in 2005 on the basis of Kendrick? We
conclude that he did, based primarily upon a case even more closely analogous to the present
case than Stites.
In Nuckles v. State, 691 N.E.2d 211 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), the defendant was convicted
of attempted murder and theft, and determined to be a habitual offender. The court ordered
that the sentences for those offenses would be served consecutively to the sentence imposed
with respect to an earlier, separate conviction. The issue of consecutive sentencing was not
presented in Nuckles’s direct appeal. Upon post-conviction relief, Nuckles claimed that
consecutively even if the sentences are not imposed at the same time.” I.C. § 35-50-1-2 (c)(2).
9
appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to present the issue.
The situation in Nuckles resembles the one before us in the present case in every relevant
respect. Nuckles committed his crimes in 1987. He was convicted and sentenced for those
offenses before November 1988. Thus, Nuckles and Leer committed their offenses after
Hutchinson but before Kendrick was decided. Both received sentences that were imposed
consecutively to a sentence imposed in a separate, unrelated cause. Both filed direct appeals
of their convictions after Kendrick, but did not challenge the imposition of consecutive
sentences. Both appealed their consecutive sentences upon post-conviction relief on grounds
that appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to challenge the
imposition of consecutive sentences upon direct appeal. The post-conviction court denied
their petitions in both cases.
In Nuckles, the court noted that because the issue was waived for failure to present it
upon direct appeal, the appellant could succeed only if he established that appellate counsel’s
failure to present the issue constituted fundamental error. The court held that it did,
explaining:
At the time Nuckles was sentenced, the imposition of consecutive sentences
such as the trial court ordered was not contrary to then-existing legal authority.
Approximately six months after Nuckles’s sentencing, however, our supreme
court decided a case that arguably could have been interpreted as prohibiting
the imposition of consecutive sentences except in those instances when the
court was simultaneously imposing two or more sentences. See Kendrick v.
State, 529 N.E.2d 1311 (Ind. 1988). The court later clarified that such was
indeed the meaning of the holding in Kendrick. See Weaver v. State, 664
N.E.2d 1169 (Ind. 1996). Therefore, as later clarified in Kendrick and Weaver,
the trial court erred in ordering that the sentences for the instant offenses be
served consecutively to the sentence imposed for the prior offenses. Appellate
counsel’s failure to present the issue was of constitutional proportions because
this court has determined that “fundamental error ... include[s] illegal
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sentences in violation of express statutory authority or an erroneous
interpretation of a penalty provision.” Thompson v. State, 634 N.E.2d 775,
777 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (emphasis in original).
Because the error in imposing consecutive sentences constituted fundamental
error not subject to waiver, appellate counsel’s failure to present the issue
constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
Nuckles v. State, 691 N.E.2d at 215. We can find no meaningful distinction between the
situation before the court in Nuckles and Leer’s situation in the present case.
The State nevertheless contends, and the post-conviction court agreed, that even if
Kendrick applies to this case, consecutive sentences were authorized by Buell v. State, 668
N.E.2d 251 (Ind. 1996) and Elswick v. State, 706 N.E.2d 592 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). In Buell,
the defendant was charged with murdering a woman and her daughter. A trial resulted in a
guilty verdict with respect to the mother, but the jury was unable to reach a verdict with
respect to the daughter. The defendant was retried for murdering the daughter and this trial
resulted in a conviction. Both trials were conducted in the same court and before the same
judge. The court ordered the sentence for the second conviction to be served consecutively
to the sentence for the first conviction. The defendant challenged the imposition of
consecutive sentences, citing Kendrick for the proposition that the trial court was not
authorized to order that the sentences from the second trial be served consecutively to those
imposed in the first trial. The Court rejected that argument, stating:
Unlike the situation in Kendrick, the judge in this case imposed consecutive
sentences for closely related offenses that were first charged in the same
information and all tried in the same court. But for the hung jury and
subsequent mistrial, the court would have sentenced Buell on all counts
contemporaneously. We agree with the State that the rule of Kendrick does
not apply. The court was authorized to impose consecutive sentences.
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Buell v. State, 668 N.E.2d at 252.
In Elswick, while in jail and awaiting trial for the murder of one person and the
attempted murder of another, the defendant attempted to arrange the murder of the victim of
the attempted-murder charge. In separate jury trials before the same judge, the defendant
was first convicted on the murder and attempted murder charges, and then convicted of
conspiracy to murder the surviving victim. The trial court sentenced him to fifty years for the
charge related to the attempted arranged murder and ordered that it be served consecutively
to the sentences for murder and attempted murder. Citing Kendrick, the defendant
challenged the imposition of consecutive sentences. The court rejected this challenge upon
the following rationale.
Here, the conspiracy conviction was closely related to Elswick’s convictions
for murder and attempted murder. Had Elswick succeeded in his conspiracy,
he well might have avoided conviction of murder and attempted murder and
would have accomplished the previously attempted murder of Kyle. In
addition, the trial judge imposing the sentences presided over both trials.
Consequently, we conclude that the facts of this case are more closely aligned
with those in Buell v. State. In Buell, the supreme court made an exception to
the strict rule in Kendrick, holding that the trial court has the discretionary
power to order consecutive sentences for closely related offenses, tried in the
same court even where the sentences are not imposed contemporaneously.
Elswick v. State, 706 N.E.2d at 594.
In the present case, the post-conviction court concluded that even if Kendrick applied
in this case, Buell and Elswick “rejected the per se application of the ‘contemporaneous
rule’”, Appellant’s Appendix at 84, especially in cases of “‘closely related offenses, tried in
the same court even where the sentences are not imposed contemporaneously.’” Id. (quoting
Elswick v. State, 706 N.E.2d at 594). The post-conviction court further concluded that Leer’s
12
convictions fit within the exception carved out in Buell and Elswick because: “Both of
[Leer’s] cases were tried in the Elkhart Circuit Court. Although the judges differed, the facts
of the prior conviction were known to both judges.” Appellant’s Appendix at 84. It appears
the post-conviction court determined that the commonalities of Leer’s separate convictions,
i.e., that they emanated from the same court and, “[a]lthough the judges differed, the facts of
the prior conviction were known to both judges”, id., bring this case within the Buell
exception. We believe it takes more than this.
In the first place, in both Buell and Elswick, the same judge presided over both of the
defendant’s trials. That was not the case here, and it is not enough to cure the deficiency that
the judges apparently “knew the facts of the prior conviction.” Id. Second, and more
importantly, the two cases in question must share more in common than the mere fact that
they were tried in the same court. In both Buell and Elswick, the convictions whose
sentences were imposed consecutively were interconnected, factually speaking. That does
not appear to be the case with respect to Leer’s convictions of murder and attempted murder.
In fact, we find no indication that they share any commonalities other than that Leer was the
perpetrator. If that were enough, not only would Kendrick be eviscerated, but there would be
no practical limitation on the imposition of consecutive sentences in any case.
We conclude that Kendrick does apply and that the exception to Kendrick created in
Buell and discussed in Elswick does not. Accordingly, we reverse the denial of Leer’s PCR
petition and remand with instructions to grant the petition and to correct his sentence to
reflect that the sentence for murder is to be served concurrently with the earlier sentence for
attempted murder.
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Judgment reversed and remanded with instructions.
BROWN, J., and PYLE, J., concur.
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