Opinion issued December 16, 2014.
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NOS. 01-13-00408-CR
01-13-00409-CR
01-13-00410-CR
01-13-00411-CR
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WYDELL DIXON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 56th District Court
Galveston County, Texas
Trial Court Case Nos. 12-CR-0748, 12-CR-0749, 12-CR-0750, 12-CR-0751
OPINION
A jury convicted appellant, Wydell Dixon, of four charges of cruelty to
nonlivestock animals, a state jail felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.092(b)(1),
(c) (Vernon 2011). The trial court then assessed punishment at two years’
confinement, but suspended, and placed appellant under community supervision
for five years’ on each charge, to be served concurrently. On appeal, appellant
contends (1) the evidence, when measured under a hypothetically correct jury
charge, was legally insufficient; the trial court erred by (2) overruling appellant’s
motion to dismiss because the indictments charged a misdemeanor, not a felony;
(3) permitting the State to charge strict liability offenses; (4) denying appellant’s
motion to quash based on the doctrine of in pari materia; (5) failing to submit
appellant’s requested defensive charges; (6) permitting behavior by the State that
deprived appellant of due process and due course of law; and (7) failing to grant a
mistrial and denying appellant’s motion for new trial after jurors were not provided
overnight facilities and were allowed to separate. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant, Wydell Dixon, was the owner of a non-profit cat sanctuary
located at 1112 6th Street in Texas City, Texas. The sanctuary, known as
“Whiskerville,” had been in operation since approximately 2003. At a cat
sanctuary, as opposed to a shelter, the cats are not euthanized or killed. The cats
are free to live there until they pass from old age. The cats at Whiskerville were
“free range” and were not kept in cages. The majority of the Whiskerville cats
were older cats and, therefore, not adoptable.
2
At the time of the offense, Whiskerville had only one employee, Kimberly
Paskert. Paskert started working at Whiskerville in 2005, but left for a year in
October or November of 2009, when she and appellant had a dispute over
Paskert’s work. Paskert was paid $30 per day when she started, and she was
sometimes allowed to use a gas card for extra work.
Paskert returned to Whiskerville in October 2010 and worked there until
December 2011. She worked five days per week until a part-time employee left in
early February 2011. From the end of January or beginning of February 2011, until
December 26, 2011, Paskert worked seven days per week. Paskert took off only
three days in 11 months—one day each in October, November, and December
2011.
As the sole employee caring for nearly 200 cats, Paskert’s work at
Whiskerville was, as described by another former employee, “back breaking.”
Paskert’s daily tasks included: cleaning the messes the cats made on the floors and
counters; emptying four big litter pans, then scraping and cleaning the litter pans
with sponges and sanitizer; refilling the litter pans; sweeping and cleaning the
locations for the litter pans and putting the pans back; carrying 40 pound bags of
litter from the garage into the main building, two to three times per day; cleaning
inside the two feeders, if necessary, and refilling them; carrying 25 pound bags of
food from the garage into the main building, at least twice per day; refilling the cat
3
food bins inside the main building, usually twice per day; cleaning the outside, the
bottom, and, if necessary, the inside, of the 2.7 and 5 gallon water containers and
then refilling them; and cleaning the bed, rug, litter pan, food container, and water
container in as many as five cages.
Paskert had to do all this for the main area, the hallway, each of the six
rooms in the main building, and the back building. Paskert had to clean furniture
and take the trash out of every room. It took seven trips per day just to carry the
used cat litter to the dumpster. Paskert’s weekly tasks included: taking apart and
cleaning the feeders; brushing the laundry, rugs, and towels, before taking them to
Dixon to be washed at least three times per week; mopping once or twice per
week; and cleaning all the windows. Paskert also had additional tasks to perform as
needed: administering medicines and special foods to sick cats, sometimes feeding
them with a syringe; cleaning the cat trees, which were as high as seven feet;
soaking and rinsing the cat toys; clipping the cats’ claws, so they would not grow
into their paws; and checking the cats’ ears for mites.
It took Paskert 10 to 15 hours per day, depending on messes, to do all of the
daily chores, when she was able to finish them. Paskert always tried her hardest,
but she “couldn't keep up with it all.” She tried to do all she possibly could two to
three days per week. Some days she worked six to eight hours; the minimum was
three to five hours.
4
On January 3, 2012, animal control officers and peace officers responded to
a complaint about Whiskerville. Kim Schoolcraft, the Animal Services Manager
for the Galveston County Health District, looked through the windows. She saw
dead animals, feces and urine on the floor and walls, and large feeders and water
containers that were empty and dumped over. A lot of live cats were roaming
freely. The cats had their mouths open, a sign of distress. There was a very strong
odor, “[e]ven outside the building.” Schoolcraft and the others waited until Texas
City Police Department officers arrived to assess the situation and then obtain a
civil animal seizure warrant.
Corporal Grandstaff, the Animal Control Supervisor of the Texas City Police
Department, arrived. When Grandstaff looked through the windows, he saw dead
cats. He also saw live cats clawing at the window and “screaming,” “like they
wanted to get out.” Grandstaff testified there was “filth everywhere,” feces all
over, and water bowls overturned. He saw cats in cages without water bowls or
food, and he smelled a stench.
Eventually, officers obtained a civil animal seizure warrant to rescue the cats
in distress. When officers forced open a door, the stench was overwhelming. One
animal control officer entered but had to exit, and vomited. Schoolcraft and
Grandstaff entered, but had to back out because the odor was overwhelming. The
5
air inside Whiskerville was so bad officers had to obtain respirators for people to
go inside and rescue the cats.
Once equipped with a respirator, Schoolcraft entered and saw several dead
cats. Feces and urine covered the floor, the walls, and even the windows—“just
about every surface.” Live cats were running everywhere, terrified. There was no
water available to the cats when officers entered the building. When officers
poured water into bowls the cats fought and climbed over each other, “yowling,
desperate for the water.”
Schoolcraft testified that every cat was matted with urine and feces. This is
unusual because cats are clean animals and it means the cats had given up trying to
clean themselves. Many of the cats were emaciated, but some were very obese.
There was evidence that some cats had cannibalized dead cats. Schoolcraft
concluded that some of the cats had taken over the sources of food and water and
not allowed the other cats near them.
Schoolcraft testified almost all of the cats had “upper respiratory infection,
mouth ulcers, parasites, ear mites, ringworms, all types of problems.” Many had
green discharge from their nose and eyes. Some of the cats had open wounds.
None of the cats were healthy.
Schoolcraft said there were five cages with cats inside that had no food or
water. The rest of the cats were roaming freely, though some were in rooms with
6
the doors shut. There was at least one dead cat in each room. Twenty-seven dead
cats and 168 live cats—a total of 195 cats—were removed from Whiskerville.
Both appellant and Paskert arrived at Whiskerville during the process of the
cat seizures. Upon arrival, appellant asked about what was going on. When
informed about the conditions inside Whiskerville, appellant became very upset
and said, “I don’t know why I pay her.” Paskert was interviewed on television and
indicated that she wanted to kill herself for her failure to take care of the cats.
During a subsequent interview with police, Paskert claimed that she had
arranged to have a volunteer named Karen Tibbets take care of the cats so that she,
Paskert, could take a week off after Christmas. Paskert said that she thought
Tibbets was taking care of the cats. Paskert also said that she did not tell appellant
about subcontracting her work to Tibbets, and that twice she told appellant that the
“kitties were fine.” Police were unable to locate anyone in the area named Karen
Tibbets and concluded that no such person existed.
Appellant and Paskert were both arrested and charged with cruelty to
nonlivestock animals. Paskert testified at appellant’s trial under an offer of use
immunity. She was not offered a plea deal in her own case.
After the case was submitted to the jury, appellant moved to sequester the
jurors, and the trial court granted her motion. The jurors were taken to a local
hotel at approximately 11 p.m. after the first day of deliberations. Approximately
7
four hours later, a bomb threat was phoned in to their hotel. The bailiffs evacuated
the jurors, who were kept together, but who overheard third parties talking about
the bomb threat. After the bailiffs were unable to find other accommodations for
the jurors, they returned the jurors to the deliberation room at the courthouse,
where the jurors slept on the floor the rest of the night. After continuing their
deliberations the next morning, the jury returned guilty verdicts on four counts of
animal cruelty.
INDICTMENT ISSUES
In her first issue on appeal, appellant contends the evidence was legally
insufficient to support her convictions. Appellant argues that, under a
hypothetically correct jury charge, she “would necessarily have been charged
either for abandoning the animals or unreasonably failing to provide necessary
food, water, or care[,]” and that she was instead “charged with killing the animals
based upon elements defined as a misdemeanor in the statute.” In her second issue
on appeal, appellant contends that “the trial court err[ed] by overruling [her]
motion to dismiss the indictments where the State alleged a felony by commission
of elements defined as a misdemeanor under the animal cruelty statute[.]” Both
issues hinge, at least in part, on appellant’s argument that failing to feed the
animals is a misdemeanor under the animal cruelty statute and that “[t]he State
may not allege a misdemeanor cruelty charge under the guise of a felony.”
8
Jurisdiction
Because appellant’s second issue on appeal challenges the jurisdiction of the
trial court, we address it first. Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a
question of law. Coleman v. State, No. 07–10–00423–CR, 2011 WL 3925767, at
*2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Sept. 7, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (citing Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217,
226 (Tex. 2004)). In Texas, district courts have jurisdiction over felony offenses.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 4.05 (Vernon 2005); see also TEX. CONST. art.
V, § 8 (“District Court jurisdiction consists of exclusive, appellate, and original
jurisdiction of all actions, proceedings, and remedies, except in cases where
exclusive, appellate, or original jurisdiction may be conferred by this Constitution
or other law on some other court, tribunal, or administrative body.”); TEX. GOV’T
CODE ANN. § 24.007(a) (Vernon Supp. 2014) (“The district court has the
jurisdiction provided by Article V, Section 8, of the Texas Constitution.”); Puente
v. State, 71 S.W.3d 340, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (“A district court has
jurisdiction over felony offenses. It does not have original jurisdiction over
misdemeanor charges, except those involving official misconduct.”).
Appellant, relying on State v. Kingsbury, 129 S.W.3d 202, 206–07 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.), argues that “[a] person can commit the
misdemeanor offense of failing unreasonably to provide necessary food, water,
9
care or shelter or a person may commit the felony offense of torturing, killing, or
causing serious bodily injury to an animal—but a person cannot commit a felony
offense by committing predicate acts that are listed as a misdemeanor under the
statute.” The State responds that Kingsbury is not applicable because it interprets a
version of the animal cruelty act that has since been amended. We agree with the
State.
In Kingsbury, the State indicted Kingsbury for felony animal cruelty. Id. at
204. The animal cruelty statute in effect at the time provided that:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person intentionally or knowing:
(1) tortures an animal;
(2) fails unreasonably to provide necessary food, care, or shelter for an
animal in the person’s custody; . . . or
(5) kills, seriously injures, or administers poison to an animal, other than
cattle, horses, sheep, swine, or goats, belonging to another without legal
authority or the owner’s effective consent . . . .
Acts of 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 1253, § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1989; Acts of 1993, 73rd Leg.,
ch. 900, § 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts of 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 318, § 18, eff. Sept.
1, 1995; Acts of 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1281, § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts of 2001,
77th Leg., ch. 450, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2001; Acts of 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1275, §
2(11), eff. Sept. 1, 2003; Acts of 2007, 80th Leg., ch. 886, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2007
(current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.092 (Vernon 2011). Under the
prior statute, torturing an animal under subsection (a)(1) and killing, seriously
10
injuring, or poisoning another person’s animal under subsection (a)(5) were
felonies, while failing to provide necessary food, care, or shelter to an animal in
one’s custody under subsection (a)(2) was a misdemeanor. Id. The statute did not
define “tortures.” Id.
The felony indictment against Kingsbury alleged that he intentionally or
knowingly tortured four dogs by leaving them without food and water, which led
to their deaths. Kingsbury, 129 S.W.3d at 204. Kingsbury filed a motion to
dismiss, alleging that the indictment alleged felony torture, but used, as the
defining element, language from the misdemeanor offense of failing to provide
necessary food, care, or shelter. Id. The trial court agreed, and dismissed the case
for want of jurisdiction because the indictment alleged a misdemeanor under the
guise of a felony. Id. The court of appeals affirmed, holding that “torture” could
not be interpreted to include the misdemeanor criminal acts of failing to provide
necessary food, care, or shelter. Id. at 206. To permit such an overbroad meaning
of “torture” would allow any of the misdemeanor acts of cruelty to be charged as
felonies. Id. at 207.
However, the animal cruelty statute was amended in 2007, and the current
version provides in part as follows:
(b) A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly:
11
(1) Tortures an animal or in a cruel manner kills or causes serious bodily
injury to an animal;
(2) Without the owner’s effective consent, kills, administers poison to, or
causes serious bodily injury to an animal;
(3) fails unreasonably to provide necessary food, water, care, or shelter for
an animal in the person’s custody;
(4) abandons unreasonably an animal in the person’s custody;
(5) transports or confines an animal in a cruel manner;
(6) without the owner’s effective consent, causes bodily injury to an animal;
(7) causes one animal to fight with another animal, if either animal is not a
dog;
(8) uses a live animal as a lure in dog race training or in dog coursing on a
racetrack; or
(9) seriously overworks an animal.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.092(b) (1–9) (Vernon 2011). Failing unreasonably to
provide food, water, care, or shelter to an animal in one’s custody and abandoning
unreasonably an animal in one’s custody are Class A misdemeanors unless the
defendant has prior convictions for animal cruelty. See id. § 42.092(c). Torturing
an animal and killing or causing serious bodily injury to an animal in a cruel
manner are state jail felonies. Id. The statute now defines “torture” as “any act
that causes unjustifiable pain or suffering” and “cruel manner” as “a manner that
causes or permits unjustified or unwarranted pain or suffering.” See id. §
42.092(a)(3), (8).
12
The indictment in this case provided that appellant “did then and there
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly cause serious bodily injury and/or kill, in a
cruel manner, an animal, to-wit: [cats # 1, 2, 3, and 7] by failing to provide food
and/or water and/or care . . . .” The indictment in this case, unlike the indictment
in Kingsbury, does not simply allege a misdemeanor cruelty charge “under the
guise of a felony.” It is true that the State had to prove that appellant failed to
provide food, water, or care to the cats, as prohibited by subsection (b)(3) of the
animal cruelty statute, but it also had to prove death or serious bodily injury to the
cat that was committed in a cruel manner, i.e., by causing unjustified or
unwarranted pain or suffering. In other words, the failure to provide food, water,
or care is the manner and means by which appellant killed the cats, causing them
unjustified pain or suffering. It is the killing in a cruel manner that elevates the
simple failure to provide food, water, or care from a misdemeanor to a state jail
felony in much the same way that a victim’s death elevates an assault to a murder.
Unlike Kingsbury, the current statute required the state to assume a higher burden
than merely proving the elements of the misdemeanor offense of failing to provide
food, water, or care in order to prove the felony offense alleged. As such, the
charged offense was not merely a misdemeanor cruelty charge “under the guise of
a felony.”
13
The indictment in this case tracked the language of section 42.092(b)(1),
which is a state jail felony. An indictment that tracks the statutory language
proscribing certain conduct is sufficient to charge a criminal offense. State v.
Edmond, 933 S.W.2d 120, 127 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Because the criminal
offenses charged here were state jail felonies, not simply misdemeanors, the trial
court had jurisdiction over the case.
Accordingly, we overrule issue two.
Sufficiency
In her first issue on appeal, appellant contends the evidence is legally
insufficient. Specifically, appellant challenges whether there is sufficient evidence
of the culpable mental state of recklessness. We review the legal sufficiency of the
evidence by considering all of the evidence “in the light most favorable to the
prosecution” to determine whether any “rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788–89 (1979). Our role is that of
a due process safeguard, ensuring only the rationality of the trier of fact’s finding
of the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Moreno v.
State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). We give deference to the
responsibility of the fact finder to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, weigh
evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts. Williams v. State, 235
14
S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). However, our duty requires us to
“ensure that the evidence presented actually supports a conclusion that the
defendant committed” the criminal offenses of which she is accused. Id.
A person commits the offense of animal cruelty, as pleaded and submitted to
the jury in this case, if she recklessly and in a cruel manner kills or causes serious
bodily injury to an animal. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.092(b)(2). In a “cruel
manner” includes a manner that causes or permits unjustified or unwarranted pain
or suffering. Id. § 42.092(a)(3).
A person’s culpable mental state may be inferred from her acts, words, and
conduct, and the surrounding circumstances. Hart v. State, 89 S.W.3d 61, 64 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002); Moore v. State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 10 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998) (“Mental culpability is of such a nature that it generally must be inferred
from the circumstances under which a prohibited act or omission occurs.”).
Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt
of an actor. Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004); see Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“[O]ne’s
acts are generally reliable circumstantial evidence of one’s intent.”). The culpable
mental state of “reckless” is satisfied by evidence indicating that the defendant
consciously disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the proscribed
harm would occur—a risk that if disregarded constitutes a gross deviation from the
15
standard of care an ordinary person would exercise under the same
circumstances. Davis v. State, 955 S.W.2d 340, 348–49 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
1997, pet. ref’d); see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(c) (Vernon 2011) (“A person
acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to circumstances surrounding his
conduct . . . when he is aware of but consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur.”) Reckless
conduct “involves conscious risk creation, that is, [that] the actor is aware of the
risk surrounding his conduct or the results thereof, but consciously disregards that
risk.” Davis, 955 S.W.2d at 349 (quoting Aliff v. State, 627 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1982)).
Appellant first argues that “[t]he jury charge and the indictment did not
accurately set out the law[,]” and that under a hypothetically correct charge she
would have been charged with misdemeanor failure to provide the cats with
necessary food, water, or care under section 42.092(b)(3). She further argues that
there is insufficient evidence that she failed to provide food or water or that she
had custody of the cats as required by the misdemeanor offense. However, we
have already held that appellant was properly charged under the felony section
42.092(b)(1), not the misdemeanor section 42.092(b)(3). Thus, her argument that
the evidence is legally insufficient to prove the elements of the misdemeanor is
irrelevant.
16
Appellant next argues that “[t]he evidence was insufficient even though the
indictments and jury charges were defective[]” because “[t]he mental state of
recklessness was not proven.” Appellant argues that Kimberly Paskert’s testimony
proved that appellant “had no knowledge of the conditions at Whiskerville and that
she lied to the Appellant about the status of the cats whose care she was
responsible for[,]” and that appellant could not have anticipated Paskert’s failure to
show up for work.
The State responds that its “sole theory at trial was that Appellant was
reckless in relying on only one person to care for 200 cats.” In other words, the
State is contending that appellant’s operation of the shelter with only one
employee, who had no assistance or back-up, and who had expressed her need for
help on more than one occasion, created the risk of the animals’ deaths in a cruel
manner, which appellant consciously disregarded.
Here, there was evidence that Paskert, the sole employee at Whiskerville,
was overwhelmed by her workload. Paskert testified that it took 10 to 15 hours per
day to complete all of the tasks assigned to her, which she tried to accomplish at
least two to three days per week. On the other days she worked six to eight hours
per day; she never worked less than three hours.
From January 2011 until December 26, 2011, Paskert worked seven days per
week, even after she asked appellant to hire someone else to work on the two days
17
that Paskert also cleaned houses for other people. Paskert tried her best to keep up
with the tasks, but was not able to do so. Appellant’s daughter, who had worked at
Whiskerville in the past, described the work as “back breaking.”
Appellant knew that Paskert needed help, but would always respond when
questioned about it that she “was working on it.” A few months before the cats
were seized, Donna Jones, a former Whiskerville employee, came by the shelter to
pick up cat food. Jones found Paskert there, upset and crying. Paskert told Jones
that she was tired, her hands were hurting from all the cleaning, and she needed
help. Appellant was aware that Paskert, who was 48 years old, had suffered from
arthritis for many years.
Appellant, who lived approximately 20 minutes away from Whiskerville,
rarely went to the sanctuary. Appellant usually showed up only for adoption days,
and Paskert had not seen appellant at the sanctuary since early October 2011.
Indeed, a neighbor, Donna Myers, testified that she had seen no one at
Whiskerville during the entire month of December 2011.
Kim Schoolcraft, the manager at the Animal Resource Center in Galveston,
testified that she had 10 to 12 employees to take care of the 275 animals that she
averaged at her facility. In Schoolcraft’s opinion it was “absolutely” unreasonable
to expect one person to care for 200 cats.
18
Although appellant claims that she reasonably relied on Paskert to show up
and care for the cats and that Paskert had been a reliable employee for six years
before suddenly failing to appear for work, there was evidence that Paskert had
quit or was fired once before because she was unable to keep up with the work to
appellant’s satisfaction.
Based on the evidence that appellant (1) expected Paskert alone to care for
200 cats seven days per week, (2) provided no assistance or back-up for the
arthritic Paskert, even though she knew Paskert needed and had requested
assistance, (3) rarely went to the shelter herself and had not been seen at
Whiskerville in months, and (4) was difficult to reach, other than by text message,
and that (5) Paskert had quit or been fired once before when she could not keep up
with the work, the jury could have believed beyond a reasonable doubt that
appellant created the risk that the animals would not be properly cared for, causing
them to be killed or suffer severe bodily injury in a cruel manner, and that
appellant consciously disregarded the substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
cats’ deaths would occur.
Accordingly, we overrule issue one.
Strict Liability
In issue three, appellant contends the trial court erred “by overruling the
appellant’s motion to dismiss the indictments where the state created strict liability
19
offenses.” Specifically, appellant argues that “the State alleged the misdemeanor
elements of animal cruelty without alleging the defensive elements of custody and
reasonableness.” Appellant’s issue is premised on the assumption that the
indictment charged appellant with the misdemeanor offense of failing
“unreasonably to provide necessary food, water, care, or shelter for an animal in
the person’s custody[]” under section 42.092 (b)(3). However, as we have already
held, the indictment charged appellant with committing an offense under section
42.092(b)(1), which does not contain what appellant refers to as “the defensive
elements of custody and reasonableness.”
Accordingly, we overrule issue three.
In Pari Materia
In issue four, appellant contends the trial court erred “by overruling [her]
motion to quash the indictments based upon the doctrine of in pari materia[.]”
Appellant contends that she should have been charged with the misdemeanor
offense of “abandoning” an animal under subsection (b)(4), rather than the state
jail felony of killing or causing serious bodily injury to an animal in a cruel manner
under subsection (b)(1). Specifically, appellant argues that the abandoning portion
of the statute more specifically covers the conduct she is alleged to have
committed, thus she should have been charged with that offense.
20
When two statutes address the same general subject, they are considered as
being in pari materia. See State v. Vasilas, 253 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). All acts and parts of acts in pari materia must be read and construed
together as though they were parts of one and the same law, even if they were
enacted at different times. Id. Whenever possible, we must harmonize any conflict
between the two statutes so that each is given effect. Id. at 272. If the statutes are
irreconcilable, then we must apply the more “special” statute as an exception to the
general one. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.026 (Vernon 2013). In the context
of penal provisions, the Court of Criminal Appeals has determined statutes to
be in pari materia “where one provision has broadly defined an offense, and a
second has more narrowly hewn another offense, complete within itself, to
proscribe conduct that would otherwise meet every element of, and hence be
punishable under, the broader provision.” Jones v. State, 396 S.W.3d 558, 561
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Azeez v. State, 248 S.W.3d 182, 192 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2008)).
A list of four non-exclusive factors may be considered in determining
whether the statutes are in pari materia, namely, whether the statutes: (1) involve
different penalties; (2) are contained in the same legislative act; (3) require the
same elements of proof; and (4) were intended to achieve the same purpose or
objective. Burke v. State, 28 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
21
Here, the statutes involve different penalties. Subsection (b)(1) is a state jail
felony and subsection (b)(4) is a Class A misdemeanor. See TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 42.092(c). While both subsections were promulgated in the same 2007
legislative act, they do not require the same elements of proof. As we discussed in
issue two, the felony offense in subsection (b)(1) requires killing or causing serious
bodily injury to the animal in a cruel way, i.e., causing unwarranted pain and
suffering. The misdemeanor offense of abandoning does not require death, serious
bodily injury, or the causing of unwarranted pain and suffering. And, while both
statutes are intended to prevent animal cruelty, the “nature of the forbidden
conduct” in the misdemeanor subsection (b)(4) is abandoning an animal, while the
forbidden conduct in the state jail felony subsection (b)(1) is killing or causing
serious bodily injury in a way that causes unwarranted pain and suffering. See
Mills v, State, 722 S.W.2d 411, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (determining statute’s
purpose and objective by considering conduct forbidden by statute).
As such, we conclude that abandonment is not a “more narrowly hewn . . .
offense, complete within itself, [that] proscribe[s] conduct that . . . otherwise
meet[s] every element of, and hence [is] punishable under” subsection (b)(1). Id.
at 414. Put simply, proof of abandonment alone will not prove the elements of the
crime charged.
We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.
22
DEFENSIVE ISSUES
Denial of Defensive Charges
In her fifth issue on appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred “by
failing to give appellant’s requested charges on custody, assumption of custody,
and reasonableness.”
The trial court shall “deliver to the jury . . . a written charge distinctly setting
forth the law applicable to the case [and] not expressing any opinion as to the
weight of the evidence . . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (Vernon
2007). The trial court is required to instruct the jury on statutory defenses,
affirmative defenses, and justifications when they are raised by the
evidence. Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 208–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The
defendant is entitled to an instruction on every defensive issue raised by the
evidence, “regardless of whether the evidence is strong, feeble, unimpeached, or
contradicted, and even when the trial court thinks that the testimony is not worthy
of belief.” Id. at 209. The Court of Criminal Appeals has held, however, “that if the
defensive theory is not explicitly listed in the penal code—if it merely negates an
element of the State’s case, rather than independently justifying or excusing the
conduct—the trial judge should not instruct the jury on it.” Id.; see also Giesberg
v. State, 984 S.W.2d 245, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“[B]ecause the authority to
establish what constitutes a defense rests solely with the Legislature, this Court
23
concludes [that] a defense which is not recognized by the Legislature as either a
defense or as an affirmative defense does not warrant a separate instruction.”).
Here, the animal cruelty statute contains affirmative defenses to killing or
injuring someone else’s dog without their consent if (1) the animal is discovered on
one’s property and is injuring or killing livestock or damaging crops, or (2) the
person killed the animal within the scope of the actor’s employment as a public
servant or in furtherance of certain electrical or natural gas delivery activities. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.092(e). Neither statutory defense is applicable here.
The statute also provides an exception to its application if the actor is involved in
“generally accepted and otherwise lawful” conduct relating to fishing, hunting, or
trapping, wildlife management and related activities, or animal husbandry or
agriculture practices involving livestock. See Id. § 42.092(f). The jury was
charged on these provisions. No other defenses are listed in the statute.
At the jury charge conference, appellant requested, and was denied, the
following charges relating to her defensive issue of “assumption of custody”:
“Custody” includes responsibility for the health, safety, and
welfare of an animal subject to the person’s care and control,
regardless of ownership of the animal.
A person may transfer custody by making reasonable
arrangements for the assumption of custody by another person.
24
The first paragraph of the requested charge is taken from the definitions in the
animal cruelty statute. See id. § 42.092(a)(4). The second paragraph is included in
the definition of “abandon.” See id. § 42.092(a)(1).
The misdemeanor subsection (b)(3) provides that a person commits an
offense by failing “unreasonably to provide necessary food, water, care, or shelter
for an animal in the person’s custody.” Custody, as defined in the statute, is an
element of the misdemeanor subsection (b)(3), and, as such, even if appellant were
charged under subsection (b)(3), which she was not, the second paragraph of the
requested charge would be an improper comment on the weight of the evidence.
See Giesberg, 984 S.W.2d at 248.
Because appellant was not charged under subsection (b)(3), but under
subsection (b)(1), which does not mention custody, the statutory definition of
custody in the first paragraph of the requested charge was not required. “The better
charging practice is to limit the definitional paragraphs [as was done here] to the
portions of the statute applicable to the allegations in the indictment.” Lewis v.
State, 676 S.W.2d 136, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).
Appellant’s strategy at trial was to assert that Kimberly Paskert, not she,
killed the animals. This attempt at shifting culpability to a third party is essentially
an alibi defense. See McGregor v. State, 394 S.W.3d 90, 123–24 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d) (by requesting third-party-culpability issues
25
defendant “is essentially raising the defense of alibi”). Charges on defensive issues
raising alibi are not proper because they are an improper comment on the weight of
the evidence. Giesberg, 984 S.W.2d at 248–50; McGregor, 394 S.W.3d at 124. As
such, the trial court properly denied appellant’s requested defensive issues relating
to custody.
We overrule issue five.
Due Process
In her sixth issue on appeal, appellant contends that she was “deprived of
due process and due course of law by the State’s conduct in this case.”
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that no State may
“deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law[.]” See U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1. Similarly, the Texas Constitution
provides that “[n]o citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, property,
privileges or immunities . . . except by the due course of the law of the land.” TEX.
CONST. art. I, § 19. “The touchstone of due process is fundamental fairness.” Euler
v. State, 218 S.W.3d 88, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Appellant argues that the State’s conduct in the case was fundamentally
unfair because “[t]he State cobbled together an indictment that charged a felony
based upon misdemeanor conduct, and then attempted to add the misdemeanor
26
back when they requested the lesser charge so as to prevent the jury from
considering the defenses claimed in the misdemeanor statute.”
Again, appellant’s issue is based on the assumption that the case was
wrongly charged as a felony and that her defensive issues were erroneously
excluded. We have already held to the contrary on both issues. Further, we note
that even if the State’s attempts to include lesser-included offenses at the last
minute were somehow unfair, the trial court, at appellant’s request, did not include
any lesser-included offenses in the jury charge.
Accordingly, we overrule issue six.
SEQUESTRATION ISSUES
Due to the publicity in Galveston surrounding this case, appellant moved to
sequester the jury pursuant to TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.23 (Vernon
2006). The trial court granted the motion. Accordingly, the bailiff accompanied
the jury to a local hotel room at approximately 11 p.m. on December 19, 2012.
Approximately four hours later, around 2 a.m., a bomb threat was phoned in to the
hotel, and the hotel was evacuated. The bailiffs took the jurors outside to their van.
While leaving the hotel, the jurors overheard other people at the hotel discussing
the bomb threat; no one spoke to the jurors directly.
The bailiffs took the jurors to another hotel, but did not check them in
because the hotel was unable to accommodate all of the jurors on the same floor.
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Some of the jurors told the bailiffs that they would feel safer at the courthouse, so
the bailiffs returned the jury to the courthouse at 3:15 a.m. The jury was kept
together in the deliberation room, where they were permitted to sleep on the floor.
At 7:30 a.m., the bailiffs took the jurors back to their original hotel to collect their
belongings and then took them to breakfast. The jurors then returned to the
courthouse to resume their deliberations.
After one of the bailiffs testified to these events, appellant moved for a
mistrial, which the State did not oppose. The trial court denied the motion, the jury
resumed its deliberations, and appellant was ultimately convicted.
Denial of Mistrial and Motion for New Trial
In her seventh issue on appeal, appellant contends the trial court “erred by
failing to grant an agreed mistrial after previously sequestered jurors were not
provided overnight facilities and were allowed to separate in violation of TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.23.”1 In her eighth issue on appeal, appellant
1
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.23 provides as follows:
The court may adjourn veniremen to any day of the term. When jurors have been
sworn in a felony case, the court may, at its discretion, permit the jurors to
separate until the court has given its charge to the jury. The court on its own
motion may and on the motion of either party shall, after having given its
charge to the jury, order that the jury not be allowed to separate, after which the
jury shall be kept together, and not permitted to separate except to the extent of
housing female jurors separate and apart from male jurors, until a verdict has
been rendered or the jury finally discharged. Any person who makes known to
the jury which party made the motion not to allow separation of the jury shall be
punished for contempt of court. If such jurors are kept overnight, facilities shall
28
contends the trial court erred in denying her motion for new trial urging the same
grounds. In both motions, appellant argued that the jury was allowed to separate
during the hotel evacuation and that “[i]t was during this separation that the jurors
learned that a bomb threat had been made against their hotel room—and by
extension to themselves.” Appellant also argued that the jury deliberation room, in
which the jury finally slept, “fails to qualify as ‘separate facilities’ under Article
35.23.”
A mistrial is appropriate only in extreme circumstances for a narrow class of
highly prejudicial and incurable errors. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial for
an abuse of discretion. Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004); Juarez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 156, 166 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2013, pet. ref’d). Whether a mistrial is required depends on the particular facts of
the case. Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884.
Similarly, we review a trial court’s rulings on a motion for new trial for
an abuse of discretion. See Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006). In conducting our review, we may not substitute our judgment for that of
be provided for female jurors separate and apart from the facilities provided for
male jurors. In misdemeanor cases the court may, at its discretion, permit the
jurors to separate at any time before the verdict. In any case in which the jury is
permitted to separate, the court shall first give the jurors proper instructions with
regard to their conduct as jurors when so separated. (Emphasis added).
29
the trial court. Id. Rather, we decide only whether the trial court’s decision was
arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion
for new trial only when no reasonable view of the record could support the trial
court’s ruling. Id.
The State contends that, even if we assume a violation of section 35.23
occurred, the error is harmless. We agree. Error, if any, in failing to properly
sequester the jury is a statutory violation, not a constitutional violation. Campbell
v. State, 189 S.W.3d 822, 826 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); see
also Rojas v. State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (Keller, J.,
concurring). As such, any non-constitutional error that does not affect appellant’s
substantial rights must be disregarded. Id.; TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). A substantial
right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997). We will not overturn a criminal conviction for non-constitutional error
if, after examining the record as a whole, we have fair assurance that the error did
not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect on its verdict. See Barshaw v.
State, 342 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Appellant argues that the “harm is obvious” because “[t]he jurors would
undoubtedly have (wrongly) attributed the bomb threat to the Appellant” and
“rendered their verdict in an environment of hostility, fear, and exhaustion[,]”
30
which “undoubtedly led the jury to reaching a verdict of guilt that would not have
been rendered under normal circumstances.”
Nothing in the record, however, supports appellant’s assertions. The record
shows that the jury was kept together at all times during the evacuation. And,
while they were generally aware of a bomb threat at the hotel from overhearing
others in the area, no information was given to the jury directly by third parties,
and nothing supports the conclusion that the jury attributed the bomb threat to
appellant. Indeed, the bailiff, Sergeant Elizondo, who was with the jury on the
night in question, testified that the jurors were doing “surprisingly” well and were
not in “any particular distress” over the bomb threat. He added that he had not
noticed any desire by the jury to discontinue their deliberations. As such, we
conclude that appellant’s substantial rights were not affected by returning the jury
to the deliberation room a few hours early in light of the situation presented at their
hotel.
We overrule issues seven and eight.
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CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
Sherry Radack
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Keyes.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
32