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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
KAREN ELIZABETH RAMM,
Appellee No. 308 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered January 27, 2014
in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-21-CR-0000555-2012
BEFORE: BOWES, J., PANELLA, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 26, 2015
Appellant, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appeals from the trial
court’s order dismissing multiple counts of forgery and identity theft1
brought against Appellee, Karen Elizabeth Ramm, as time-barred by the
statute of limitations. We affirm.
The charges against Appellee stem from a series of loans she
processed and closed through Metro Bank (formerly Commerce Bank) from
2001-2004 while she worked at the bank as a branch manager and loan
officer. Appellee obtained the loans using the name of her former domestic
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4101(a)(2) and 4120(a), respectively.
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partner, Lori Sanders. The trial court accurately summarized the loans as
follows:
a. Loan 8082 [Loan 1], a $129,000.00 bridge loan, closed on 13
September 2001, with bank approval and paid in full on 6
December 2001;
b. Loan 8179 [Loan 2], a $130,357.13 home equity loan (HEL),
closed on 26 October 2001, with no approval found and paid in full
on 3 February 2003;
c. Loan 6131 [Loan 3], a $25,000.00 HEL, also closed on 26 October
2001, without bank approval and paid in full on 3 February 2003;
d. Loan 8909 [Loan 4], a $50,000.00 HEL, closed on 1 July 2002,
with bank approval and paid in full on 18 June 2004;
e. Loan 9257 [Loan 5] a $239,000.00 HEL, closed on 3 February
2003, without bank approval;
f. Loan 6669 [Loan 6] a $50,000.00 HEL closed on 1[9] February
2002, and increased to $65,000 on 11 August 2003, without and
with bank approval, respectively;
g. Loan 5095 [Loan 7] a $25,000.00 business loan, closed on 18 July
2003, and increased to $75,000.00 on 19 February 2004, both
with bank approval.
(Trial Court Opinion, 1/27/14, at 1-2 (summarizing Commonwealth’s Exhibit
4)).
Appellee and Sanders ended their relationship in 2004. On June 26,
2004, they signed a separation and settlement agreement (Agreement).
The Agreement identified the amount of the loans and the associated loan
numbers. After signing the Agreement, Appellee regularly sent Sanders
approximately $1,800.00 per month towards the loan payments. Sanders
then made the payments in her name.
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In April and May of 2010, Sanders consulted a bankruptcy attorney,
and acting on her attorney’s advice, she instructed Appellee to stop making
payments on the loans. Sanders also requested and obtained documents
relating to the loans from the bank. Upon receipt of the loan documents,
Sanders observed that the signatures purporting to be hers on the
documents were not hers. She contacted police and reported that Appellee
had forged her signature on the documents. On June 11, 2010, Appellee
resigned from the bank. On June 14, 2010, Sanders filed affidavits of
forgery with respect to the last five loans listed above.2
On January 20, 2012, Detective R.G. Smith filed a police criminal
complaint charging Appellee with six counts of forgery, alleging that she
obtained the loans in Sanders’ name without her permission by forging her
signature. On February 28, 2012, the complaint was amended to include
two counts of identity theft. On October 9, 2012, Appellee filed a motion to
dismiss the charges as time-barred by the statute of limitations. The
Commonwealth filed a response on October 25, 2012. The trial court held a
hearing on the motion to dismiss on February 4, 2013. On January 27,
2014, the court entered its order and opinion granting Appellee’s motion and
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2
Sanders had given Appellee permission to process three loans and she
personally signed some of the loan documents. (See N.T. Preliminary
Hearing, 2/28/12, at 76).
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dismissing all charges against her as time-barred by the statute of
limitations.3 This timely appeal followed.4
The Commonwealth raises one question for our review:
Did the [trial] court err in dismissing this case because
[Appellee] engaged in conspiracy-like conduct which prevents
the running of the statute of limitations and, further, a legislative
purpose to prohibit a continuing course of conduct plainly
appears in the [f]orgery statute?
(Commonwealth’s Brief, at 4).
“A question regarding the application of the statute of limitations is a
question of law.” Commonwealth v. Riding, 68 A.3d 990, 993 (Pa. Super.
2013) (en banc). “Where the petitioner raises questions of law, our
standard of review is de novo and our scope of review plenary.” Id.
“Statutes of limitations [must be] liberally construed in favor of the
defendant and against the Commonwealth.” Commonwealth v.
Cardonick, 292 A.2d 402, 407 (Pa. 1972) (citations omitted).
In its sole issue on appeal, the Commonwealth argues that the trial
court erred in dismissing the forgery charges against Appellee as time-
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3
The court initially prepared an order granting Appellee’s motion on May 31,
2013, but it did not file the order at that time. (See Order, 1/27/14, at 1
(explaining that search of docket failed to show any recording of May 31,
2013 order)).
4
Pursuant to the trial court’s order, the Commonwealth filed a timely
concise statement of errors complained of appeal on March 5, 2014. The
trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion on April 16, 2014. See Pa.R.A.P.
1925.
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barred by the statute of limitations.5 (See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 11).
Relying on this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Fisher, 682 A.2d 811
(Pa. Super. 1996), appeal denied, 687 A.2d 376 (Pa. 1996) and section
5552(d) of the Judicial Code, the Commonwealth argues Appellee’s
conspiracy-like conduct tolled the five-year statute of limitations period.
(See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 11-18). Specifically, it maintains that
Appellee’s actions were analogous to a conspiracy because she was a loan
officer with control over the loans, and she engaged in deception to prevent
discovery of the forgeries. (See id. at 10-11, 15-16). It asserts that, since
Sanders discovered the forgeries in 2010, the statute of limitations does not
expire until 2015. (See id. at 11). We disagree.
Under the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, “[a] person is guilty of forgery if,
with intent to defraud or injure anyone, or with knowledge that he is
facilitating a fraud or injury to be perpetrated by anyone, the actor . . .
makes, completes, executes, authenticates, issues or transfers any writing
so that it purports to be the act of another who did not authorize that act . .
. [.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4101(a)(2). “The Commonwealth [is] thus required to
prove that: 1) there was a false writing; 2) the instrument was apparently
capable of deceiving and working an injury to another; and 3) appellant
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5
The Commonwealth does not address the identity theft charges, which
have a two-year statute of limitations period. (See Commonwealth’s Brief,
at 11-18); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(a).
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intended to defraud.” Commonwealth v. Seang, 790 A.2d 1036, 1037-38
(Pa. Super. 2001), appeal denied, 814 A.2d 677 (Pa. 2002) (citations
omitted).
Pursuant to section 5552 of the Judicial Code, the statute of limitations
for forgery is five years. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(b)(1). The limitations
period begins to run on the day after the offense is committed. See id. at
(b)(1), (d). The legislature has provided:
(d) Commission of offense.—An offense is committed either
when every element occurs, or, if a legislative purpose to
prohibit a continuing course of conduct plainly appears, at the
time when the course of conduct or the complicity of the
defendant therein is terminated. Time starts to run on the day
after the offense is committed.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(d).
There is a limited exception to the general five-year limitations period
for forgery to allow otherwise time-barred prosecutions to commence where:
[a]ny offense a material element of which is either fraud or a
breach of fiduciary obligation within one year after discovery
of the offense by an aggrieved party or by a person who has a
legal duty to represent an aggrieved party and who is himself
not a party to the offense, but in no case shall this paragraph
extend the period of limitation otherwise applicable by more than
three years.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(c)(1) (emphasis added).
Here, the primary source of the charges against Appellee is her alleged
forgery of Sanders’ signature on loan documents from 2001 through
February 19, 2004, and the elements necessary to establish the forgery
counts occurred during that timeframe. (See Commonwealths’ Exhibit 4);
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see also Seang, supra, at 1037-38. Therefore, the five-year statute of
limitations period began to run, at the latest, on February 20, 2004, and it
expired five years later, on February 20, 2009. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(d).
However, authorities filed the criminal complaint against Appellee on January
20, 2012, nearly three years after expiration of the applicable limitations
period. The exception for cases involving fraud set forth at section 5552(c),
allowing commencement of an otherwise time-barred prosecution within one
year of discovery of the offense, is not applicable in the instant case
because Sanders “discovered” the forged signatures in June 2010, and the
criminal complaint was not filed against Appellee until approximately one-
and one half years later.6
The Commonwealth’s attempt to circumvent the statute of limitations
by relying on Fisher, supra, and the “continuing course of conduct”
language in section 5552(d) is misguided because the facts of Fisher are
inapposite to those of this case and, as the Commonwealth acknowledges,
the Fisher court did not apply section 5552(d). (See Commonwealth’s
Brief, at 14). In Fisher, the defendant convinced victims to place down
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6
The Commonwealth acknowledges the exception relating to offenses
involving fraud set forth at section 5552(c)(1), but concedes that it does not
apply to the instant case. (See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 14-15). We also
note that, while Sanders stated that she discovered the forgeries in 2010,
she further testified that she was aware that Appellee took out the loans in
her name when the parties signed the Agreement in 2004. (See N.T.
Preliminary Hearing, 2/28/12, at 58-60; see also N.T. Motion to Dismiss,
2/04/13, at 57).
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payments on lake front properties by misrepresenting that the properties
were buildable and approved for septic systems. Fisher, supra at 814.
Fisher was convicted of multiple offenses, including forgery. See id. at 813.
The forgery charges were brought because, as part of his scheme, Fisher
intentionally altered the dates on the checks given to him by the victims.
See id. at 815. However, unlike in the instant case, it appears that the
prosecution against Fisher did commence within the five-year limitations
period. See id. at 815-16, 818 (indicating that Fisher altered the checks in
1988 and the complaint against him was filed in 1992). Although the
Commonwealth relies heavily on Fisher, it concedes “it is unclear whether
the Fisher Court actually applied the conspiracy-like-conduct exception to
the forgery counts because the actual forgeries may have been brought
within the five-year SOL.” (Commonwealth’s Brief, at 13).
Moreover, unlike in the instant case, the Fisher Court found that
Fisher continued to deceive the victims long after they signed the initial
contracts. See Fisher, supra at 818. Here, the record reflects that the
bank disbursed the loan monies to Sanders’ account in payments from
September 2001 through February 2004. (See Commonwealth’s Exhibit 4).
The Agreement signed by Sanders and Appellee in June 2004 specified the
loan numbers and amounts, and Sanders made payments on the loans using
money sent to her by Appellee through 2010. (See N.T. Preliminary
Hearing, 2/28/12, at 58-60; see also N.T. Motion to Dismiss, 2/04/13, at
57). Thus, the record does not support the Commonwealth’s position that
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Appellee engaged in conspiracy-like conduct to prevent discovery of the
forgeries until Sanders obtained a copy of the loan documents in June 2010.
Instead, the record supports the trial court’s determination that “[Appellee’s]
alleged illicit actions have been open and notorious . . . [t]he red flags
currently brought to light . . . relating to the home equity loans were hidden
in plain sight.” (Trial Ct. Op., at 7).
Based on the foregoing, and mindful that we must construe statutes of
limitations liberally in favor of the defendant and against the
Commonwealth, see Cardonick, supra at 407, we conclude that the trial
court properly dismissed the charges against Appellee as barred by the
statute of limitations. See Riding, supra at 993. The Commonwealth’s
issue on appeal does not merit relief.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/26/2015
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