J-A21028-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
ONE (1) JERSEY HOLD ‘EM MACHINE
SERIAL NO. DDGPA0003
ONE (1) RED, WHITE, & BLUE GAMING
MACHINE
SERIAL NO. DDGPA0002
No. 309 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Dated December 18, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-MD-0001060-2011
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OTT, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
DISSENTING MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.:FILED DECEMBER 23, 2014
I respectfully dissent.
As our Commonwealth Court recently acknowledged,
[Section 5513 of the] Crimes Code has been construed to
mean that a machine is a gambling device per se, if it can be
used for no purpose other than gambling. This determination is
made by comparing the characteristics of the machine against
the elements necessary to gambling: (1) consideration; (2) a
result determined by chance rather than skill; and (3) reward. If
these three elements are present, then the machine will be
considered “so intrinsically connected with gambling” as to
constitute a gambling device per se. The Commonwealth has the
burden of proving the per se nature of the machines.
J-A21028-14
Commonwealth v. Wintel, Inc., 829 A.2d 753, 757-58 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2003) (citations and footnotes omitted).1
I believe the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the
machines at issue were predominately games of skill. As the
Commonwealth’s expert witness pointed out on multiple occasions, the
“skill” required to prevail in the games at issue was nearly impossible for the
average or casual player to attain. N.T., 10/18/2013, at 41, 43-44, 48-51,
85.
The Commonwealth’s expert, Daryl Robert Sertell (Sertell) testified
that he is the owner of Casino Horizons Corporation, a consulting firm that
specializes in gambling and slot machines. N.T., 10/18/2013, at 6. Sertell’s
evaluation of the machines at issue was based on the premise that, in order
to be a game of skill, more than half of a player’s attempts to control the
outcome of a game need to be successful. Id. at 86-88. He explained that,
due to his extensive experience with slot machines, his skill was greater with
than that of the average player. Id. at 98. Yet he could not come close to
controlling the outcome of a game more than half of his attempts.
____________________________________________
1
“This Court is not bound by decisions of the Commonwealth Court.
However, such decisions provide persuasive authority, and we may turn to
our colleagues on the Commonwealth Court for guidance when appropriate.”
Maryland Casualty Co. v. Odyssey Contracting Corp., 894 A.2d 750,
756 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 909 A.2d 1290 (Pa. 2006), cert.
denied, 549 U.S. 1305 (2007).
-2-
J-A21028-14
Because the reels moved so quickly that the colors blurred together, it
was impossible to use color as an aide in play. Id. at 44. Because the sound
track of the machine was not always synchronized with the spinning of the
reels, a player could not rely on the music to time reel stoppage. Id. at 52-
53. Based on his testing, Sertell concluded that the Red, White and Blue
machine was a game of chance. Id. at 53, 95.
Similarly, Sertell concluded that the Jersey Hold ‘Em machine was a
game of chance. Id. at 53, 95. Again, despite his expertise, he fell far
short of obtaining even the least valuable winning combinations.
The owner of the machines, Martin Caplan (Caplan) testified that the
modified machines were games of skill based upon the Rules of Play posted
on each and the necessity of active player participation to win. N.T.,
12/18/2013, at 13-14, 34, 35. Caplan, who was not proffered as an expert,
asserted that it was “impossible” to win either game without “predominant
application of skill.” Id. at 12. Caplan, at various times throughout his
testimony described “skill” as being “memory”, “concentration”, the ability to
“play for some length of time in order to get the hang of it”, and pressing
the stop button to play the game. Id. at 16, 34, 35. However, on cross-
examination, Caplan agreed that “there’s no skill [to game play on either
machine] absent hitting the three [stop] buttons in the time frame” but
maintained that a person of “average eyesight” would be able to memorize
the order of symbols on each reel and adjust his play based on knowledge of
-3-
J-A21028-14
when the reels stopped after the button was pressed. Id. at 44, 48-50.
Finally, defense expert Nick Farley (Farley), owner of a company
specializing in the regulatory compliance evaluation of gaming devices,
opined that both machines were games of skill. N.T., 12/18/2013, at 54, 64.
Like Caplan, Farley testified that the “skill” involved in each game was the
actions of the player: placing a bet and physically stopping the reels before
2
the machine timed out. Farley opined that a player could memorize the
spinning wheels, or use other visual cues, to achieve a desired result. Id. at
81-82. Farley noted that during the trials certain of his staff were able to
identify visual cues to assist in game play, although he conceded that
players may not actually be able to determine or memorize the entire
sequence of symbols without prior knowledge. Id. at 77-78. Farley
concluded that “as it is not possible to obtain a winning outcome without
player input, skill clearly plays a predominate [sic] role in game output.” Id.
at 81.
I find the defense witnesses’ attempt to conflate “action” with “skill”
unavailing. As our Supreme Court recognized in Two Electronic Poker
Game Machines,
____________________________________________
2
However, unlike Sertell, Farley did not indicate many times he and his staff
played each machine, nor did he testify as to how many attempts to catch a
particular result were successful. The certified record does not include this
information.
-4-
J-A21028-14
[w]hile skill, in the form of knowledge of probabilities, can
improve a player’s chances of winning and can maximize the size
of the winnings, chance ultimately determines the outcome
because chance determines the cards dealt and the cards from
which one can draw—in short, a large random element is always
present. That the skill involved in Electro–Sport is not the same
skill which can indeed determine the outcome in a game of poker
between human players can be appreciated when it is realized
that holding, folding, bluffing and raising have no role to play in
Electro–Sport poker. Skill can improve the outcome in Electro–
Sport; it cannot determine it.
Id. at 978 (internal citations omitted).
Similarly, in Commonwealth v. Dent, 992 A.2d 190 (Pa. Super.
2010), a panel of this Court, applying the “predominant-factor test”,
determined that Texas Hold ‘Em poker is gambling, stating
while the outcome of poker may be dependent on skill to some
degree, it is predominantly a game of chance. While, as noted in
Two Electronic Poker Machines, skill can determine the
outcome in a poker game, players are still subject to defeat at
the turn of the cards.
Id. at 196 (footnote omitted).
Likewise, blackjack is a game of chance, despite the fact that a skilled
blackjack player, or card counter (assuming he is not ejected from the
casino), can turn the cards in his or her favor. In re $13,561.50, 456 A.2d
1140 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983)(noting that blackjack game was an “illegal
gambling device” pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 5513(b)). See also People v.
Turner, 165 Misc.2d 222, 629 N.Y.S.2d 661 (N.Y. Crim.Ct. 1995) (holding
that “[g]ames of chance range from those that require no skill, such as a
lottery, to those such as poker or blackjack which require considerable skill
-5-
J-A21028-14
in calculating the probability of drawing particular cards. Nonetheless, the
latter are as much games of chance as the former, since the outcome
depends to a material degree upon the random distribution of cards. The
skill of the player may increase the odds in the player’s favor, but cannot
determine the outcome regardless of the degree of skill employed.”); State
v. Eisen, 16 N.C.App. 532, 192 S.E.2d 613, 616 (N.C. Ct. App. 1972)
(holding that in blackjack the element of chance dominated the elements of
skill).
Similarly, with respect to either one of the machines at issue, the
action of pressing a button is not a skill within the meaning of the statute,
and chance predominates the outcome. Accordingly, as I believe the
Commonwealth met its burden in proving that chance prevails over skill, I
would reverse the order of the trial court.3
____________________________________________
3
Unless these proceedings are an effort to protect the state lottery’s
monopoly on gambling, it is hard to see what purpose is served in
preventing charitable organizations from running these games of chance.
-6-