Com. v. Clyburn, A.

J-A25036-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee

v.

ANNE L. CLYBURN,

Appellant No. 2523 EDA 2013

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence June 28, 2013
in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-46-CR-0006860-2008

BEFORE: DONOHUE, J., WECHT, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 24, 2014

Appellant, Anne L. Clyburn, appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed on June 28, 2013, following her non-jury conviction of one count

each of theft by unlawful taking, theft by deception, receiving stolen

property, theft by failure to make required disposition of funds received, and

four counts each of tampering with records and unlawful use of a computer.1

Appellant was retried after her prior conviction was vacated and the case

remanded. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.

____________________________________________

*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3921(a), 3922(a)(1), 3925(a), 3927(a), 4104(a), and
7611(a)(1), respectively.
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The instant matter arose out of actions taken during Appellant’s tenure

as President and CEO of the United Food and Commercial Workers’ Local

1776 Federal Credit Union (Credit Union) from August 7, 2000 through

February 27, 2007. (See N.T. Trial, 6/27/13, at 210). This Court previously

described the underlying facts as follows:

Appellant awarded herself raises which were never approved by
the [C]redit [U]nion’s Board of Directors, she manipulated the
line of credit on her [C]redit [U]nion issued debit card and wrote
checks from the [C]redit [U]nion’s operating accounts for her
personal expenses. Appellant stole more than $32,400.00 from
the [C]redit [U]nion’s members, a [C]redit [U]nion which serves
people of very modest means.

Commonwealth v. Clyburn, 42 A.3d 296, 297 (Pa. Super. 2012). The

Commonwealth originally tried Appellant, who represented herself, in July

2010, on these charges as well as several others relating to Appellant’s

actions while President and CEO of the Credit Union. See id. at 297-98.

This Court vacated Appellant’s conviction and remanded, finding that her

waiver of counsel was not knowing, voluntary and intelligent. See id. at

301-02.

After her first conviction, Appellant retained counsel, and, prior to

retrial, Appellant filed multiple discovery motions, which sought discovery of

various reports and minutes. (See Request for Pre-Trial Discovery, 3/22/12,

at unnumbered pages 1-2; Second Request for Pre-Trial Discovery,

10/05/12, at unnumbered pages 1-2; Third Request for Pre-Trial Discovery,

11/14/12, at unnumbered pages 1-3; Fourth Motion for Pre-Trial Discovery,

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4/11/13, at unnumbered pages 1-5; Renewed Motion for Discovery,

5/29/13, at unnumbered pages 1-2; Defendant’s Sixth Motion for

Discovery/Motion to Dismiss, 6/13/13, at unnumbered pages 1-7). The

Commonwealth contended that it had turned over all documents in its

possession to Appellant and was unable to obtain the missing reports she

requested. (See N.T. Hearing, 5/22/13, at 7; N.T. Hearing, 6/24/13, at 13-

15). The trial court granted some of the motions and denied others. (See

Order, 4/13/12, at unnumbered page 1; Order, 11/30/12, at unnumbered

page 1; Order, 4/18/13, at unnumbered page 1).

On April 11, 2013, Appellant also filed a motion to dismiss based upon

a claim of prosecutorial misconduct. (See Motion to Dismiss, 4/11/13, at

unnumbered pages 1-10). The trial court denied the motion to dismiss on

April 23, 2013. (See Order, 4/23/13, at unnumbered page 1). Appellant

filed a second motion to dismiss, based upon the Commonwealth’s alleged

failure to comply with court-ordered discovery on May 13, 2013. (See

Motion to Dismiss, 5/13/13, at unnumbered pages 1-2). On May 28, 2013,

the trial court denied the motion but ruled that any evidence not given to

Appellant would not be admissible at trial. (See Order, 5/28/13, at

unnumbered page 1). Appellant filed a sixth motion for discovery/third

motion to dismiss, based upon a claimed discovery violation on June 13,

2013. (See Sixth Motion for Discovery/Motion to Dismiss, 6/13/13, at

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unnumbered pages 1-7). The trial court granted in part and denied the

motion in part on June 25, 2013.

On June 25, 2013, Appellant agreed to proceed with a non-jury trial in

return for the Commonwealth proceeding only on those charges relating to

Appellant’s unauthorized use of Credit Union checks to pay for her husband’s

dental treatment. (See N.T. Hearing, 6/25/13, at 4-16).

The evidence at trial demonstrated that the Credit Union was a small

business with only four employees, including Appellant. (See N.T. Trial,

6/27/13, at 212). As part of her job, it was Appellant’s responsibility to

approve and disburse payments for the Credit Union’s operating expenses;

she had sole authority to write checks to vendors. (See id. at 17-18; N.T.

Trial, 6/28/13, at 4). Following Appellant’s termination from the Credit

Union, the directors of the Credit Union noticed certain discrepancies in the

account. (See N.T. Trial, 6/27/13, at 19).

In July and August of 2004, Dr. Alan Kirsch had performed root canal

surgery on Appellant’s husband. (See id. at 78, 82-83). Appellant’s dental

insurance partially covered these procedures. (See id. at 8; N.T. Trial

6/28/13, at 34-35). Following the procedures, there were still monies owed

to Dr. Kirsch. (See N.T. Trial, 6/27/13, at 101).

The Credit Union discovered that someone had made out four vendor

checks, numbered 281754, 281959, 282356, and 28257 (the checks) to Dr.

Kirsch. (See id. at 20-32). However, the check’s payee lines did not match

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the corresponding entries in the Credit Union’s general ledger. (See id.).

The ledger incorrectly showed that check #281754 for $418.00 was paid to

Lexmark for a “Lexmark Optra new fuser,” when it was in fact paid to Dr.

Kirsch. (Id. at 201). The ledger also showed that Check #281959 for

$330.54 was listed as being paid to AES/PHEEA, when it was actually paid to

Dr. Kirsch. (See id. at 24-25). Check #282356 for $210.54 was actually

payable to Dr. Kirsch, although listed as being paid to PHEAA. (See id. at

26-27). Lastly check #282357 for $383.75, which was paid to Dr. Kirsch,

was listed as two checks in the ledger, one for $320.00 and one for $63.75,

both being listed as payment for business return envelopes. (See id. at 28-

32).

At Appellant’s second trial, Credit Union employee Tina Wellington

testified that the Credit Union issued two kinds of checks, member checks

and vendor checks. (See id. at 113). All employees could write member

checks (checks written to members who wanted to withdraw funds from

their accounts). (See id.). In order to generate and print a member check,

employees had to log into a computer with their teller number (which other

employees knew) and their password (which was secret). (See id. at 113-

14, 138-39, 147). Member checks had the member’s name and address

printed at the bottom of the check. (See id. at 122-23).

Wellington stated that vendor checks were different; when someone

printed a vendor check, a transaction explanation would automatically print

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on a different printer. (See id. at 131-32). The transaction explanation

showed, in part, the teller number and the time the check printed. (See id.

at 138). The vendor checks did not have members’ numbers or addresses

on them. (See id. at 122-23). The transaction explanation automatically

reflected the information on the check, and the general ledger entry

reflected the transaction explanation; for there to be a difference, someone

had to error correct the report manually. (See id. at 171). Appellant was

the only person authorized to print vendor checks. (See id. at 114-15, 125-

27).

Wellington testified that she saw one of the checks on the check

printer by her cubicle. (See id. at 121-27). She recognized the check was

a vendor check because it did not have the member’s information at the

bottom, and since she knew that only Appellant could print vendor checks,

she put the check on Appellant’s desk. (See id. 114-15, 122-23, 125-27).

Rita Hartman, the secretary at Dr. Kirsch’s office, testified that

Appellant’s insurance had reached its maximum limit prior to paying fully for

the root canals. (See id. at 76, 103). Hartman stated that she would have

sent a bill to Appellant’s husband when the insurance maxed out. (See id.

at 104). Hartman explained that, in her experience, “[e]very insurance

company sends the patient a copy of what is being paid.” (Id. at 99).

When she applied the credit union vendor checks to Appellant’s husband’s

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account, the account was paid in full, without any overpayment or

underpayment. (See id. at 101).

After presenting the testimony of character witnesses, (see id. at 189-

208), Appellant took the stand on her own behalf. Appellant denied ever

writing checks to Dr. Kirsch using the Credit Union’s money. (See id. at

233; N.T. Trial, 6/28/13, at 17). On cross-examination, Appellant stated

that she believed another employee at the Credit Union, in collaboration with

individuals at the Credit Union’s benefits’ group, conspired to frame her by

writing the unauthorized checks. (See N.T. Trial, 6/28/13, at 21-33).

Immediately following trial, the trial court convicted Appellant of the

aforementioned offenses. (See id. at 56). Upon agreement of counsel, the

trial court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of not less than six nor

more than twenty-three months of incarceration to be followed by three

years of probation, to be reduced to two years of probation if Appellant

made full restitution. (See id. at 58-61). The trial court gave Appellant

credit for time served, resulting in her immediate parole. (See id.).

On July 3, 2013, Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions, which

the trial court denied on August 9, 2013. The instant, timely appeal

followed. On September 6, 2013, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b). On September 13, 2013, Appellant filed a timely Rule 1925(b)

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J-A25036-14

statement. On October 24, 2013, the trial court issued an opinion. See

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

On appeal, Appellant raises the following questions for our review:

1. Were the verdicts for four counts of theft [Count 2 -
3921(a), Count 4 - 3922(a), Count 6 - 3925 and Count 10 -
3927(a)], and four counts of tampering with records [Counts 12,
13, 14, 15 - 4104(a)], and four counts of unlawful use of
computer (Counts 19, 20, 21, 22 [7611(a)(1)] not supported by
sufficient evidence? Did [the trial court] fail to properly apply the
adverse inference due to the Commonwealth’s non production of
discovery since the documents not produced dealt specifically
with the four dental checks, which would have negated any
sufficiency of evidence and provided exculpatory evidence for
[Appellant]?

2. Were the same verdicts as set forth in question one
against the weight of the evidence? Did [the trial court] fail to
properly draw or apply the adverse inference due to the
Commonwealth’s failure to produce discovery that could help the
defense, and therefore, result in the verdicts being against the
weight of the evidence?

3. Did [the trial court] err in not dismissing the case
pursuant to numerous pretrial motions since the Commonwealth
failed to produce and/or the records were destroyed of relevant
Board of Directors minutes and Supervising Committee minutes
and Expense Reports and CEO Reports, which would have
demonstrated approval of all dental expenses at issue and which
would have been favorable to the Appellant and would have
shown all bills, including dental bills in 2004 were reviewed and
approved? Was the defense of the Appellant severely prejudiced
by the non-production of documents?

4. Did [the trial court] err in allowing the testimony of Tina
Wellington since her information was not given to the Appellant
until the day before the trial began despite the fact the defense
had previously filed six discovery motions?

5. Did [the trial court] err in not dismissing the case based
on the double jeopardy clause in Article 1, Section 10 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution since the prosecution withheld

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J-A25036-14

evidence and presented false testimony that [Appellant] did not
have her raises approved and was not a union member when the
Credit Union Board of Director minutes given after numerous
motions by present counsel before the second trial reflected the
raises and the fact she was a union member? Did [the trial
court] err in not dismissing based on prosecutorial misconduct in
withholding evidence and/or arguing evidence the prosecution
knew was untrue?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 6-7).

In her first claim, Appellant alleges that the evidence was insufficient

to sustain her conviction because, in part, in her testimony at trial, she

denied “any knowledge of these checks.” (Appellant’s Brief, at 36). Our

standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence claims is well settled:

We must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial,
and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed
in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict
winner, support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.
Where there is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to
find every element of the crime has been established beyond a
reasonable doubt, the sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.

The evidence established at trial need not preclude every
possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all,
part, or none of the evidence presented. It is not within the
province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute
our judgment for that of the fact-finder. The Commonwealth’s
burden may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence and any
doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact
finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a
matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the
combined circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations

omitted) (emphasis added).

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J-A25036-14

Here, rather than viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, Appellant views the evidence in the light most favorable

to her and then concludes that it was insufficient to sustain the conviction.

(See Appellant’s Brief, at 35-43). Further, her sufficiency of the evidence

claim is, in reality, a claim that the trial court should have credited her

witnesses and her testimony, rather than crediting the evidence of the

Commonwealth. However, an argument that the finder of fact should not

have credited a witness’s testimony and should have credited the appellant’s

testimony goes to the weight of the evidence, not the sufficiency of the

evidence. See Commonwealth v. W.H.M., Jr., 932 A.2d 155, 160 (Pa.

Super. 2007) (claim that jury should not have believed victim’s version of

events goes to weight, not sufficiency of evidence); Commonwealth v.

Wilson, 825 A.2d 710, 713-14 (Pa. Super. 2003) (holding that review of

sufficiency of evidence does not include assessment of credibility of

testimony; such claim goes to weight of evidence); Commonwealth v.

Gaskins, 692 A.2d 224, 227 (Pa. Super. 1997) (holding that credibility

determinations are made by finder of fact and challenges to those

determinations go to weight, not sufficiency of evidence). Accordingly,

Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence claim fails.2

____________________________________________

2
Appellant also contends that the trial court had agreed to take an adverse
inference from the Commonwealth’s failure to provide in discovery
Supervisory Committee reports, CEO reports, and expense reports for the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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J-A25036-14

In her second claim, Appellant argues that her conviction was against

the weight of the evidence. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 44-46). Our scope

and standard of review of a weight of the evidence claim is also long-

settled:3

The finder of fact is the exclusive judge of the weight of
the evidence as the fact finder is free to believe all, part, or none
of the evidence presented and determines the credibility of the
witnesses.

As an appellate court, we cannot substitute our judgment
for that of the finder of fact. Therefore, we will reverse a jury’s
verdict and grant a new trial only where the verdict is so
contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice. A
verdict is said to be contrary to the evidence such that it shocks
one’s sense of justice when the figure of Justice totters on her
pedestal, or when the jury’s verdict, at the time of its rendition,
causes the trial judge to lose his breath, temporarily, and causes
him to almost fall from the bench, then it is truly shocking to the
judicial conscience.

_______________________
(Footnote Continued)

period in question and failed to do this, thus resulting in Appellant’s
conviction. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 38-39, 43). However, Appellant fails
to support her contention that the trial court had agreed to make such an
adverse inference. Rather, the trial court stated, “[d]epending on the issues
developed at [t]rial the fact finder may draw a negative inference from the
failure to produce certain documents.” (Order, 5/28/13, at unnumbered
page 1) (emphasis added). Thus, there was no guarantee that the trial
court would take such an inference. Further, other than bald statements
that these documents “would have exonerated” her (Appellant’s Brief, at
39), Appellant has failed to demonstrate that these documents existed, were
relevant, and contained any evidence that would have been favorable to her.
Thus, this contention lacks merit.
3
Appellant properly preserved her weight of the evidence claims in a post-
trial motion. (See Post-Sentence Motion, 7/03/13, at unnumbered pages 3-
5).

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J-A25036-14

Furthermore, where the trial court has ruled on the weight
claim below, an appellate court’s role is not to consider the
underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight
of the evidence. Rather, appellate review is limited to whether
the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the
weight claim.

Commonwealth v. Boyd, 73 A.3d 1269, 1274-75 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en

banc) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus, the trial

court’s denial of a motion for a new trial based on a weight of the evidence

claim is the least assailable of its rulings.” Commonwealth v. Diggs, 949

A.2d 873, 879-80 (Pa. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1106 (2009) (citation

omitted). Lastly, the instant matter was a bench trial, and we have stated

that, “[w]e will respect a trial court’s findings with regard to the credibility

and weight of the evidence [after a bench trial] unless the appellant can

show that the court’s determination was manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and

capricious[,] or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.” J.J. DeLuca Co., Inc.

v. Toll Naval Assocs., 56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation

omitted).

In its opinion denying Appellant’s post-sentence motion, the trial court

explained that it found the testimony of the Commonwealth’s witnesses

credible and did not find Appellant’s defense credible. (See Trial Court

Opinion and Order, 10/23/13, at 14-15). We have thoroughly reviewed both

the trial court’s opinion and the record in this matter and find that the trial

court did not commit a palpable abuse of discretion in rejecting Appellant’s

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J-A25036-14

weight of the evidence claim. Therefore, Appellant’s weight of the evidence

claim must fail.

In her third claim, Appellant contends that the trial court erred in not

dismissing the case when the Commonwealth failed to produce requested

records, including “Board of Directors[’] minutes, the Supervisory Committee

minutes and reports, the CEO reports and Expense report[s],” because these

would have demonstrated that the Credit Union approved the checks, which

would have exonerated Appellant. (Appellant’s Brief, at 45; see id. at 46-

52). We disagree.

“[Q]uestions involving discovery in criminal cases lie within the

discretion of the trial court and that court’s decision will not be reversed

unless such discretion was abused.” Commonwealth v. A.G., 955 A.2d

1022, 1025 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation omitted). The Pennsylvania Rules of

Criminal Procedure provide that:

If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is
brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to
comply with this rule [regarding discovery], the court may order
such party to permit discovery or inspection, may grant a
continuance, or may prohibit such party from introducing
evidence not disclosed, other than testimony of the defendant,
or it may enter such other order as it deems just under the
circumstances.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(E). Further, this Court has stated:

. . . that dismissal of charges is a penalty far too drastic for
a prosecutor’s violation of discovery rules.

* * *

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J-A25036-14

Dismissal of criminal charges punishes not only
the prosecutor . . . but also the public at large, since
the public has a reasonable expectation that those
who have been charged with crimes will be fairly
prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Thus, the
sanction of dismissal of criminal charges should be
utilized only in the most blatant cases. Given the
public policy goal of protecting the public from
criminal conduct, a trial court should consider
dismissal of charges where the actions of the
Commonwealth are egregious and where
demonstrable prejudice will be suffered by the
defendant if the charges are not dismissed.

A.G., supra at 1025 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

Here, the trial court found that the Commonwealth had produced much

of the requested discovery; it further found that some of the requested

documents were unnecessary because they concerned the charges that the

Commonwealth dropped. (See Trial Ct. Op., 10/23/13, at 15-16). The trial

court held that there was “no showing of any egregious actions by the

Commonwealth,” apparently crediting the Commonwealth’s explanation that,

despite its best efforts, it was unable to obtain the documents in question

from the Credit Union. (Id. at 18; see id. at 16). Lastly, the trial court

stated that Appellant “had not set forth just how [she] was prejudiced by the

lack of the documents[.]” (Id. at 18). We agree.

Appellant fails to point to any evidence that suggests that the

Commonwealth either did not look for the documents or withheld the

documents. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 46-53). Further, Appellant’s reliance

on the testimony of Commonwealth witness Mary Dunne is misplaced.

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Dunne did not testify that the Commonwealth did not seek these records,

but rather that no one asked her personally for the records and she was not

aware if the Commonwealth asked anyone else in her office for them. (See

N.T. Trial, 6/27/13, at 47-48; Appellant’s Brief, at 48-49). In addition, other

than bald and speculative statements that the missing documents would

have exonerated her, Appellant does not provide any support for her claim

that the failure of the Commonwealth to produce the documents prejudiced

her. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 46-53).

Finally, Appellant has not provided any legal support for her claim that

dismissal of all criminal charges is an appropriate remedy for a discovery

violation. To the contrary, all the cases cited by Appellant support the

Commonwealth’s contention that dismissal is not the appropriate remedy.

(See Appellant’s Brief, at 50-53; Commonwealth’s Brief, at 28-32); see

also Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57-59 (1988) (where police fail

to preserve evidence which might be exculpatory, dismissal is only

appropriate where there is showing of bad faith); Commonwealth v.

Burke, 781 A.2d 1136, 1146 (Pa. 2001) (“where there is no evidence of

deliberate, bad faith overreaching by the prosecutor intended to provoke the

defendant into seeking a mistrial or to deprive the defendant of a fair trial,

the proper remedy for the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose exculpatory

materials should be less severe than dismissal.”); Commonwealth v.

Smith, 955 A.3d 391, 395 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (reversing dismissal

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J-A25036-14

of charge based upon Commonwealth’s discovery violation);

Commonwealth v. Free, 902 A.2d 565, 571-74 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(reversing dismissal of charges, where the police failed to preserve

evidence). Here, as Appellant has failed to demonstrate any egregious

activity on the part of the Commonwealth and failed to show that the

Commonwealth’s failure to provide the missing documents prejudiced her,

her claim must fail. See A.G., supra at 325.

In her fourth claim, Appellant avers that the trial court erred in

allowing the testimony of Tina Wellington, since Wellington gave her

statement to the police the day before trial. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 53-

56). We disagree.

This Court has held that:

[w]ith regard to evidentiary challenges, it is well
established that [t]he admissibility of evidence is at the
discretion of the trial court and only a showing of an abuse of
that discretion, and resulting prejudice, constitutes reversible
error. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,
but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, or the
exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the
result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the
evidence of record. Furthermore, if in reaching a conclusion the
trial court overrides or misapplies the law, discretion is then
abused and it is the duty of the appellate court to correct the
error.

Commonwealth v. Serrano, 61 A.3d 279, 290 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted).

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Here, Appellant’s argument is undeveloped. Appellant fails to specify

the basis for her claim that Wellington’s testimony was inadmissible 4 and

fails to provide any legal support for her contentions. This Court will not act

as counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant. See

In re R.D., 44 A.3d 657, 674 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal denied, 56 A.3d 398

(Pa. 2012). When deficiencies in a brief hinder our ability to conduct

meaningful appellate review, we can dismiss the appeal entirely or find

certain issues to be waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101; R.D., supra at 674.

Accordingly, we find Appellant’s fourth claim waived.

Moreover, Appellant’s argument does not appear to be a claim that

any portion of Wellington’s testimony was inadmissible but rather that the

trial court should have excluded her testimony5 as a sanction for the

Commonwealth’s late disclosure of her statement, an entirely different issue.

(See Appellant’s Brief, at 53-56). As we earlier discussed, the trial court has

____________________________________________

4
We note that it does not appear that Appellant sought to preclude
Wellington’s testimony in its entirety, but only to preclude those portions of
her testimony regarding seeing one of the checks on the printer and putting
it in Appellant’s office. (See N.T. Trial, 6/27/13, at 117).
5
As noted above, at trial, Appellant only moved to preclude parts of
Wellington’s testimony, thus any claim that the trial court should have
precluded all of her testimony is waived. An appellant cannot raise new
legal theories for the first time on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a);
Commonwealth v. Truong, 36 A.3d 592, 598 (Pa. Super. 2012) (en banc),
appeal denied, 57 A.3d 70 (Pa. 2012).

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J-A25036-14

the discretion to exclude evidence as a sanction for a discovery violation.

See Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(E); see also Burke, supra at 1141.

Here, the evidence in question was not favorable to Appellant, so there

is no violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). Thus, the only

issue is whether there was a violation of Rule 573(B)(1)(b). 6 The

Commonwealth does not violate Rule 573(B)(1)(b) when it does not disclose

evidence that is not in its possession and of which it was unaware. See

Commonwealth v. Collins, 957 A.2d 237, 253 (Pa. 2008).

Appellant has not shown that the Commonwealth acted in bad faith or

deliberately withheld Wellington’s statement until the day before trial.

Rather, the record demonstrates that while Wellington spoke to the police in

2010, the police officer did not ask her about seeing one of the checks, and

when she was asked, immediately prior to trial, she gave a statement. (See

N.T. Trial, 6/27/13, at 151-52). Thus, Appellant has not shown that the

Commonwealth violated Rule 573 or that the trial court abused its discretion

in failing to preclude Wellington’s testimony regarding the checks. See

Collins, supra at 253-54 (trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to

preclude inculpatory lab test results not disclosed until second day of trial,

____________________________________________

6
Rule 573(B)(1)(b) provides for the mandatory disclosure of inculpatory
evidence that “is in the possession or control of the attorney for the
Commonwealth.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(1)(b).

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where Commonwealth disclosed evidence on day it obtained it and there was

no evidence that it had results earlier). Appellant’s claim lacks merit.

In her final claim, Appellant contends that the trial court erred in not

granting her motion to dismiss the case on double jeopardy grounds where

the Commonwealth committed prosecutorial misconduct by presenting false

evidence at Appellant’s first trial. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 56-63).

Specifically, Appellant contends that Board of Directors minutes disclosed to

Appellant prior to the second trial, contradict testimony at the first trial

regarding Appellant’s status as a union member and approval of various

raises. (See id. at 56-57).

“An appeal grounded in double jeopardy raises a question of

constitutional law. This court's scope of review in making a determination

on a question of law is, as always, plenary. As with all questions of law, the

appellate standard of review is de novo. . . .” Commonwealth v.

Anderson, 38 A.3d 828, 833-34 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc) (quotation

marks and citations omitted).

The Pennsylvania Constitution provides, in pertinent part, that “No

person shall, for the same offense be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. . .

. “ Pa. Const. Art. 1 § 10. We have held that:

. . . double jeopardy protection applies where the
prosecution engages in conduct intended to provoke the
defendant’s motion for mistrial. In addition, the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court held that double jeopardy applies in the event of
prosecutorial misconduct undertaken in bad faith to prejudice or
harass the defendant. . . .

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We now hold that the double jeopardy clause
of the Pennsylvania Constitution prohibits retrial of a
defendant not only when prosecutorial misconduct is
intended to provoke the defendant into moving for a
mistrial, but also when the conduct of the prosecutor
is intentionally undertaken to prejudice the
defendant to the point of the denial of a fair trial.

Thus, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that the
double jeopardy clause set forth in Article 1, § 10 of the state
constitution provides greater protection than its Fifth
Amendment counterpart.

Commonwealth v. Minnis, 83 A.3d 1047, 1051-52 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en

banc) (quotation marks, footnote and citations omitted).

Here, the certified record does not include the transcripts from the first

trial. The request for transcripts attached to the notice of appeal

demonstrates that Appellant only requested that the court recorder

transcribe trial transcripts from the instant trial. (See Notice of Appeal,

9/05/13, at unnumbered page 3). We have stated “[w]hen the appellant . .

. fails to conform to the requirements of [Pa.R.A.P.] 1911 [relating to

transcript requests], any claims that cannot be resolved in the absence of

the necessary transcript or transcripts must be deemed waived for the

purpose of appellate review.” Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 7

(Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 916 A.2d 632 (Pa. 2007) (citation

omitted).

Further, Appellant’s motion to dismiss does not include copies of the

Board of Directors’ minutes in question, and this Court cannot find them in

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the certified record. (See Motion to Dismiss, 4/12/13, at unnumbered pages

1-10). It is Appellant’s responsibility to confirm that the certified record

contains all items necessary to ensure that this Court is able to review her

claims. See Commonwealth v. B.D.G., 959 A.2d 362, 372 (Pa. Super.

2008) (en banc) (holding that claim that victim’s execution of general

release barred imposition of restitution was waived where appellant failed to

include release in certified record). Thus, we are constrained to find that

Appellant has waived her double jeopardy claim.

Moreover, even if Appellant had not waived her double jeopardy claim,

it lacks merit. In describing the type of prosecutorial misconduct that would

implicate double jeopardy concerns, this Court has stated:

Prosecutorial misconduct includes actions intentionally
designed to provoke the defendant into moving for a mistrial or
conduct by the prosecution intentionally undertaken to prejudice
the defendant to the point where he has been denied a fair trial.
[Commonwealth v.] Smith, [532 Pa. 177,] 186, 615 A.2d
[321,] 325 [(1992)]. The double jeopardy clause of the
Pennsylvania Constitution prohibits retrial of a defendant
subjected to the kind of prosecutorial misconduct intended to
subvert a defendant’s constitutional rights. However, Smith did
not create a per se bar to retrial in all cases of intentional
prosecutorial overreaching. Rather, the Smith Court primarily
was concerned with prosecution tactics, which actually were
designed to demean or subvert the truth seeking process. The
Smith standard precludes retrial where the prosecutor’s conduct
evidences intent to so prejudice the defendant as to deny him a
fair trial. A fair trial, of course is not a perfect trial. Errors can
and do occur. That is why our judicial system provides for
appellate review to rectify such errors. However, where the
prosecutor’s conduct changes from mere error to intentionally
subverting the court process, then a fair trial is denied. See
Commonwealth v. Martorano & Daidone, 453 Pa. Super.
550, 684 A.2d 179, 184 (1996), affirmed[,] 559 Pa. 533, 741

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A.2d 1221 (1999). “A fair trial is not simply a lofty goal, it is a
constitutional mandate, ... [and][w]here that constitutional
mandate is ignored by the Commonwealth, we cannot simply
turn a blind eye and give the Commonwealth another
opportunity.” Martorano, 559 Pa. at 539, 741 A.2d at 1223
(quoting Martorano & Daidone, 684 A.2d at 184).

Commonwealth v. Culver, 51 A.3d 866, 883 (Pa. Super. 2012) (some

quotation marks and citations omitted).

In Smith, following direct appeal, the defendant discovered that the

prosecutor had withheld information regarding a favorable sentencing

recommendation given to the prosecution’s chief witness and that the

prosecution had knowingly withheld exculpatory physical evidence.7 See

Smith, supra at 323.

In Martorano, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that double

jeopardy barred retrial of the defendant where the prosecutor committed

misconduct including, “blatantly disregarding the trial court’s evidentiary

rulings, disparaging the integrity of the trial court in the front of the jury,

and repeatedly alluding to evidence that the prosecutor knew did not exist.”

Martorano, supra at 1222.

____________________________________________

7
At trial, the Commonwealth “excoriated” a Commonwealth witness who
testified about the existence of the physical evidence in question. The
Commonwealth implied that the witness had fabricated his testimony,
presented the testimony of other witnesses which contradicted the
testimony, and recommended that the witness be prosecuted for perjury.
Smith, supra at 323.

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By contrast, in Culver, this Court held that double jeopardy did not

bar retrial of the defendant despite prosecutorial misconduct. See Culver,

supra at 883-84. The prosecutor in Culver physically and verbally menaced

the defendant; attacked the defendant’s veracity during closing argument;

referred to evidence that did not exist during opening argument; and

repeatedly asked leading questions during direct examination of

Commonwealth witnesses. See id. at 871-72. Although this particular

prosecutor had a history of misconduct and while we deplored his actions,

we found that the conduct was not so egregious as to bar retrial on double

jeopardy grounds. See id. at 884. We stated, “[w]e cannot discern a clear

intent to deprive Culver of a fair trial where [the prosecutor’s] misconduct

could largely be explained by his incompetence or mere indifference to the

rights of the accused and the decorum of the court, and where there is also

no direct evidence to the contrary.” Id.

Thus, it is evident that the bar is a high one and that for prosecutorial

misconduct to prohibit retrial on double jeopardy grounds the prosecutor’s

conduct must be both egregious and pervasive. To the extent that it can be

determined based upon the incomplete record in this matter, Appellant has

not come close to meeting this high bar.

Based upon the record and the trial court’s opinion, Appellant

demonstrates that, prior to the second trial, she, now represented by

counsel, sought discovery, and that certain minutes turned over in discovery

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showed discrepancies between those minutes and the testimony of various

Commonwealth witnesses at the first trial. (See Trial Ct. Op., 10/23/13, at

2-7; Motion to Dismiss, 6/13/13, at unnumbered pages 1-10). Appellant

has not cited to any evidence which would demonstrate that the

Commonwealth deliberately withheld, or was even aware of, the documents

prior to the first trial, or that the Commonwealth suborned perjury. (See

Appellant’s Brief, at 56-63). At most, Appellant has demonstrated that, prior

to the first trial, while representing herself, she did not receive certain

documents that would have been arguably helpful in impeaching some of the

Commonwealth’s witnesses. This is hardly the type of pervasive misconduct

that this Court found to bar retrial in Smith and Martorano. Appellant’s

claim that double jeopardy bars retrial in this matter because of

prosecutorial misconduct lacks merit. See Culver, supra at 883.

Lastly, Appellant has not addressed the issue of whether the second

trial constituted retrial on the same offense. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 56-

63). Appellant does not dispute that any alleged prosecutorial misconduct

only involved charges that the Commonwealth dismissed prior to the second

trial. (See id.). Appellant has not pointed to, and this Court has not found

any case were we have barred retrial based upon prosecutorial misconduct,

when such misconduct was unrelated to the charges at the retrial.

In Commonwealth v. Barber, 940 A.2d 369 (Pa. Super. 2007),

appeal denied, 960 A.2d 835 (Pa. 2008), the appellant pleaded guilty to

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several summary offenses related to his car dealership. See Barber, supra

at 371-72. Later, the appellant pleaded nolo contendere to seventy-one

misdemeanor and felony charges also relating to the car dealership. See id.

at 372. Following the filing of a PCRA petition, the PCRA court found the

appellant had received ineffective assistance of counsel, vacated his nolo

contendere pleas and awarded a new trial. See id. The appellant filed a

motion to dismiss, arguing that his guilty pleas to the summary offenses

precluded retrial on the misdemeanor and felony charges because they all

arose out of the same course of conduct. See id. at 373, 376-77. This

Court found Appellant’s attempt to bar the second trial on double jeopardy

grounds to be “misguided.” Id. at 378. We stated:

Since none of the summary offenses to which Appellant
previously pled guilty, and for which Appellant has already been
punished by the payment of fines, are the same offenses or
lesser included offenses of those nonsummary offenses with
which Appellant is presently charged, and since Pennsylvania has
expressly abrogated the “same conduct” expansion of double
jeopardy protection, the Commonwealth is not barred by
constitutional double jeopardy principles from prosecuting
Appellant for the currently pending nonsummary charges. Nor is
the Commonwealth precluded from punishing Appellant
separately for those offenses, if he is convicted.

Id. at 378-79 (citation omitted).

While the offenses charged at the second trial arose out of the same

course of conduct as those at the first trial, they are not the same offenses.

Thus, even if Appellant had demonstrated that the Commonwealth had

committed prosecutorial misconduct, her claim would fail. See id.

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Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we affirm the judgment

of sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/24/2014

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