FILE
IN CLERK'S OFFICE
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
DATE SEP 2 5 2014
......,,. •'
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
Respondent, No. 85809-8
v. En Bane
WILLIAM GLEN SMITH, Filed SEP 2 5 2014
Petitioner.
J.M. JOHNSON, J. *-This case presents the issue of whether sidebar
conferences implicate a criminal defendant's right to a public trial under
article I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution and require a conviction
to be overturned. William Glen Smith claims that the trial court violated his
public trial right when courtroom limitations led to holding "sidebar"
conferences in a hallway outside the courtroom on the record with counsel
present. Smith argues that these sidebars were courtroom closures subject to
State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 906 P.2d 325 (1995). Because the trial
*Justice James M. Johnson is serving as a justice pro tempore ofthe Supreme Court
pursuant to Washington Constitution article IV, section 2(a).
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
court did not perform a Bone-Club analysis, he requests that this court reverse
his conviction and grant him a new trial.
We hold that sidebars do not implicate the public trial right. This court
uses the experience and logic test to evaluate whether a particular proceeding
implicates the public trial right. State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 73, 292 P.3d
715 (2012). Sidebars are not subject to the public trial right under the
experience and logic test because they have not historically been open to the
public and because allowing public access would play no positive role in the
proceeding. Although the practice of holding sidebars in a hallway outside
the courtroom is unusual, the form of these hallway conferences was
consistent with the role traditionally filled by sidebars and so they do not
implicate the public trial right. We affirm the Court of Appeals.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Smith was charged by information with 10 counts of third degree rape
and fourth degree assault with a sexual motivation. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 4-
8. The information was later amended to add one count of second degree
perjury. Jd. at 56-60. The State brought charges after Smith compelled his
niece to enter into a contract purportedly waiving her right to refuse sex or
-2-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
complain civilly or criminally about any sex acts he wanted to perform with
her for 10 years. 1
The Cowlitz County courthouse has a peculiar layout making it difficult
to hold sidebar discussions between counsel and the trial judge outside the
jury's hearing. Suppl. Br. ofPet'r, App. A. To avoid contaminating the jury
with potentially prejudicial rulings on evidentiary objections, these sidebar
discussions occur in a hallway outside the courtroom. Id. The judge throws
a switch before each hallway sidebar that deactivates the recording equipment
in the courtroom and activates a camera and microphone in the hallway to
keep these sidebars on the record. Id. During Smith's trial, 13 2 hallway
"sidebar" 3 conferences occurred. !d. App. A at 2. After the trial, the jury
1
The contract also contained a liquidated damages clause provided that if the victim ever
denied consent, she would have to pay "the Pro-Rated Balance of$10,000.00 ten thousand
dollars minus $1,000.00 one thousand dollars per year." Ex. 5.
2
The dissent agrees that the sidebar to discuss a time for recess does not implicate the
public trial right. Dissent at 4 & n.3. This position is inconsistent and comes
dangerously close to one of the "ministerial" proceedings that are allowed under the
legal-factual test rejected in Sublett. The dissent cites Justice Stephens' Sublett
concurrence for the proposition that the public trial right does not attach to "brief sidebars
to allow counsel to raise concerns that may need to be taken up outside the jury's
presence." Id. at 2 n.2. All sidebars have to take place outside the presence of the jury
because hearing the content would expose the jury to potentially prejudicial evidence.
3
Although the parties disagreed about whether to characterize these hallway conferences
as "sidebars" or something else, we analyze them as sidebars here because that is the role
these conferences played in the trial. The analysis would not change for on the record
evidentiary conferences in chambers.
-3-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
convicted Smith on four counts of third degree rape and one count of second
degree perjury.
On direct appeal Smith alleged, among other things, that 12 of the
hallway sidebars violated his public trial right because the trial court failed to
conduct a Bone-Club analysis. Pet. for Review at 4. Division Two of the
Court of Appeals held that the hallway sidebars did not implicate Smith's
public trial right because they "involved purely ministerial and procedural
matters." State v. Smith, noted at 159 Wn. App. 1011,2011 WL 55972, at *4.
The Court of Appeals affirmed Smith's conviction but remanded only for
resentencing. 2011 WL 55972, at *12. We accepted review solely on the
public trial rights issue and affirm the conviction with a differing analysis.
State v. Smith, 176 Wn.2d 1031,299 P.3d 20 (2013).
ISSUE
The issue is whether sidebar conferences on evidentiary matters in a
hallway outside the courtroom implicate the public trial right. 4
4
The parties also disputed whether Smith invited this alleged error. It is not necessary to
address that issue here because we find the constitutional right does not attach to traditional
sidebars, like those here.
-4-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
ANALYSIS
Whether a defendant's right to a public trial has been violated is a
question of law, subject to de novo review on direct appeal. State v.
Brightman, 155 Wn.2d 506, 514, 122 P.3d 150 (2005) (citing Bone-Club, 128
Wn.2d at 256).
Lower courts in this state continue to struggle with the open courts
doctrine derived from article I, section 22. In Sublett, Chief Justice Madsen
laid out a helpful analytical framework that guides our analysis of public trial
right cases. We
begin by exammmg . . . whether the public trial right is
implicated at all . . . then turn to the question whether, if the
public trial right is implicated, there is in fact a closure of the
courtroom; and if there is a closure, whether ... the closure was
justified.
176 Wn.2d at 92 (Madsen, C.J., concurring). Application of these rules and
framework in this case should provide guidance to trial courts in future cases.
We adopt this three-step framework here. 5
5
Sublett could be read as requiring a two part analysis, first asking whether the public
trial right attaches and then turning to whether there was a violation of the right. See
State v. Wilson, 174 Wn. App. 328, 298 P.3d 148 (2013). However, the question of
whether a closure occurred is a distinct question from whether that closure was justified
because a closure after the trial court conducts a Bone-Club analysis does not violate the
right. State v. Frawley, No. 80727-2, slip op. at 7 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014) (lead opinion).
In both State v. Njonge, No. 86072-6 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014) and State v. Koss, No.
85306-1 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014), the defendants failed to prove that a closure occurred at
-5-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
1. Does the proceeding at issue implicate the public trial right?
The proceeding at issue in this case is a sidebar conference held in a
hallway outside the courtroom. For some time our Court of Appeals drew a
distinction between legal and ministerial proceedings on one hand and
adversarial and factual proceedings on the other. 6 Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 72.
In this case, the Court of Appeals used the legal-factual test. Smith, 2011
WL 55972, at *4. While Smith's petition was pending in this court, we
decided Sublett, which rejected the old legal-factual distinction in favor of the
experience and logic test to determine whether the proceeding at issue
implicates the public trial right. 176 Wn.2d at 73 (citing Press-Enter. Co. v.
Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 8-10, 106 S. Ct. 2735, 92 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1986)).
"The first part of the test, the experience prong, asks 'whether the place
and process have historically been open to the press and general public.' The
logic prong asks 'whether public access plays a significant positive role in the
functioning of the particular process in question."' !d. (citations omitted)
(quoting Press-Enter., '478 U.S. at 8). The guiding principle is "whether
all, ending the inquiry before we reached the question of whether a Bone-Club analysis
occurred to justify the alleged closures.
6
As shorthand, we label it here the "legal-factual test."
-6-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
openness will 'enhance[] both the basic fairness of the criminal trial and the
appearance of fairness so essential to public confidence in the system.'" I d.
at 75 (alteration in original) (quoting Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court, 464
U.S. 501, 508, 104 S. Ct. 819,78 L. Ed. 2d 629 (1984)).
a. The Experience Prong
Sidebar conferences have historically occurred outside the view of the
public. See, e.g., State v. Swenson, 62 Wn.2d 259, 279, 382 P.2d 614 (1963)
(sidebar to address witness concerns about witness's comfort while
testifying); 2 BYRON K. ELLIOTT & WILLIAM F. ELLIOTT, A TREATISE ON
GENERAL PRACTICE CONTAINING RULES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE WORK OF
THE ADVOCATE IN THE PREPARATION FOR TRIAL, CONDUCT OF THE TRIAL AND
PREPARATION FOR APPEAL 714 (1894) (advocating offers of proof in response
to evidentiary objections in writing or otherwise outside the jury's hearing);
JAMES W. JEANS, TRIAL ADVOCACY§ 14.7, at 355 (1975) (advocating use of
sidebar conferences as the preferred practice to address issues discreetly
outside the hearing of the jury); see also In re Det. of Ticeson, 159 Wn. App.
374, 384-86, 246 P.3d 550 (2011) (abrogated for use of the legal-factual test).
The defendant in Ticeson invoked his public trial right to challenge an in-
chambers conference on the admissibility of "certain deposition testimony."
-7-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
Ticeson, 159 Wn. App. at 378. In rejecting the defendant's claim, the Ticeson
court noted that
In the case of sidebar discussions, issues arising with the
jury present would always require interrupting trial to send the
jury to the jury room, often located some distance from the
courtroom, thereby occasioning long delays every time the court
wishes to caution counsel or hear more than a simple "objection,
Your Honor." This would do nothing to make the trial more fair,
to foster public trust, or to serve as a check on judges by way of
public scrutiny.
Id. at 386 n.38. The court reasoned that the "public trial right is not served by
such a reading, and the ability of judges [to run orderly courtrooms] would be
greatly hindered without a corresponding public benefit." Id. at 386. 7
Smith offers no effective response to this history or the practical
difficulties in extending our public trial jurisprudence to sidebar conferences
on evidence. 8 Without any evidence the public has traditionally participated
7
While Smith alleges a violation of his article I, section 22 public trial right rather than
section 10, the two are closely linked. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d at 259 ("The section
10 guaranty of public access to proceedings and the section 22 public trial right serve
complementary and interdependent functions in assuring the fairness of our judicial
system." (citing CONST. art. I, § 10)). Sidebars occur in both criminal and civil trials.
While some civil trial proceedings implicating section 10 might be different from the
section 22 criminal case before us now, sidebars are not traditionally open in either civil or
criminal trials.
8
The dissent downplays the inconvenience of sending the jury out of the courtroom
"approximately four times a day." Dissent at 6. But neither Smith nor the dissent can
point to any case holding that sidebar conferences to address speaking objections to
evidence during trial are unconstitutional. Such a holding would be unprecedented and
-8-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
in sidebars, the experience prong cannot be met. Instead, Smith relies on
several examples that are easily distinguishable.
In Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d at 256, this court held that a pretrial
suppression proceeding implicated the public trial right. In Bone-Club, the
court closed the courtroom during the testimony of an undercover police
officer to protect the confidentiality of his undercover activities. I d. at 257.
Sidebars are different. Pretrial suppression hearings rule on issues with a
significant impact in the community. 9 Proper sidebars, on the other hand, deal
with the mundane issues implicating little public interest. Wise, 176 Wn.2d
at 5. 10
In State v. Easterling, 157 Wn.2d 167, 137 P.3d 825 (2006), the court
closed the courtroom during a codefendant's combined motion to sever and
dismiss. Id. at 172. The hearing involved discussion about whether the state
extreme. This is not merely "bow[ing] to convenience;" it is a proper application of the
experience and logic test to a prolific and historic practice. !d.
9
One example is whether a police search violated a defendant's privacy rights under
article I, section 7 of the Washington State Constitution.
10
We caution that merely characterizing something as a "sidebar" does not make it so.
To avoid implicating the public trial right, sidebars must be limited in content to their
traditional subject areas, should be done only to avoid disrupting the flow of trial, and
must either be on the record or be promptly memorialized in the record. Whether the
event in question is actually a sidebar is part of the experience prong inquiry and is not
subject to the old legal-factual test.
-9-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
had acted in bad faith. I d. & n. 7. The proceeding at issue in Easterling was
simply not akin to a sidebar. The closure in that case clearly implicated
Easterling's rights because of the appearance of impropriety. Courts have a
strong "interest in protecting the transparency and fairness of criminal trials."
ld. at 178. The proceeding in Easterling "undermined the fairness of the
process" because the defendant and his attorney were excluded from the
pretrial hearing along with the rest of the public. ld. In this case, Smith's
counsel was present at and participated in every sidebar.
Smith also cites Rovinsky v. McKaskle, 722 F.2d 197, 198 (5th Cir.
1984). In that case, the Fifth Circuit reversed a conviction where the trial
judge heard arguments in chambers on motions to limit the scope of cross
examination of two witnesses. First, the Fifth Circuit did not employ the
experience and logic test in concluding the motion hearing should have been
conducted in open court. Second, even if the Rovinsky court correctly
concluded that the public trial right attached to that hearing, there is an
important difference between the type of sidebars here-contemporaneously
addressing speaking objections throughout trial-and the motions in
Rovinsky. The motions concerned two specific witnesses and were brought
before trial commenced but not considered until both witnesses had provided
-10-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
direct testimony. !d. at 199. Like Easterling, the proceeding in Rovinsky is
not analogous to the sidebars here. 11 Third, the Rovinsky court expressly
stated that "[s]idebar conferences in which the defendant's counsel
participates without objection do not violate the right to a public trial." Id. at
201. The public trial right is, among other things, a prophylactic measure
allowing the public to observe the process and weigh the defendant's guilt or
innocence for itself. 12 !d. at 201-02. The sidebars in this case would not aid
the public in assessing Smith's guilt or innocence. Finally, the sidebars here
are further distinguishable from the motions in Rovinsky because there is a
video and audio record. Any inquiring member of the public can discover
exactly what happened at sidebar. Smith has not satisfied the experience
prong.
11
A helpful analogy is the difference between setting ground rules prior to a baseball
game versus the umpire calling balls and strikes during the game. Pretrial motions set the
rules of a trial while a judge's rulings on evidence determine whether a party has strayed
outside those rules.
12
We in no way question the importance of the public trial right in Washington.
Rovinsky applies to the federal public trial right. Our founders enshrined the public trial
right in article I of our state constitution. The right to a public trial is a core safeguard to
the justice system and fair trials, and it is an important check on the judiciary. Wise, 176
Wn.2d at 5-6.
-11-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
b. The Logic Prong
The logic prong asks "'whether public access plays a significant
positive role in the functioning of the particular process in question."' Sublett,
176 Wn.2d at 73 (quoting Press-Enter., 478 U.S. at 8). Smith articulates no
specific interest that is served by ensuring that the public is privy to a sidebar,
and it is difficult to conceive of one. Indeed, forcing the jury in and out of the
courtroom repeatedly whenever an objection is made at trial would be a
problematic practice. 13 But more importantly, evidentiary rulings that are the
subject of traditional sidebars do not invoke any of the concerns the public
trial right is meant to address regarding perjury, transparency, or the
appearance of fairness. See Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 77. Critically, the sidebars
here were contemporaneously memorialized and recorded, thus negating any
concern about secrecy. The public was not prevented from knowing what
occurred. Nothing positive is added by allowing the public to intrude on the
huddle at the bench in real time. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 97-98 (Madsen, C.J.,
concurring) (quoting Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555,
598 n.23, 100 S. Ct. 2814,65 L. Ed. 2d 973 (1980) (Brennan, J., concurring)).
13
While we assume that juries follow their instructions, we must also acknowledge that
juries are made of imperfect human beings subject to the annoyance of constantly
marching in and out of the courtroom.
-12-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
No logic compels the conclusion that sidebars must be conducted in open
court.
Applying our own logic to the situation does not advance Smith's
argument. Many lawyers fail to fully appreciate the complexities of the
hearsay rule and its many exceptions. For the public, discussions on hearsay
and the prior inconsistent statement exception are practically a foreign
language. Such rulings are exclusively within the province of the trial judge
under ER 104(a). Nothing is added to the functioning of the trial by insisting
that the defendant or public be present during sidebar or in-chambers
conferences. Indeed, the trial court did what ER 104( c) requires in the interest
of justice by preventing the jury from hearing discussions on potentially
inadmissible evidence. The logic prong weighs against Smith.
Sidebars have traditionally been held outside the hearing of both the
jury and the public. Because allowing the public to "intrude upon the huddle"
would add nothing positive to sidebars in our courts, we hold that a sidebar
conference, even if held outside the courtroom, does not implicate
Washington's public trial right. 14 See supra p. 11.
14
This holding is simply common sense. In a sidebar the judge and counsel necessarily
speak in hushed voices to prevent the jury from overhearing potentially prejudicial
information. Spectators in the pews behind counsel tables are often farther away from the
-13-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
Finding that the sidebars or evidentiary conferences in this case did not
implicate the public trial right, the court need not reach the remaining three
steps in this case. However, we provide the following guidance to assist
reviewing courts in the future.
2. Was there a closure?
A closure occurs "when the courtroom is completely and purposefully
closed to spectators so that no one may enter and no one may leave." State v.
Lormor, 172 Wn.2d 85, 93,257 P.3d 624 (2011). This court has adopted the
experience and logic test to determine whether a closure occurred in the
absence of an express closure on the record. In re Pers. Restraint of Yates,
177 Wn.2d 1, 28-29, 296 P.3d 872 (2013). When no closure exists, the trial
court judge "possesses broad discretion [including] the power to remove
distracting spectators" and to provide orderly conduct to ensure a fair
proceeding. Lormor, 172 Wn.2d at 93-94 (applying RCW 2.28.010).
The court need not reach this step if the answer to the first question is
negative. Because the sidebar conferences in this case do not implicate the
public trial right, the court need not determine whether they were closed.
bench than the jury. If the jury cannot hear a sidebar, then the public almost certainly
cannot hear it either.
-14-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
3. Was the closure justified?
A closure unaccompanied by a Bone-Club analysis on the record will
almost never be considered justified. A trial court that properly conducts a
Bone-Club analysis and enters a finding on the record that the closure is
justified will almost never be overturned because such a determination is
subject to review for abuse of discretion. Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 11. When a
court fails to conduct an express Bone-Club analysis a reviewing court may
examine the record to determine if the trial court effectively weighed the
defendant's public trial right against other compelling interests. Momah, 167
Wn.2d at 156. However, we have said that "it is unlikely that we will ever
again see a case like Momah where there is effective, but not express
compliance with Bone-Club" and thus far, our prediction has been correct.
Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 15.
Again, because the sidebar conferences in this case do not implicate the
public trial right, the court does not consider whether the alleged closure was
justified.
CONCLUSION
This court accepted review on several public trial rights cases this term
to clarify the law in this field. We have partially adopted the framework
-15-
State v. Smith, No. 85809-8
advocated by Chief Justice Madsen in Sublett. The steps of this public trial
right framework are: (1) Does the proceeding at issue implicate the public trial
right? (2) If so, was the proceeding closed? And (3) If so, was the closure
justified?
Applying the experience and logic test in the first step to this case, we
find that sidebars such as the ones presented in this case have not traditionally
been open to the public and injecting the public into sidebars would have no
positive impact. Accordingly, sidebar conferences do not implicate the public
trial right.
Because reasonable and traditional sidebars used to avoid interruption
of a trial do not implicate the public trial right, the court need not reach the
remaining two steps of the public trial right framework here. We affirm the
Court of Appeals with the caveat that the legal-factual test it relied on was
rejected in Sublett.
-16-
State v. Smzth, No . 85809-8
.
Pr
.
WE CONCUR:
s~/2
-17-
State v. Smith (William Glen) (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
No. 85809-8
WIGGINS, J. (concurring in result)-1 agree with the result reached by the
majority opinion, but I write separately because our open courts jurisprudence has
become increasingly complex and confusing. We adopted the logic and experience
test as the method by which judges can determine whether a particular phase of trial
is subject to the Washington Constitution's command that justice shall be administered
openly. CONST. art. I, §§ 10, 22; State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 292 P.3d 715 (2012).
But this case and other pending cases reveal that it is difficult and confusing, if not
impossible, to draw clear lines between trial procedures that should be open and those
that can be closed.
We embarked on this journey with the best of intentions: to invigorate our open
courts jurisprudence and to protect criminal defendants' constitutional right to an open
and public trial. But this experience teaches that there are many types of closures at
different points in trial, and most defy easy classification under the logic and
experience test. Moreover, it remains near impossible to predict whether the public
trial right attaches to a particular proceeding, even when proceedings are identical or
closely analogous to our prior case law. Most problematically, we have resorted to the
logic and experience test to reduce the right to a public trial, carving out exceptions to
the public trial right for various steps in the trial. We should take this opportunity to
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
clarify Washington's open courts jurisprudence to lend guidance to judges and
practitioners facing these questions on a daily basis.
Accordingly, I would reject the logic and experience test and instead hold that
all trial proceedings are presumed open. In order to close a phase of trial, a trial judge
must conduct a Bone-Ciub 1 analysis on the record. And on appeal, I would require a
defendant to have objected at trial or to satisfy RAP 2.5(a)(3) in order to assert the
right to a public trial.
ANALYSIS
Numerous decisions from this court attempt to delineate the contours of the
public trial right. In this quest, our cases have applied the following principles and
rules. We employ the logic and experience test to determine whether a proceeding
implicates the public trial right. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 72-73. If we find that experience
and logic counsel that a particular process in the trial must be open, the following
draconian rules apply:
• In order to close the courtroom for that process, the trial court must
conduct a Bone-Club analysis before closure;
• the defendant need not object to the closure or the failure to conduct a
Bone-Club analysis, State v. Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1, 6, 288 P.3d 113 (2012);
• closing the courtroom without conducting a Bone-Club analysis is
considered "structural error," and the defendant is automatically entitled
1 State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 906 P.2d 325 (1995).
2
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
to a new trial without any showing of prejudice, Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 13-
14;
• the issue can be raised for the first time on appeal or even in a
postappeal collateral attack on a conviction through a personal restraint
petition, see In re Pers. Restraint of Morris, 176 Wn.2d 157, 161, 288
P.3d 1140 (2012).
Having adopted these onerous principles, we are constrained by the doctrine
of stare decisis to continue to adhere to them unless our decisions adopting these
principles are incorrect and harmful. In re Pers. Restraint of Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 25,
296 P.3d 872 (2013) (quoting City of Federal Way v. Koenig, 167 Wn.2d 341, 346-47,
217 P.3d 1172 (2009)). This case illustrates why the logic and experience test is
incorrect and harmful.
I. Overview of the Logic and Experience Test
In Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, we articulated a five-step inquiry that a court
must consider before closing proceedings to the public. 2 But soon after Bone-Club, it
2 The five step Bone-Club analysis is:
"1. The proponent of closure or sealing must make some showing [of a
compelling interest], and where that need is based on a right other than an
accused's right to a fair trial, the proponent must show a 'serious and imminent
threat' to that right.
"2. Anyone present when the closure motion is made must be given an
opportunity to object to the closure.
"3. The proposed method for curtailing open access must be the least
restrictive means available for protecting the threatened interests.
"4. The court must weigh the competing interests of the proponent of
closure and the public.
3
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
became apparent that trial judges did not consider routine procedures to be closures
and so did not conduct a Bone-Club analysis before using sealed questionnaires or
closing parts of voir dire.
In an effort to provide guidance to trial and appellate judges, a plurality of this
court adopted the logic and experience test for determining whether the public trial
right attaches to a particular proceeding. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 73. The Sublett
plurality borrowed the "experience and logic test" from a 1986 United States Supreme
Court case, Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 13-14, 106 S. Ct. 2735,
92 L. Ed. (1986), finding the test to be desirable because it allows the trial court "to
consider the actual proceeding at issue for what it is, without having to force every
situation into predefined factors." Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 73.
Consistent with its name, the experience and logic test has two parts. The
experience prong determines "whether the place and process have historically been
open to the press and general public." Press, 478 U.S. at 8. The logic prong
determines "whether public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning
of the particular process in question." /d. If the answer to both questions is yes, the
right to public trial attaches and the court must analyze the proposed closure using
the five Bone-Club factors. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 73.
"5. The order must be no broader in its application or duration than
necessary to serve its purpose."
Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d at 258-59 (alteration in original) (quoting Allied Daily Newspapers of
Wash. v. Eikenberry, 121 Wn.2d 205, 210-11, 848 P.2d 1258 (1993)).
4
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
II. Logic and Experience Test Is Flawed
The logic and experience test is flawed because it fails to account for article I,
section 1O's uniquely strong mandate for openness at every stage of a judicial
proceeding. Moreover, it categorically permits closures in certain types of
proceedings without considering the effect that such closures have on the open
administration of justice in that particular case.
A. Fails to account for our constitution's unique emphasis on open proceedings
Washington is one of a number of states whose constitutions (unlike the United
States Constitution) explicitly guarantee the open administration of justice. 3 Article I,
section 10 of our constitution commands, "Justice in all cases shall be administered
openly, and without unnecessary delay." The special emphasis on open court
proceedings renders the Washington Constitution arguably more stringent than its
federal counterpart, and our court's decisions have consistently emphasized the value
of open administration of justice. See, e.g., Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 5; State v. Lormor,
172 Wn.2d 85, 90-91, 257 P.3d 624 (2011 ).
The logic and experience test fails to account for the text and fu_nctign_ of article
I, section 10. It is a test developed by federal courts with the United States
Constitution in mind. It has little applicability to our constitution, which mandates that
justice in all cases be administered openly. Moreover, we have recognized that the
purpose of article I, section 10 is to "'ensure a fair trial, to remind the officers of the
court of the importance of their functions, to encourage witnesses to come forward,
3 The United States Constitution never mentions open courts. Instead, the right to a public
trial is implied in the First Amendment and made explicit in the Sixth Amendment. U.S. CONST.
amends. I, VI ("the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial").
5
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
and to discourage perjury."' State v. Strode, 167 Wn.2d 222, 226, 217 P.3d 310 (2009)
(quoting State v. Brightman, 155 Wn.2d 506,514, 122 P.3d 150 (2005)). But, applying
the logic and experience test, we have drawn increasingly arbitrary lines delineating
the universe of proceedings to which the public trial right attaches without considering
whether our decisions further these goals. Indeed, public trial values are implicated
when counsel and the court meet privately to discuss jury instructions, to answer a
question from the jury, and to argue and rule on evidentiary issues. And yet, a majority
of this court holds that the right to public trial did not extend to an in-chambers
conference to discuss a question from a deliberating jury regarding jury instructions
(Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 147), nor to an in-chambers discussion of jury instructions prior
to deliberations (State v. Koss, No. 85306-1 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014)), nor to the 12
sidebar conferences here that involved the exclusion of testimony and evidence
(majority at 2). As Justice Owens explains in her dissent, discussion over the
admissibility of key evidence is of public interest and, ultimately, could determine the
outcome of the case. Dissent at 8. Without openness, the public is left to wonder why
certain evidence was excluded; "[l]ogically, it follows that the public's trust in our justice
system will weaken." /d. at 9. We should not continue to adhere to a test that does
not further our constitution.
B. Permits categorical closures of certain proceedings
The guiding principle for determining whether the public trial right should attach
is "whether openness will 'enhance[] both the basic fairness of the criminal trial and
the appearance of fairness so essential to public confidence in the system.'" Majority
at 7 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Sublett, 176
6
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
Wn.2d at 75). Unfortunately, this principle has been honored more in its breach than
in its observance. We have held that the right to public trial always attaches to
suppression hearings (Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254 ), hearings on pretrial motions to
sever (State v. Easterling, 157 Wn.2d 167, 137 P.3d 825 (2006)), and voir dire (In re
Pers. Restraint of Orange, 152 Wn.2d 795, 100 P.3d 291 (2004)). But it never
attaches to in-chambers conferences to discuss jury instructions (Koss, slip op. at 7-
8), in-chambers conferences to discuss questions from juries (Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58),
or the Smith trial sidebars. But never have we explained why openness in
proceedings that we have deemed subject to the constitutional open trial right protects
the values of an open trial to a greater extent than would openness in proceedings
that we have held are not subject to the constitutional open trial right.
Not all cases proceed identically. Here, there were 12 sidebars involving
important and substantive evidentiary rulings that almost certainly affected the
outcome of the case. For instance, as a result of sidebar discussions, the court
admitted Smith's statement to police that the sex was consensual as self-serving
hearsay; admitted Smith's written statement, which was prepared by police and then
adopted by Smith; ruled that the treating physician could testify as to the alleged
victim's identification of the perpetrator; admitted nude photos of the alleged victim
and sexual items found by the detective in Smith's residence; and ruled that the
prosecutor could ask Smith if he told his wife he did not sleep with the alleged victim
to show that Smith lied. See dissent at 2-3. Holding private discussions over evidence
and testimony does not foster trust in the judicial system and does not remind
participants of their role in the judicial system; "[t]he proper forum for argument on
7
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
these issues is in open court." /d. at 8. Indeed, what if in a future case there are 20,
or 50, sidebars? What if the sidebars involve suppression of a key piece of evidence?
The logic and experience test is incorrect because it places categorical limits on
openness that might bar future requests for access to administration of justice simply
because the closure involved a type of proceeding. If we continue to close the
courtroom one proceeding after another, we will diminish open access to courts and
court records.
Ill. Logic and Experience Test Is Harmful
The logic and experience test is harmful because it fails to provide much-
needed guidance to judges, attorneys, and defendants. The conflicting majority and
dissenting opinions show that reasonable minds can differ on what constitutes "logic"
and "experience." Indeed, the test is difficult to apply on any principled basis and so
vague that the result of applying it can easily appear contrived. In addition, future
applications of the test will almost certainly lead to further restrictions on our
commitment to the open administration of justice because history often leans in favor
of permitting the closure.
A. Fails to provide guidance
In the 15 years since Bone-Club, our courts have vacated dozens of convictions
in cases where no Bone-Club analysis was performed. 4 In the wake of these
4 See, e.g., In re Pers. Restraint of D'AIIesandro, 178 Wn. App. 457, 314 P.3d 744 (2013);
State v. Jones, 175 Wn. App. 87, 303 P.3d 1084 (2013); Morris, 176 Wn.2d 157; Wise, 176
Wn.2d 1; State v. Paumier, 176 Wn.2d 29, 288 P.3d 1126 (2012); Strode, 167 Wn.2d 222;
Easterling, 157 Wn.2d 167; Brightman, 155 Wn.2d at 506; Orange, 152 Wn.2d 795; State v.
Hummel, 165 Wn. App. 749, 266 P.3d 269 (2012); State v. Njonge, 161 Wn. App. 568, 255
P.3d 753 (2011 ), review granted in part, 176 Wn.2d 1031 (2013); State v. Tinh Trinh Lam, 161
8
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
reversals, Washington judges and practitioners seek guidance. Unfortunately, we
have offered them a test that provides little clarity, as evidenced by the persistent
uncertainty around whether the public trial right attaches to a particular proceeding.
In 2012, this court reviewed a number of public trial cases in which jurors had
been questioned individually in chambers. Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1; State v. Paumier, 176
Wn.2d 29, 288 P.3d 1126 (2012). We concluded that a defendant's right to a public
trial applies to the jury selection process. Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 11-13; Paumier, 176
Wn.2d at 34-35. But, when confronted with an arguably analogous case, we came to
a different conclusion. The lead opinion in Slert finds that the public trial right does
not attach to pre-voir-dire in-chamber discussions about jurors' answers to
questionnaires designed to evaluate the jurors' fitness to serve. State v. Slert, No.
87844-7, slip op. at 8 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014). The Slert dissent, however, points out
that several jurors were dismissed for cause after filling out the questionnaire,
indicating that this was voir dire and not "a precursor to voir dire." S/ert, slip op. at 1
(dissent) (emphasis added). Arguably, the logic and experience test should have been
easily applied to S/ert under our past precedent. Like Wise and Paumier, S/ert
involved erroneous closure of a portion of the jury selection process-specifically, in-
chambers discussions that resulted in jurors being excused for cause based on their
answers to questions. Cf. Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1; Paumier, 176 Wn.2d 29.
Wn. App. 299, 254 P.3d 891 (2011 ), review granted, 176 Wn.2d 1031 (2013); State v. Leyerle,
158 Wn. App. 474, 242 P.3d 921 (2010); State v. Bowen, 157 Wn. App. 821, 239 P.3d 1114
(2010); State v. Waldon, 148 Wn. App. 952, 202 P.3d 325 (2009); State v. Sadler, 147 Wn.
App. 97, 193 P.3d 1108 (2008); State v. Erickson, 146 Wn. App. 200, 189 P.3d 245 (2008);
State v. Duckett, 141 Wn. App. 797, 173 P.3d 948 (2007); State v. Frawley, 140 Wn. App.
713, 167 P.3d 593 (2007), review granted, 176 Wn.2d 1030 (2013).
9
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
If "experience" teaches us anything, it is that there is no clear, meaningful way
to define trial procedures, such as the jury selection process, thus rendering even
"easy" cases difficult. See, e.g., State v. Wilson, 174 Wn. App. 328, 298 P.3d 148
(2013) (right does not attach to excusal of jurors for illness related reasons because
this is pretrial juror excusal, not voir dire). But see State v. Jones, 175 Wn. App. 87,
303 P.3d 1084 (2013) (public trial right attached to court recess during which the court
clerk randomly selected four alternate jurors); State v. Tinh Trinh Lam, 161 Wn. App.
299, 254 P.3d 891 (2011) (public trial right attached to questioning of sworn-in juror
because process was procedurally similar to and conducted for the same purpose as
voir dire), review granted, 176 Wn.2d 1031 (2013). Indeed, in another recent case
involving jury selection, the court held that the public trial right did not attach to parties'
use of peremptory and for-cause challenges at a sidebar conference. State v. Love,
176 Wn. App 911, 918, 309 P.3d 1209 (2013). The court distinguished voir dire-the
questioning of juries-from the exercise of peremptory and for-cause challenges and
reasoned that, historically, challenges are not made in public. 5 /d. The court also
held under the logic prong that exercising challenges to excuse jurors in open court
did not further the goals of the public trial right. /d. These cases demonstrate that it
remains near impossible to predict whether the public trial right attaches, even when
proceedings are closely analogous to our prior case law.
5 Instead of characterizing the closure as a sidebar closure, the court focused on the
substantive actions taken at the sidebar-i.e., the exercise of challenges to excuse jurors.
Love, 176 Wn. App. at 918.
10
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
Applying the logic and experience test to new situations has proved equally
difficult. The majority and dissenting opinions in the current case demonstrate the
difficulties associated with identifying what constitutes "experience and logic" under
the test. Both opinions apply the test to arrive at different conclusions. The majority
reasons that under the experience prong, sidebars have historically and necessarily
included counsel but excluded the public and the defendant. Majority at 7. Moreover,
sidebars deal with mundane issues implicating little public interest. /d. at 9. Under
the logic prong, neither the defendant nor the public has a right to be present during
in-chambers or bench conferences because they add nothing to the discussion. /d.
at 11-12. Thus, the majority holds that sidebars do not implicate the public trial right.
The dissent reaches the opposite conclusion, reasoning that under the
experience prong, the sidebars here involved discussion of important evidentiary
issues, and many judges discuss evidentiary matters in open court. Dissent at 5. The
dissent argues that logic dictates that whether a key piece of evidence is admitted or
not can determine the outcome of a case. !d. at 8. Accordingly, the dissent concludes
that it is important to make this process open to the public. !d. If the same judges who
adopted the logic and experience test cannot apply it consistently in a simple case,
the test is unworkable and harmful; we should overrule our prior case law.
Our decisions in these cases provide few answers and raise more questions.
In this case, neither a party nor a member of the public objected to the sidebar
process. But what will we do when, in a high profile criminal prosecution, a news media
reporter asks to be included in the sidebar? We are deciding here that sidebars are
not subject to the public trial right; presumably the reporter's request will be denied.
11
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
Or what if, as unlikely as it seems, the trial judge makes biased or improper statements
during the sidebar, knowing that the sidebar is not public? Or what if sidebars result
in consistently one-sided rulings, and a courtroom observer asks that all further
sidebars be made public? What if there is absolutely no record of what was discussed
at sidebar?
The logic and experience test is harmful because it adds to the confusion rather
than providing clear guidance to trial and appellate judges. A recent law review article
remarks that trial judges have become increasingly reluctant to conduct any type of
in-chambers or sidebar conference in light of the unsettled state of the law. Anne L.
Ellington & Jeanine Blackett Lutzenhiser, In Washington State, Open Courts
Jurisprudence Consists Mainly of Open Questions, 88 WASH. L. REV. 491, 519 n.194
(2013) (citing Interview with the Hon. Susan Craighead, King County Superior Court,
in Seattle, Wash. (Dec. 1, 2011 ); Interview with the Hon. Anne Ellington, Washington
State Court of Appeals, in Seattle, Wash. (Dec. 29, 2011 )). We should not so
disempower our trial judges. Because these issues may arise in every criminal case,
we should provide further guidance to avoid the wasted resources inherent in retrials.
B. History will often lean in favor of closure
Finally, the logic and experience test is harmful because it has justified and will
likely continue to justify closures. A survey of what Washington judges have done "at
chambers" since statehood reveals that in-chambers conferences to discuss legal
matters have long been seen as constitutional and within the discretion of the trial
judge. Ellington & Lutzenhiser, supra, at 517-18 & n.193 (citing In re Oet. of Ticeson,
159 Wn. App. 374,384-85,246 P.3d 550 (2011), abrogated on other grounds by
12
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 71-72). Because the experience and logic test calls for review
of historical practices, it is possible that most such proceedings will eventually be
excluded from the public. 6 Indeed, our court and the Court of Appeals have applied
the test to limit the public trial right. See majority at 2 (sidebars); Koss, No. 85306-1
(preliminary in-chambers conferences to discuss jury instructions); Sublett, 176
Wn.2d at 76, 77 (public trial right does not attach to conference to discuss question
from jury about its instructions); see also State v. Miller, 179 Wn. App. 91, 316 P.3d
1143 (2014) (public trial right does not attach to pretrial in-chambers discussion of
statute or in-chambers discussion of proposed jury instruction); State v. Burdette, 178
Wn. App. 183, 313 P.3d 1235 (2013) (in-chambers discussion about responses to
jury's question about an instruction or to initial jury question requesting clarification
about how to proceed if it felt it was deadlocked); State v. McCarthy, 178 Wn. App. 90,
312 P.3d 1027 (2013) (trial court's response to jury's request for a tape measure and
masking tape); Love, 176 Wn. App. 911 (parties' use of peremptory and for-cause
challenges at a sidebar); State v. Halverson, 176 Wn. App. 972, 309 P.3d 795 (2013)
(in-camera questioning of impaneled juror for alleged misconduct during
deliberations), review denied, 179 Wn.2d 1016 (2014); Wilson, 174 Wn. App. 328
6
Strangely, history informs the inquiry at times and is ignored other times. For example, in-
chambers voir dire appeared to be a common practice before Strode, 167 Wn.2d 222. See
Lauren A. Rousseau, Privacy and Jury Selection: Does the Constitution Protect Prospective
Jurors from Personally Intrusive Voir Dire Questions?, 3 RUTGERS J.L. & URB. PoL'Y 287, 311
(2006) (author surveyed 18 federal judges; "[v]irtually all" of them allowed potential jurors to
answer intrusive or embarrassing questions "privately at the bench or in chambers, with only
the judge, the court reporter, and the opposing counsel present"). Yet, the majority held in
Paumier and Wise that voir dire must be conducted in an open court. See Paumier, 176
Wn.2d at 35; Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 11-12.
13
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
(excusal of jurors for illness-related reasons). In light of these cases, we should
reevaluate and abandon the logic and experience test.
IV. We Should Presume All Stages of Trial Are Open
I would reject the logic and experience test as a well-intentioned but ultimately
unworkable test. Instead, I would hold that all phases of trial are presumed open. I
would reiterate that a judge should not close any step in the proceeding without
engaging in a Bone-Club analysis. If there is a timely objection, a trial judge must
conduct a Bone-Club analysis on the record before closing a proceeding.
If part of the trial has been closed to the public without objection and without a
Bone-Club analysis, an appellate court will usually not review the issue unless a party
can establish "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3). In
evaluating whether a trial closure is "manifest error," I would require an adequate
record as well as a showing of actual prejudice. In an extreme case, such as closure
of the entire voir dire process, the court could evaluate whether the closure has so
undermined our confidence in the outcome of the trial that the closure should be
considered "structural error."
A. Benefits of requiring an objection at trial: clear rule for trial judges and fairness
Unlike the logic and experience test, requiring an objection at trial provides
clear guidance to trial court judges that they should not close any part of trial without
conducting a Bone-Club analysis. Instead of drawing arbitrary lines between different
types of proceedings, this rule properly places responsibility on trial attorneys to
prepare their cases and make objections on the record. It also reduces strategic
failures to object solely for purposes of appeal. Our current practice of automatically
14
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
reviewing every claimed violation of the public trial right could create an incentive for
trial counsel to sit mute, deliberately not raising a constitutional error that might have
little or no effect on trial but that may be the basis for a successful appeal. In sum, a
requirement that defense counsel object preserves the integrity of the trial and
reduces unnecessary appeals.
Relatedly, requiring an objection in most cases is fair because this rule
acknowledges that there are sometimes tactical reasons not to object. In many
situations, both parties might willingly consent to closing part of a trial or, indeed, might
prefer it. In State v. Shearer, a case involving a domestic dispute, juror 7 indicated
that she had experience with domestic violence but did not want to talk about it. The
trial judge asked if anyone objected to questioning juror 7 in chambers, and neither
the defense nor the state objected. In chambers, juror 7 revealed that her grandson
was killed by his father in their home. Defense moved to dismiss juror 7 for cause,
the State did not object, and juror 7 was excused. State v. Shearer, No. 86216-8, slip
op. at 3-4 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014). In S/ert, the lead opinion notes that "[q]uestioning
the jurors about their disqualifying knowledge in open court in front of the other jurors
could have been potentially devastating to Slert's right to a fair trial." Slert, slip op. at
10. I would hold that neither party should be permitted to benefit by silently allowing
the trial judge to close a portion of the trial without a Bone-Club analysis. See State
v. Rinkes, 70 Wn.2d 854, 859, 425 P.2d 658 (1967) ("The general rule is that one
cannot voluntarily elect to submit his case to the jury and then, after an adverse
verdict, claim error which, if it did exist, could have been cured or otherwise
15
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
ameliorated by some action on the part of the trial court."); State v. Perry, 24 Wn.2d
764, 167 P.2d 173 (1946); State v. Case, 49 Wn.2d 66, 72, 298 P.2d 500 (1956).
B. On appeal, benefits of requiring an objection: establishes a record, abides by
our rules of appellate procedure, and protects the public trial right
Requiring an objection in most cases has the benefit of developing an adequate
record for appeal. We have before us two other cases in which the record fails to
make clear whether there has been a violation of the public trial right: State v. Koss,
No. 85306-1 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014), and State v. Njonge, No. 86072-6 (Wash. Sept.
25, 2014 ). In each case, the record is inadequate because neither the parties nor the
trial court raised the public trial right. 7 An objection by a party provides a forceful
reminder that a Bone-Club analysis and an adequate record are both required. In
addition, requiring an objection properly acknowledges that it is the duty of the parties
to raise any objection and to establish a record of closure, thereby enabling adequate
and full review on appeal.
When a party appeals a closure to which there was no objection, we should
apply RAP 2.5(a)(3), which applies to constitutional errors to which there was no
objection at trial:
The appellate court may refuse to review any claim of error which was
not raised in the trial court. However, a party may raise the following
7
ln Koss,. the defendant claimed that the court held an in-chambers conference to discuss a
question from the deliberating jury. But the record only showed that the jury exited, submitted
a question and received an answer, and then returned with its verdict. The record does not
reveal whether the judge discussed the question with counsel. See Koss, slip op. at 9-1 0. In
Njonge, the defendant claimed the judge closed the courtroom to the public and media during
voir dire. The record indicates that the judge explained that there was not enough room in
the courtroom to accommodate all of the prospective jurors and the public, and stated that he
would not permit the press to film the jury selection process. But no observer was actually
asked to leave, there were no objections to the voir dire procedure, and there were no orders
relating to a closure. Njonge, slip op. at 4-5.
16
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
claimed errors for the first time in the appellate court: ... (3) manifest
error affecting a constitutional right.
When a party alleges constitutional error for the first time on appeal, we have
traditionally required a RAP 2.5(a)(3) analysis. See, e.g., State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d
918, 926-27, 155 P.3d 125 (2007) (RAP 2.5(a)(3) analysis required where error
affecting right to trial by impartial jury was raised for first time on appeal); State v.
Clark, 139 Wn.2d 152, 155-56, 985 P.2d 377 (1999) (RAP 2.5(a)(3) analysis required
where error affecting confrontation clause right was raised for first time on appeal).
The party claiming error must identify the constitutional error and show that the error
is manifest. State v. O'Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). "Manifest"
requires a showing of actual prejudice; that is, the defendant must show the error '"had
practical and identifiable consequences in the trial of the case."' !d. at 99 (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 925, 155 P.3d
125 (2007)).
Our Rules of Appellate Procedure properly limit the types of constitutional
claims that may be raised for the first time on appeal. Constitutional errors require
special appellate attention because they risk serious injustice to the accused as well
as adverse effects on the public's perception of fairness and the integrity of judicial
proceedings. State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 687, 757 P.2d 492 (1988) (citing State v.
McHenry, 88 Wn.2d 211, 558 P.2d 188 (1977)). On the other hand, "permitting every
possible constitutional error to be raised for the first time on appeal undermines the
trial process, generates unnecessary appeals, creates undesirable retrials and is
wasteful of the limited resources of prosecutors, public defenders and courts." State
17
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
v. Lynn, 67 Wn. App. 339, 343-44, 835 P.2d 251 (1992). A judicious application of the
"manifest" standard balances these competing values. /d. Thus, as the plurality
opinion in Sublett properly noted, under RAP 2.5(a)(3), we will review an alleged
manifest error affecting a constitutional right even if not raised in the trial court. 176
Wn.2d at 78. "But for relief to be granted, [a defendant] must show actual prejudice
resulting from the error, and the error is nonetheless subject to harmless error review."
/d. (citing O'Hara, 167 Wn.2d at 98-99).
Finally, requiring an objection protects the public trial right by reminding the trial
court and all parties of the importance of this right. In our earlier decisions, we
assumed we could best protect the public trial right by allowing parties to raise the
issue for the first time on appeal. Paumier, 176 Wn.2d at 36-37. But requiring an
objection has proved to be equally or even more protective of the public trial right. A
contemporaneous objection permits the trial judge to resolve the issue when it should
be resolved-at trial. An objection reminds the judge not to close any step in the trial
process without engaging in a Bone-Club analysis. In other words, the objection
protects the public trial right by forcing the trial judge to evaluate the issue and
reassess whether to close a part of the trial or not. It puts the decision and the ability
to establish a record in the hands of the defendant. In addition, our prior latitude in
not requiring an objection is no longer needed because the many recent published
decisions discussing the open trial right should have alerted most, if not all, defense
counsel to the importance of the issue. It would be a rare defense attorney in
Washington who remained unaware of the public trial right after our 14 opinions
concerning the issue published since 2012. See Ellington & Lutzenhiser, supra, at
18
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
497 (public trial issue so familiar that "Bone-Club" is now a verb in Washington
courtrooms).
CONCLUSION
We face a plethora of public trial rights ~ases that test our court's two-prong
logic and experience analysis. And unfortunately, the logic and experience analysis
fails the test. As the body of public trial case law expands, the larger database
provides an increasingly clear demonstration of the logic and experience test's
shortcomings. Even "easy" applications of the test are no longer so easy, and the
more troublesome applications are only beginning to arise. These cases demonstrate
the defects in the logic and experience test: the uncertainty of what constitutes "logic"
and "experience" and the inability of the test to consistently protect against errors of
constitutional import. We will continue to deal with confusion spawned by this test
should we adhere to our precedent. For the sake of courts, victims, defendants, and
public confidence, we should provide much needed guidance and reiterate that all
phases of trial are presumed open and should not be closed without a Bone-Club
analysis on the record. I concur in affirming the Court of Appeals, but I would so hold
because Smith did not object at trial, and he has not satisfied the requirements of RAP
2.5(a)(3).
19
No. 85809-8 (Wiggins, J., concurring in result)
I concur in result.
20
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
OWENS, J. (dissenting) -- During William Glen Smith's trial, the judge and
attorneys left the courtroom and gathered in a nearby hallway to hold private meetings
on 12 occasions. 1 The attorneys made motions to exclude testimony and argued over
the extent of questioning allowed with certain witnesses, and the judge made rulings
regarding the admissibility of evidence and testimony. Those rulings helped shape the
course of the trial, yet neither the public nor the defendant witnessed them.
The majority condones this secretive process, failing to consider the purposes
behind our constitutional protection of the right to a public trial. Our constitution
protects the right to a public trial and demands the open administration of justice
because they are core safeguards in our system of justice. A public trial helps to
ensure a fair trial by deterring misconduct and partiality. Also, as this court has said
before, a public trial "provides for accountability and transparency, assuring that
1
The judge closed the courtroom on one other occasion to discuss when to take a recess.
Smith does not argue that this closure implicated his right to a public trial.
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
whatever transpires in court will not be secret or unscrutinized. And openness allows
the public to see, firsthand, justice done in its communities." State v. Wise, 176
Wn.2d 1, 6, 288 P.3d 1113 (2012). The secret and unscrutinized conferences in this
case violated Smith's right to a public trial. I dissent.
FACTS
During Smith's trial, the judge and the attorneys held 12 private meetings in a
back ha'ilway. The majority dismisses these closures as "sidebars," but that
generalization mischaracterizes the nature of these meetings. 2 The following
summary shows that these discussions were challenges to evidence and testimony
during trial, and-as explained below-experience and logic dictate that these
discussions implicate the public trial right:
1. The court clarified a previous ruling regarding the admissibility of ER
404(b) evidence of a common scheme and overruled defense counsel's
objection to testimony of a prior bad act.
2. Parties argued over whether one alleged victim could testify that she spoke
with another alleged victim on the phone. The court overruled the prosecutor's
relevancy objection and allowed the testimony.
3. Parties argued over whether a lay witness may offer opinion testimony and
whether circumstantial evidence of the alleged victim's mental capabilities was
admissible. The court excluded the opinion testimony but ruled that the
circumstantial evidence was admissible.
2 True sidebars are generally permissible-especially when held in open court. See State
v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 140,292 P.3d 715 (2012) (Stephens, J., concurring) (condoning
"brief sidebars to allow counsel to raise concerns that may need to be taken up outside the
jury's presence").
2
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
4. Parties argued over whether the alleged victim could be impeached with a
prior inconsistent statement. The court overruled the prosecutor's objection
and allowed the question.
5. Parties argued over whether a detective was qualified to offer an opinion of
handwriting found in the defendant's car. The court sustained defense
counsel's objection and did not allow the opinion testimony.
6. In the hallway, the prosecutor preemptively moved to exclude Smith's
statement to police that the sex was consensual as self-serving hearsay, but
prior to the conclusion of the argument the court recessed. Then in open court,
but before the jury returned, the court ruled that the statement was admissible to
show that it was made, but not for the truth of the matter asserted.
7. Parties argued whether a police photograph of the alleged victim was
inadmissible for lack of relevance. The court sustained the prosecutor's
objection and ruled that the photograph was inadmissible.
8. Parties argued over the admissibility of Smith's written statement because it
was prepared by police and then adopted by the defendant. The court overruled
defense counsel's objection and ruled that the statement was admissible.
9. Parties argued over whether the treating physician could testify about the
alleged victim's identification of the perpetrator. The court ruled that the
testimony was inadmissible but defense counsel could impeach the alleged
victim using it as a prior inconsistent statement.
10. Parties argued over whether the prosecutor had laid proper foundation to
admit nude photographs of the alleged victim. The court overruled defense
counsel's objection and ruled that the photographs were admissible.
11. The prosecutor moved to admit receipts for lingerie and other sexual items
found in Smith's residence. The court overruled defense counsel's objection
and ruled that receipts of sexual items found by the detective were admissible.
12. Parties argued over whether the prosecutor could ask Smith if he told his
wife he did not sleep with the alleged victim. The court overruled defense
counsel's objection and allowed the question to show that Smith may have lied.
3
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
These closures occurred over the course of a three-day trial. The jury convicted Smith
of four counts of third degree rape and one count of second degree perjury.
ANALYSIS
The majority concludes that the public trial right does not attach to the closures
in this case. I disagree. The public trial right attaches to proceedings that implicate
the core values of the public trial right. State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 72-73, 292
P.3d 715 (2012). We apply the experience and logic test to determine whether those
core values are implicated. Id. at 73. If the public trial right attaches, the failure to
conduct a Bone-Club 3 analysis on the record before closing the courtroom is structural
error. Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 13-14. In this case, experience and logic indicate that
closing the courtroom to discuss evidence and testimony during trial implicates the
public trial right. 4 The trial court did not conduct a Bone-Club analysis, and therefore
structural error occurred.
Experience Prong
The experience prong asks "'whether the place and process have historically
been open to the press and general public.'" Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 73 (quoting Press-
3
State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 258-59, 906 P.2d 325 (1995) (describing the
analysis that a trial judge must make before closing the courtroom).
4 Smith does not argue that the first private meeting to discuss a time for recess implicates
the public trial right, and I agree that it does not.
4
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
Enter. Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 8, 106 S. Ct. 2735,92 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1986)).
The majority erroneously concludes that "[s]idebar conferences have historically
occurred outside the view of the public." Majority at 7. That conclusion
oversimplifies the matter because the history on this issue is, at best, unclear.
In my experience, many judges do not close or leave the courtroom to discuss
evidentiary challenges. Rather, many judges exclude the jury and discuss the matter
in open court. This practice dates back to the early days of our judiciary. See State v.
Coella, 3 Wash. 99, 118,28 P. 28 (1891) (holding that defendant did not have aright
to have the jury present during argument over proposed jury instructions; rather, "the
safer course and better practice would be to exclude the jury"); Gilcher v. Seattle Elec.
Co., 82 Wash. 414,415, 144 P. 530 (1914) ("[I]t is within the discretion of the trial
judge to exclude the jury during the argument of counsel upon legal questions arising
during the trial."); see also State v. Cooper, 26 Wn.2d 405, 416, 174 P.2d 545 (1946)
(trial judge sent the jury out so the court could hear argument after co-defendant made
a sudden request to "'verify"' a confession as it was being read); State v. Barker, 56
Wash. 510, 511-12, 106 P. 133 (1910) (trial judge sent the jury out so the court could
discuss an objection to witness testimony); State v. Carlson, 80 Wn. App. 116, 120,
906 P.2d 999 (1995) (same).
The judges who choose to discuss evidentiary challenges outside of the
courtroom do so out of mere convenience. See, e.g., State v. Smith, noted at 159 Wn.
5
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
App. 1011, 2011 WL 55972, at *2 n.2, 5 review granted in part, 176 Wn.2d 1031, 299
P.3d 20 (2013); In re Det. ofTiceson, 159 Wn. App. 374, 386 n.38, 246 P.3d 550
(2011) (relied on by the majority at 7-8; justifying an in-chambers sidebar because
interrupting trial to send the jury out could cause "long delays"). The majority
condones this practice, preferring not to annoy jurors with "constant[] marching in
and out of the courtroom" at the expense of our constitutional duty to ensure a public
trial. Majority at 12 n.l3.
Our constitution cannot bow to convenience. See State v. Frawley, No. 80727-
2, slip op. at 8 (Wash. Sept. 25, 2014) (lead opinion) (stating that a Bone-Club
analysis "ensures that court proceedings are not closed merely for the sake of
convenience as a matter of course"). A trial judge has the constitutional duty to
ensure that trials are open to the public, even if that means that the jury must enter and
exit the courtroom several times during evidentiary discussions. I also note that in
this case the court held 12 private meetings over the course of three days. I see no
great burden in removing and reseating a jury approximately four times a day to carry
out the commands of our constitution. And, if a judge does face a serious obstacle to
5
The Court of Appeals noted, "The practical configuration of the courtroom prompted
the judge and attorneys to go outside because they could not record a conversation at the
bench without the jury overhearing. It was a matter of convenience. Rather than having
the jury exit the courtroom, the judge and attorneys would step outside to discuss the
evidentiary and legal matters that arose during trial." Smith, 2011 WL 55972, at *2 n.2.
6
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
removing the jury, a contemporaneous Bone-Club analysis, on the record, could
justify the closure.
The majority does little to refute the fact that many Washington courts have
historically kept the courtroom open during evidentiary challenges. It cites two trial
advocacy treatises that do not consider the special requirements of our state's
constitution and one case from this court that has nothing to do with private
evidentiary discussions. Majority at 7 (citing State v. Swenson, 62 Wn.2d 259, 272,
382 P.2d 614 (1963) (permitting a sidebar discussion to discuss witness comfort, not
to discuss challenges to evidence or testimony)). While I know that some courts have
developed a local practice of closing or leaving the courtroom during evidentiary
challenges, I caution that when applying the logic and experience test, we must not
forget that the presumption is in favor of openness. State v. Paumier, 176 Wn.2d 29,
34-35, 288 P.3d 1126 (2012). Therefore, to the extent that history or local practice
conflicts, we must err on the side of openness. While this court has recognized that
the experience and logic test is not perfect, Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 75, we have never
questioned the presumption of openness. Experience indicates that the evidentiary
challenges involved in this case have been historically open to the press and public.
Logic Prong
"The logic prong asks 'whether public access plays a significant positive role in
the functioning of the particular process in question."' !d. at 73 (quoting Press-Enter.,
7
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
478 U.S. at 8). The majority concludes that "[n]othing is added to the functioning of
the trial by insisting that the defendant or public be present" during the discussions at
issue. Majority at 13. The majority reasons that defendants do not have a right to be
present at all stages, and for the public, some legal discussions are "practically a
foreign language." Id. I disagree. The majority overlooks the very purposes of the
right to an open and public trial.
A public trial helps ensure that judges and lawyers are accountable for what
occurs during trial. It helps remind them to act with decorum and to consider the
consequences of their actions. Logically, this is perhaps most important during
arguments over what evidence and testimony the jury will hear. Whether a key piece
of evidence is admitted or not could decide the outcome of the entire trial. We should
not allow attorneys and judges to make these important decisions in a back hallway,
away from public scrutiny. The proper forum for argument on these issues is in open
court.
Public trials also help foster trust in our judicial system, and they allow
members of the public to see justice done in their communities. Logic indicates that
hiding discussions over evidence and testimony in private will not further these goals.
One can easily imagine a scenario where a party attempts to admit a key piece of
evidence-the "smoking gun"-only to be met with an objection and a private
conference where the judge determines that the evidence is inadmissible. The public
8
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
is left wondering what happened to the smoking gun mentioned just moments ago and
why the jury is being told to forget that it ever existed. Logically, it follows that the
public's trust in our justice system will weaken.
I also disagree with the assumption that the public will not comprehend the
"foreign language" of legal argument. !d. Trial observers often include close family
members of the defendant or the victims who have followed the case from the very
start. These observers may have met with the attorneys or have researched the law
independently and are eager to hear the legal arguments that could decide the case.
Additionally, many practitioners and students attend trials to learn and to see justice in
action. We should not allow the trial court to obscure legal discussions from these
observers.
Without the publicity that comes with hearing evidentiary arguments in open
court, a defendant is stripped of the protections offered by our public trial right and
the public's confidence in our judicial system is weakened. Logic indicates that
public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of these evidentiary
discussions.
CONCLUSION
Experience and logic show that the public trial right attaches to the evidentiary
discussions in this case. Therefore, the trial court committed structural error when it
closed the courtroom on 12 occasions without first conducting a Bone-Club analysis.
9
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
In concluding otherwise, the majority fails to consider the core values that our public
trial right protects and favors convenience over our constitution. I respectfully
dissent.
10
State v. Smith
No. 85809-8
Owens, J., Dissenting
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11