John H. Peer, Jr., R.Ph. v. Missouri Board of Pharmacy

IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
WESTERN DISTRICT

JOHN H. PEER, JR., R.Ph., )
)
Respondent, )
) WD77471
v. )
) OPINION FILED:
) November 12, 2014
MISSOURI BOARD OF PHARMACY, )
)
Appellant. )

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cole County, Missouri
The Honorable Daniel R. Green, Judge

Before Division II: Victor C. Howard, Presiding Judge, and
Mark D. Pfeiffer and Gary D. Witt, Judges

This is an appeal from an administrative decision. The Missouri Board of Pharmacy

(―Board‖) entered an order of additional discipline revoking the pharmacist license of John H.

Peer, Jr. (―Peer‖). Peer petitioned the Circuit Court of Cole County, Missouri (―circuit court‖),

to review the Board‘s decision. The circuit court set aside the Board‘s order of discipline. The

Board appeals. We reverse the circuit court‘s judgment.

Factual and Procedural Background

Peer was licensed by the Board as a pharmacist in 1972 and became owner of Center

Pharmacy in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1978. From 2002 to 2012, Peer also worked as a
pharmacist on the evening shift of the outpatient pharmacy of Children‘s Mercy Hospital in

Kansas City, Missouri.

On July 24, 2006, Peer entered into a Settlement Agreement (―2006 Settlement

Agreement‖) with the Board for the purpose of resolving the question of whether his license as a

pharmacist would be subject to discipline. Peer waived his right to a hearing by the

Administrative Hearing Commission (―AHC‖) regarding cause to discipline his pharmacist

license and his right to a disciplinary hearing before the Board. The 2006 Settlement Agreement

enumerated Peer‘s pharmacy violations:

1. Failure to maintain the original prescription in the appropriate prescription
file;

2. Failure to maintain the pharmacy in a clean and sanitary condition;

3. Failure to maintain proper files of prescriptions;

4. Failure to keep pharmacy inventory separate from outdated supplies;

5. Failure to keep the daily pharmacist signature log signed;

6. Failure to keep the compounding area in a sanitary condition;

7. Failure to properly dispose of controlled substances;

8. Failure to properly maintain records of controlled substances;

9. Failure to maintain a Schedule II controlled substance in a secured area;

10. Failure to maintain separate records of controlled substances;

11. Failure to properly maintain records when dispensing controlled
substances.

Peer‘s pharmacist license was placed on five years‘ probation beginning August 26, 2006.

Among the terms of discipline in the disciplinary order section of the 2006 Settlement

Agreement that Peer agreed to follow during the term of his probation was that he ―shall comply

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with all provisions of Chapter 338, Chapter 195, and all applicable federal and state drug laws,

rules and regulations and with all federal and state criminal laws.‖ The disciplinary order also

provided that:

Upon the expiration of said discipline, [Peer‘s] license as a pharmacist in
Missouri shall be fully restored if all other requirements of law have been
satisfied; provided, however, that in the event the Board determines that [Peer]
has violated any term or condition of this Agreement, the Board may, in its
discretion, after an evidentiary hearing, vacate and set aside the discipline
imposed herein and may suspend, revoke or otherwise lawfully discipline [Peer].

On March 10, 2011, the Board was notified by the Missouri Bureau of Narcotics and

Dangerous Drugs (―BNDD‖) that Center Pharmacy had operated with an expired BNDD license.

On June 3, 2011, the Board filed a complaint for violation of the 2006 Settlement Agreement‘s

disciplinary order. After a hearing, the Board found that Peer:

1. Held and distributed controlled substances without a valid BNDD license;

2. Failed to use Drug Enforcement Agency Form 222 when he distributed
controlled substances;

3. Failed to maintain his pharmacy in a clean and sanitary condition;

4. Improperly labeled prescriptions;

5. Violated the disciplinary terms contained in the Settlement Agreement.

On August 4, 2011, the Board issued its order of discipline (―2011 Order‖), which replaced the

2006 Settlement Agreement. The 2011 Order placed Peer on probation for two years effective

August 4, 2011. Among the terms and conditions governing Peer‘s probation were the following

requirements:

39. [Peer] shall comply with all provisions of Chapter 338, Chapter 195, and
all applicable federal and state drug laws, rules and regulations and with all
federal and state criminal laws. . . .

....

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 49. [Peer] shall establish a continuous quality improvement program to assess
dispensing errors related to his pharmacy practice and shall take appropriate
action(s) to prevent recurrence. [Peer] shall document all dispensing errors for
which he was responsible regardless of practice location. On a quarterly basis
[Peer] shall review all errors documented since the last quarterly review and
establish steps taken or to be taken to prevent recurrence of such errors. [Peer]
shall document for each quarterly review which errors were reviewed and the
steps taken or to be taken to prevent recurrence. All documentation required by
this section shall be made immediately available to the Board of Pharmacy or its
staff upon request.

The 2011 Order provided that:

52. Should Peer violate any term or condition of this Order or any provision of
Chapter 338, RSMo, the Board of Pharmacy may vacate the order of discipline
imposed herein and order such further or additional discipline as the Board deems
appropriate, including, but not limited to, revocation, suspension, and/or probation
against the pharmacist license of Peer. No additional order shall be entered by the
Board pursuant to this paragraph of this Order without notice and an opportunity
for hearing before the Board of Pharmacy as a contested case in accordance with
the provisions of Chapter 536, RSMo.

After the 2011 Order became effective, Peer employed Wilson Winch, R.Ph., as a

consultant at Center Pharmacy. On or about October 13, 2011, March 5, 2012, and September 5,

2012, Winch conducted Pharmacy Consultant Reviews, which were provided to the Board.

Board Inspector Andi Miller inspected Center Pharmacy on several occasions and visited the

Children‘s Mercy Hospital Outpatient Pharmacy. Based on errors identified by Winch and

Inspector Miller, on January 31, 2013, the Board filed a complaint, alleging that Peer violated the

terms of the 2011 Order. Regarding paragraph 39 of the 2011 Order, the Board alleged that Peer

violated section 338.059.1(4) by dispensing improperly labeled prescriptions and 20 CSR

2220-2.010(1)(F) by failing to maintain his pharmacy in a clean and sanitary manner. Pertaining

to paragraph 49 of the 2011 Order, the Board alleged that Peer failed to immediately produce

quarterly review of errors reports, and in the reports he did produce, he did not include the steps

taken to prevent recurrence of errors.

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 After two continuances requested by Peer, a violation of disciplinary order hearing was

held on July 17, 2013. At the hearing, Peer stipulated to a briefing schedule in which the Board

would file its brief by August 2, 2013, and Peer would file a response by August 12, 2013. On

September 30, 2013, the Board issued its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order of

discipline (―2013 Order‖). The Board found that Peer violated the terms of probation as alleged.

The Board revoked Peer‘s pharmacist license and prohibited him from reapplying for seven

years.

Peer petitioned the circuit court for judicial review of the Board‘s 2013 Order. The

circuit court entered its judgment on March 11, 2014. The circuit court found that, ―[P]ursuant

to the Order of Discipline of August [4], 2011, Peer‘s probationary period expired on August [4],

2013, and the Board lost jurisdiction and authority to impose additional discipline as of that

date.‖ The circuit court thus concluded that the Board‘s 2013 Order was null and void.

The Board appeals.1

Standard of Review

Our standard of review is controlled by section 536.100,2 which authorizes judicial

review of ―a final decision in a contested case . . . as provided in sections 536.100 to 536.140,

unless some other provision for judicial review is provided by statute.‖ Thus, we review the

Board‘s Order and not the judgment of the circuit court. § 536.140.5.

This court determines whether the Board‘s action: (1) violates constitutional provisions;

(2) exceeds its statutory authority or jurisdiction; (3) is unsupported by competent and substantial

evidence upon the whole record; (4) is, for any other reason, unauthorized by law; (5) is made

upon unlawful procedure or without a fair trial; (6) is arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable; (7)

1
Although Board filed this appeal as the party aggrieved by the circuit court‘s decision, Peer filed the
appellant‘s brief under Rule 84.05(e) because he was aggrieved by the Board‘s decision.
2
All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2000, as supplemented.

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involves an abuse of discretion. § 536.140.2. ―The Board‘s decision is presumed valid, and the

burden is on the party attacking it to overcome that presumption.‖ Moore v. Mo. Dental Bd., 311

S.W.3d 298, 303 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010) (internal quotation omitted). We make a ―‗single

determination whether, considering the whole record, there is sufficient competent and

substantial evidence to support‘‖ the agency‘s decision. Albanna v. State Bd. of Registration for

Healing Arts, 293 S.W.3d 423, 428 (Mo. banc 2009) (quoting Hampton v. Big Boy Steel

Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220, 223 (Mo. banc 2003)). If the ―agency‘s decision involves a question

of law, the court reviews the question de novo.‖ Id.

Analysis

Peer raises four points on appeal. In his first two points, he asserts that the Board lacked

jurisdiction3 to impose additional discipline on his pharmacist license: first, because his

probationary period had terminated before the Board entered its further discipline; and second,

because the 2011 Order imposing additional discipline was not a qualified order under section

338.055.3. In his third point, Peer contends that the Board‘s order of additional discipline was

unsupported by competent and substantial evidence on the whole record, and the Board‘s

decision was arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable. In his fourth point, Peer asserts that the

Board‘s imposition of disproportionate discipline was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, and violated his constitutional rights to substantive due process and equal protection.

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In Peer‘s brief, he conflates the concepts of jurisdiction and authority. ―In a non-administrative context,
jurisdiction and authority are two separate and distinct inquiries.‖ Roth v. J.J. Brouk & Co., 356 S.W.3d 786, 788
n.2 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011) (citing J.C.W. ex rel. Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249 (Mo. banc 2009)). ―A circuit
court‘s subject matter jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases stems from the Missouri Constitution, article V, sec.
14, while a court‘s authority to grant relief in a particular case will lie in a specific statute or at common law.‖ Id.
(citing McCracken v. Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P., 298 S.W.3d 473 (Mo. banc 2009)). If Webb does not apply to
administrative cases, then the Board will have subject matter jurisdiction as long as it has been given statutory
authority for a particular act or remedy. Id. If Webb does apply, the issue is whether the Board possessed authority
to take the specific action challenged here; namely enter its order imposing additional discipline on Peer‘s
pharmacist license after his probationary period had expired. See id.

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 Point I

In Peer‘s first point, he argues that the Board lost jurisdiction over his prior discipline

when his probation ended. He contends that the Board‘s authority to impose additional

discipline is predicated on the existence of discipline still in force. According to Peer, because

the Board‘s 2011 Order and Peer‘s probation terminated on August 4, 2013, the Board lacked

jurisdiction to impose additional discipline in its 2013 Order entered on September 30, 2013.

Thus, the issue we must resolve is whether the Board was required to: file its complaint;

hold a violation of discipline hearing; and issue its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order

of discipline for an alleged violation of the terms of probation before Peer‘s probationary period

expired.

―[A]dministrative agencies—legislative creations—possess only those powers expressly

conferred or necessarily implied by statute.‖ United Pharmacal Co. of Mo., Inc. v. Mo. Bd. of

Pharmacy, 208 S.W.3d 907, 913 (Mo. banc 2006) (internal quotation omitted). The general

statutory provisions covering Occupations and Professions give the Board 4 the specific statutory

authority to hear and determine whether additional discipline should be imposed when the

licensee is already subject to discipline:

Any board, commission, or committee within the division of professional
registration may impose additional discipline when it finds after hearing that a
licensee, registrant, or permittee has violated any disciplinary terms previously
imposed or agreed to pursuant to settlement. The board, commission, or
committee may impose as additional discipline any discipline it would be
authorized to impose in an initial disciplinary hearing.

§ 324.042. In addition, the statutes covering pharmacists specifically give the Board the

authority to impose additional discipline on a licensee who violates previously imposed

disciplinary terms:

4
The Board is statutorily assigned to the division of professional registration. § 324.001.11(1).

7
 The [B]oard may impose additional discipline on a licensee, registrant, or
permittee found to have violated any disciplinary terms previously imposed under
this section or by agreement. The additional discipline may include, singly or in
combination, censure, placing the licensee, registrant, or permittee named in the
complaint on additional probation on such terms and conditions as the [B]oard
deems appropriate, which additional probation shall not exceed five years, or
suspension for a period not to exceed three years, or revocation of the license,
certificate, or permit.

§ 338.055.3.

Peer relies on Cohen v. Missouri Board of Pharmacy, 967 S.W.2d 243 (Mo. App. W.D.

1998), to argue that section 338.055 is the exclusive statutory authority authorizing the Board to

take disciplinary action against a pharmacist‘s license. What Peer ignores is that the Cohen court

was interpreting an earlier—and now outdated—1994 version of that statute. Section 338.055.3

was amended in 1998 to specifically authorize the Board to impose additional discipline on a

licensee found to have violated previously imposed disciplinary terms. And section 324.042 was

enacted in 2008, ten years after the Cohen decision. Accordingly, Peer‘s reliance upon Cohen is

misplaced.

―[S]tatutory provisions relating to the same subject matter are considered in pari materia

and are to be construed together.‖ Crawford v. Div. of Emp’t Sec., 376 S.W.3d 658, 664 (Mo.

banc 2012) (emphasis added) (internal quotation omitted). In doing so, we attempt to read the

statutes consistently and harmoniously. Id. Both section 324.042 and section 338.055.3

authorize the Board to impose additional discipline on a licensee who violates previously

imposed disciplinary terms.

The legislature has imposed on the Board a statutory time limitation to bring a

disciplinary action. A disciplinary proceeding against a licensee must be commenced within

three years of the date upon which the licensing agency received notice of an alleged violation:

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 1. Except as provided in this section, no disciplinary proceeding against any
person or entity licensed, registered, or certified to practice a profession within the
division of professional registration shall be initiated unless such action is
commenced within three years of the date upon which the licensing, registering,
or certifying agency received notice of an alleged violation of an applicable
statute or regulation.

§ 324.043.1. Such an action is commenced ―when a complaint is filed by the agency‘s legal

counsel with the agency in respect to . . . a probation violation.‖ § 324.043.3. Here, the Board

filed its complaint against Peer‘s license in January 2013, well in advance of the three-year

deadline for receiving notice of an alleged violation and well in advance of the August 2013

probation expiration date from the 2011 Order.

The legislature likewise could have imposed a statutory time limitation upon which an

entry of an order of additional discipline must occur after the commencement of the complaint,

but it did not do so. ―[T]he purpose behind licensing statutes is to protect the public . . . .‖

Garozzo v. Mo. Dep’t of Ins., 389 S.W.3d 660, 665 (Mo. banc 2013) (internal quotation omitted).

That purpose would be thwarted were we to accept Peer‘s argument that, essentially, licensed

practitioners on probation are free to violate the terms of their probation as long as the Board is

unable to consummate a disciplinary order before the probation term ends—even where, as here,

Peer actually stipulated to a briefing schedule that he knew would not result in complete briefing

by the parties until after the purported probationary expiration date under the disciplinary order

in dispute.

A contested case against a licensee for a violation of probation is commenced by the

Board filing a complaint stating the relief sought or proposed and the reason for granting it.

§ 536.063. The Board must then promptly notify all necessary parties of institution of the

complaint. § 536.067(1). The Board must also provide at least ten days notice of the time and

place of the hearing. § 536.067(3), (4). At or after the hearing, the parties may present oral

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arguments or file written briefs, which the Board must consider in addition to the record before

rendering a final decision. § 536.080. The Board‘s final, written decision must be accompanied

by findings of fact and conclusions of law. § 536.090. As this case demonstrates, it is neither

uncommon nor unreasonable for this schedule of administrative events—events designed to

safeguard the rights of a licensee such as Peer—to take up to 8 months or more to complete. To

propose that the statutory procedures in a contested administrative case must be concluded

before the expiration of the licensee‘s probationary period is absurd.

Accordingly, we conclude that under the plain meaning of the statutory framework at

issue, if a licensee violates any condition of probation during the probationary period, the

Board‘s filing of a complaint within the section 324.043.1 time constraints authorizes the Board

to impose additional discipline based on the violation of the conditions of probation.

Point I is denied.

Point II

In Peer‘s second point, he asserts that the Board lacked jurisdiction to directly impose

additional discipline based on an alleged violation of a previously imposed order of additional

discipline. Peer argues that the Board was required to file a complaint with the AHC for a

determination that grounds for discipline existed.

Generally, an administrative proceeding to discipline a pharmacy license is bifurcated. If

the Board concludes that the holder of a pharmacy license has committed an act or is engaging in

a practice constituting grounds for disciplinary action as provided in section 338.055.2(1)-(17),

the Board may file a complaint with the AHC. See § 621.045.1. After the filing of such

complaint, if the AHC finds that the grounds for disciplinary action are met, a second hearing is

held by the Board to decide what discipline—including censure, probation on such terms and

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conditions as the Board deems appropriate for a period not to exceed five years, suspension for a

period not to exceed three years, or revocation of the license—should be imposed on the

licensee. § 338.055.3.

However, disputes between the Board and its licensees may be informally resolved.

§§ 621.045.4, 536.060 (―Contested cases and other matters involving licensees and licensing

agencies described in section 621.045 may be informally resolved by consent agreement or

agreed settlement or may be resolved by stipulation, consent order, or default, or by agreed

settlement where such settlement is permitted by law.‖). Here, Peer waived the right to a hearing

before the AHC regarding cause to discipline Peer‘s pharmacy license, waived the right to a

disciplinary hearing before the Board, and entered into the 2006 Settlement Agreement for the

purpose of resolving the question of whether Peer‘s license as a pharmacist would be subject to

discipline.

Section 324.042 authorizes the Board to impose additional discipline when a licensee

violates any disciplinary terms previously imposed. Having found that Peer violated the

disciplinary terms previously agreed to in the 2006 Settlement Agreement, the Board imposed

additional discipline in the 2011 Order. And after the Board found that Peer violated the

disciplinary terms previously imposed in the 2011 Order, the Board imposed additional

discipline in its 2013 Order, revoking Peer‘s pharmacist license and prohibiting him from

reapplying for seven years. The Board‘s action in pursuing a violation of the terms of probation

imposed because of a violation of a previously imposed probation is within the parameters of

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section 338.055.3, is separately authorized and contemplated by sections 324.042 and

324.043.3,5 and is consistent with the waiver of rights originally executed by Peer in 2006.

Point II is denied.

Point III

In Peer‘s third point, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the Board‘s

finding that he violated the terms of probation imposed in the 2011 Order. He contends that he

complied with the requirements regarding a continuous quality improvement program and did

not violate state law and regulations relating to dispensing drugs or maintaining his pharmacy in

a sanitary and clean condition. In reviewing the Board‘s decision, we must determine whether,

considering the whole record, there is sufficient competent and substantial evidence to support

the Board‘s finding. Albanna, 293 S.W.3d at 428. ―This standard would not be met in the rare

case when the [agency‘s decision] is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.‖ Id.

(internal quotation omitted).

Paragraph 49 of the 2011 Order required that Peer maintain a quarterly review of errors,

including steps taken to prevent recurrence, and that he produce the quarterly reports

immediately upon the Board‘s or its staff‘s request:

49. [Peer] shall establish a continuous quality improvement program to assess
dispensing errors related to his pharmacy practice and shall take appropriate
action(s) to prevent recurrence. [Peer] shall document all dispensing errors for
which he was responsible regardless of practice location. On a quarterly basis
[Peer] shall review all errors documented since the last quarterly review and
establish steps taken or to be taken to prevent recurrence of such errors. [Peer]
shall document for each quarterly review which errors were reviewed and the
steps taken or to be taken to prevent recurrence. All documentation required by
this section shall be made immediately available to the Board of Pharmacy or its
staff upon request.

5
Section 324.043.3 dictates that an action is commenced upon the filing of a complaint with the AHC, ―or
when a complaint is filed by the agency‘s legal counsel with the agency in respect to an automatic revocation or a
probation violation.‖ (Emphasis added.)

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 In its 2013 complaint, the Board noted that Peer was required to maintain a quarterly

review of errors pursuant to the disciplinary agreement in the 2011 Order. The Board alleged

that Peer was unable to produce the quarterly review for July 1, 2012, through September 30,

2012, when requested to do so by Inspector Miller during her investigation. At the July 17, 2013

disciplinary hearing, Inspector Miller testified that, as part of Peer‘s 2011 Order, he was required

to provide quarterly reports to the Board in which he reviewed all of his errors and established

steps taken or to be taken to prevent reccurrence of the errors. Inspector Miller stated that she

was provided reports labeled quarterly, but they did not include the required data. When she

conducted an inspection of the pharmacy on June 5, 2012, she specifically asked Peer to provide

a copy of his error records. Peer provided her with an empty binder and told her that there had

not been any errors since the last inspection. Inspector Miller determined that Peer‘s statement

was untrue because Miller had error records from Winch. Inspector Miller testified that Peer

agreed that there were errors. Peer admitted that the error records were not immediately

available to Inspector Miller when she requested them during her June 2012 visit and that he

gave her an empty three-ring binder when she asked for a copy of his error records.

The Board further alleged that in the quarterly reports that Peer did produce, he did not

include the steps taken to prevent recurrence of the errors. At the July 17, 2013 disciplinary

hearing, Peer admitted that when Inspector Miller visited the pharmacy on October 16, 2012, she

requested Peer‘s quarterly review for the quarter ending September 30, and he was unable to

produce it because he had not written it yet. When Peer was asked if he documented the steps to

be taken to prevent recurrence of errors listed on the quarterly review for the first quarter of

2012, Peer reacted ―put out‖ by the documentation requirement and testified that ―[t]he steps are

checking and rechecking. . . . If you do a complete and final check, you‘re there.‖

13
Unfortunately, as further evidence would demonstrate, Peer failed his simplified ―check and

recheck‖ policy on numerous occasions leading to pharmaceutical errors in patient medication

disbursements.

Paragraph 39 of the 2011 Order required that Peer comply with laws and regulations:

39. [Peer] shall comply with all provisions of Chapter 338, Chapter 195, and
all applicable federal and state drug laws, rules and regulations and with all
federal and state criminal laws. ―State‖ here includes the State of Missouri and all
other states and territories of the United States.

The Board alleged that Peer violated section 338.059.1(1)-(7), which requires that each

prescription dispensed be properly labeled:

1. It shall be the duty of a licensed pharmacist or a physician to affix or have
affixed by someone under the pharmacist‘s or physician‘s supervision a label to
each and every container provided to a consumer in which is placed any
prescription drug upon which is typed or written the following information:

(1) The date the prescription is filled;

(2) The sequential number;

(3) The patient‘s name;

(4) The prescriber‘s directions for usage;

(5) The prescriber‘s name;

(6) The name and address of the pharmacy;

(7) The exact name and dosage of the drug dispensed[.]

The Board found that Inspector Miller reviewed the prescription records of Center Pharmacy, the

compliance log maintained by Peer, and the Pharmacy Compliance Logs maintained by Winch

and determined that seven dispensing and/or labeling errors had occurred at Center Pharmacy.

Inspector Miller uncovered an additional eleven prescription and labeling errors during her

review of pharmacy errors attributable to Peer at Children‘s Mercy Hospital. The Board

14
concluded that by incorrectly stating the prescribing physician‘s directions for usage on at least

six labels of the prescriptions provided to patients of both pharmacies, Peer dispensed improperly

labeled prescriptions in violation of section 338.059.1(4). The Board further concluded that Peer

was responsible for all incorrectly filled, compounded, and dispensed prescriptions, eleven of

which were received by patients without correction.

Sufficient evidence supports the Board‘s determination. Inspector Miller testified as to

the eighteen errors recorded in her November 26, 2012 Investigation Report that Peer made at

Center Pharmacy and at Children‘s Mercy Hospital Pharmacy.

At Center Pharmacy:

four prescriptions were dispensed with the wrong directions – the direction
printed on the label affixed to the patient‘s prescription bottle did not match what
was on the original prescription;

one prescription was dispensed with the wrong strength – the prescriber
prescribed one strength but a different strength was dispensed to the patient;

one prescription was dispensed with a wrong drug formulation – immediate
release instead of extended release;

one prescription was dispensed under the wrong prescriber‘s name – prescription
shows that it was prescribed by a physician other than the actual prescriber.

All seven of the Center Pharmacy errors reached the patient. Peer attributed three of the errors to

the use of computer shortcuts but was uncertain as to how four of the errors occurred. Peer

admitted that multiple prescriptions left his pharmacy that were labeled incorrectly, had the

wrong physician, the wrong strength, the wrong drug formulation. He agreed that as part of his

2011 Order, he was required to comply with the provisions of Chapter 338 of the Missouri

Revised Statutes, and by dispensing products from the pharmacy that were improperly labeled,

he was in violation of Missouri statutes.

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 Eleven errors were identified at Children‘s Mercy Hospital Pharmacy:

four prescriptions were dispensed for the wrong drug, three of which were
compounded products;

three prescriptions were dispensed for the wrong strength;

one prescription was dispensed with the wrong directions;

one prescription was dispensed with the wrong quantity;

one was dispensed with the correctly compounded drug, but the prescription label
indicated the incorrect drug;

one error was reported as drug miscopied on a manual rewrite of an old
prescription.

Five of the eleven errors were attributed to ―no double check performed by the pharmacist.‖

Only four of the prescription errors were known to have reached patients, none of whom reported

any direct harm. Peer explained that his performance at the hospital pharmacy ―was very much

affected by sleep deprivation in the last two or three years. Personally[,] I wouldn‘t vouch for

anything I did in the last ten years while I was at Children‘s.‖ He summarized his ―whole work

performance at Children‘s Mercy [as] a slow, continual gradual decline in job performance.‖

In addition, Peer admitted at the disciplinary hearing that he operated for a week without

a BNDD license. He also admitted that he had not been complying with the 2011 Order, but he

argued that ―there are reasons for not being compliant.‖ Peer stated that the Board‘s purpose ―is

to protect the public health more than anything else. . . . I feel that the Board‘s decision to

surrender my license at that time under those circumstances was the correct decision. I agree

with you and I commend you as a Board and as . . . individuals, but I‘m out of that situation

[presumably the Children‘s Mercy Hospital employment ―situation‖]. So that‘s the difference.‖

16
 Also relating to paragraph 39 of the 2011 Order, the Board alleged that Peer violated

section 20 CSR 2220-2.010(1)(F), which requires that a pharmacy be maintained in a clean and

sanitary manner:

(F) All pharmacies shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition at all
times. Any procedures used in the dispensing, compounding and admixture of
drugs or drug-related devices must be completed under clean and, when
recommended, aseptic conditions.

1. Appropriate sewage disposal and a hot and cold water supply within the
pharmacy must be available.

2. Appropriate housekeeping and sanitation of all areas where drugs are stored or
dispensed must be maintained.

In the 2013 Order‘s factual findings, the Board noted that both of the prior disciplinary actions

taken against Peer‘s license included violations for his failure to maintain his pharmacy in a

clean and sanitary manner.

At the July 17, 2013 disciplinary hearing, Inspector Miller testified that during her

inspections of the pharmacy since the 2011 Order, she observed ―[g]enerally there are papers in

disarray on the countertop. There [are] usually items piled on the floor. The cleanliness does

vary from time to time. Usually when I arrive[,] Mr. Peer starts straightening up.‖ Winch noted

in his October 13, 2011 initial review report that ―[t]he pharmacy floor needs cleaning‖ and

listed ―general cleanliness and orderliness‖ as a corrective action for Peer to take. Peer testified

that the pharmacy is in a grocery store and dust is generated when the floors are buffed each

night. During questioning by Board members, Peer admitted that dust is also on the shelves and

prescription bottles in the pharmacy, and that he dusts about every month and a half.

Because there was substantial evidence that Peer violated Chapter 338, and applicable

federal and state drug laws, rules, and regulations, section 338.055 allows the Board to discipline

Peer‘s license for, among other causes, ―[v]iolation of any professional trust or confidence.‖

17
Considering the whole record, there is sufficient competent and substantial evidence to support

the Board‘s finding that Peer violated the terms of probation imposed in the 2011 Order.

Point III is denied.

Point IV

In Peer‘s fourth point, he claims that the Board‘s imposition of discipline was

disproportionate, arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and violated his constitutional

rights to substantive due process and equal protection of the laws. We note:

The court on appeal rarely interferes with sanctions imposed by an administrative
[board] which are within the statutory authority of the [board]. A part of the
expertise of the members of the [Board] consists of the ability, drawn from their
knowledge of the industry practices and standards, to assess the gravity of the
licensee‘s infractions, and to fit the sanction to the offense.

Kerwin v. Mo. Dental Bd., 375 S.W.3d 219, 231-32 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (quoting Andrews v.

Mo. Real Estate Comm’n, 849 S.W.2d 241, 245 (Mo. App. W.D.1993)).

The severity of additional discipline to be imposed rests in the discretion of the Board.

§ 338.055.3. The Board‘s decision as to discipline will be ―upheld unless its determination is:

unsupported by competent and substantial evidence; arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable; an

abuse of discretion; or unauthorized by the law.‖ KV Pharm. Co. v. Mo. State Bd. of Pharmacy,

43 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Mo. banc 2001). ―Discretion is abused when the ruling is clearly against

the logic of the circumstances then before the court and is so arbitrary and unreasonable as to

shock the sense of justice and indicate a lack of careful consideration.‖ Kerwin, 375 S.W.3d at

232 (internal quotation omitted).

Peer voluntarily took the second job at Children‘s Mercy Hospital for supplemental

income. He did not identify tiredness from self-induced sleep deprivation as a contributing

factor to errors in quarterly error reviews and only belatedly offered that excuse at his

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disciplinary hearing. Yet Peer admitted at his disciplinary hearing that the quality of his

performance at the hospital pharmacy ―was very much affected by sleep deprivation in the last

two or three years. Personally[,] I wouldn‘t vouch for anything I did in the last ten years while I

was at Children‘s.‖ He summarized his ―whole work performance at Children‘s Mercy [as] a

slow, continual gradual decline in job performance.‖

Peer contends that his actions did not rise to the level of malpractice or incompetence.

He argues that license revocation was unwarranted because he produced evidence that his errors

were related to the effects of sleep deprivation. Dr. Scott Eveloff, a physician who is board

certified in sleep disorder medicine and pulmonary medicine, testified on Peer‘s behalf.

Dr. Eveloff testified that Peer suffered from chronic sleep deprivation from 2011 to the end of

2012 when he was working until 11:00 p.m. at Children‘s Mercy Hospital, going to bed at

midnight, and waking at 6:30 a.m. However, the doctor could not say with medical certainty that

Peer‘s self-induced sleep deprivation was unequivocally the only cause of his lack of attention.

When Dr. Eveloff was asked how confident he would be in his child‘s safety if his child were at

Children‘s Mercy Hospital, he replied: ―So you mean knowing that [Peer] was sleep [deprived]

or that he has committed all these errors, how would I like him handling my child‘s

prescriptions? It would give me pause.‖ Peer‘s belated attempt to blame his dispensing errors

on his lack of sleep neither mitigates those errors nor lessens the danger he posed to the public.

Section 324.042 authorizes the Board to impose as additional discipline ―any discipline it

would be authorized to impose in an initial disciplinary hearing.‖ There is a wide range of

sanctions available to the Board under section 338.055.3, from censure to revocation of license.

Section 338.055.3 provides that:

The board may impose additional discipline on a licensee, registrant, or permittee
found to have violated any disciplinary terms previously imposed under this

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 section or by agreement. The additional discipline may include, singly or in
combination, censure, placing the licensee, registrant, or permittee named in the
complaint on additional probation on such terms and conditions as the board
deems appropriate, which additional probation shall not exceed five years, or
suspension for a period not to exceed three years, or revocation of the license,
certificate, or permit.

―The appropriate sanction within that range is confided to the discretion of the Board.‖ Holmes

v. Mo. Dental Bd., 703 S.W.2d 11, 13 (Mo. App. W.D. 1985). The Board had the authority to

revoke Peer‘s license as additional discipline for violating previously imposed disciplinary terms.

Peer asserts that he has been treated differently and more harshly than other pharmacists

who have been disciplined under section 338.055.26 and that there is no rational basis for the

difference in discipline. ―However, when the treatment at issue does not involve a fundamental

right or a suspect classification, it survives an equal protection challenge so long as it bears a

rational relationship to a legitimate government interest.‖ Artman v. State Bd. of Registration for

Healing Arts, 918 S.W.2d 247, 252 (Mo. banc 1996). Likewise, ―[s]ubstantive due process

requires the state action which deprives one of life, liberty or property, be rationally related to a

legitimate state interest.‖ Lane v. State Comm. of Psychologists, 954 S.W.2d 23, 24 (Mo. App.

E.D. 1997). ―To assert a substantive due process claim[,] one must establish that the government

action complained of is ‗truly irrational,‘ more than arbitrary, capricious, or in violation of state

law.‖ Id. at 24-25. While Peer has a property interest in his pharmacy license, the Board has a

vital interest in protecting the public.

―The reason professional license discipline laws exist is to protect the public served by

those who have been granted such licenses.‖ Johnson v. Mo. Bd. of Nursing Adm’rs, 130 S.W.3d
6
Peer cites to disciplinary action against pharmacists listed in Board newsletters from February 2012 to
May 2013. Of the three cases in the newsletters involving violation of discipline, the Board placed one pharmacist
on two years‘ probation; revoked one pharmacist‘s license and prohibited her from reapplying for seven years; and
one pharmacist voluntarily surrendered his license and cannot reapply for three years. None of these examples
appear identical to the numerous opportunities Peer was given to rectify pharmaceutical concerns in the 2006
Settlement Agreement and 2011 Order. Nor do they illustrate that Peer is somehow being singled out for retributive
and inconsistent discipline.

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619, 645 (Mo. App. W.D. 2004). ―[T]he focus of licensing laws, and suspension or revocation

provisions included therein, is on protection of the public served by such licensed professionals.

Cases uniformly reflect this focus with respect to the disciplining of various occupational

licenses.‖ Id. (internal quotation omitted).

There is a rational basis for the Board‘s revocation of Peer‘s license due to Peer‘s

egregious conduct. Peer entered into the 2006 Settlement Agreement for five years‘ probation

due to pharmacy violations. Due to Peer‘s violation of the 2006 Settlement Agreement‘s

disciplinary order, the Board issued its 2011 Order, which placed Peer on probation for two

years. In 2013, the Board filed a complaint, alleging that Peer violated the terms of the 2011

Order. After finding that Peer violated the terms of probation, the Board issued its 2013 Order,

revoking Peer‘s pharmacist license and prohibited him from reapplying for seven years. The

state has a legitimate interest in protecting its citizens from pharmacists who persist in violating

discipline and who fail to correct cited errors. Revoking the license of the offending pharmacist

is rationally related to that interest. The Board‘s treatment of Peer did not violate the Equal

Protection or Due Process Clauses of the United States Constitution or article I, sections 2 or 10

of the Missouri Constitution.

Under the factual circumstances of Peer‘s case, the Board‘s decision to revoke his

pharmacy license is within the statutory range of discipline available to the Board, and such

discipline is not arbitrary, capricious, or disproportionate. Likewise, Peer‘s constitutional rights

have not been violated, and the Board‘s decision does not constitute an abuse of discretion.

Point IV is denied.

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 Conclusion

The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the case is remanded to the circuit court

with directions to reinstate the Board‘s 2013 Order revoking Peer‘s license as a pharmacist.

Mark D. Pfeiffer, Judge

Victor C. Howard, Presiding Judge, and
Gary D. Witt, Judge, concur.

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