J-S13007-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
GLADYS V. RAMAEKERS,
Appellee No. 251 WDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered January 17, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-26-CR-0002504-2013
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., MUNDY, J., and STABILE, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED APRIL 13, 2015
The Commonwealth appeals from the suppression court’s January 17,
2014 order granting Appellee’s, Gladys V. Ramaekers, pretrial motion to
suppress evidence.1 After careful review, we affirm.
The suppression court set forth the facts of this case, as follows:
On June 20, 2013, between 7:45 and 7:50 p.m., there
were three vehicles stopped at a red traffic light in the main
westbound lane of West 8th Street, at the intersection of West 8th
Street and Pittsburgh Avenue, in the City of Erie, Pennsylvania.
The first vehicle at the light was operated by an unidentified
driver. The second vehicle was operated by … [] Appellee ….
The third vehicle in line was operated by Dedra Lynn Cavanagh
(“Cavanagh”). Next to the main west bound lane was a turning
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1
The Commonwealth has certified in its notice of appeal that this order
terminates, or substantially handicaps, the prosecution of Appellee’s case,
thus permitting the Commonwealth’s appeal under Pa.R.A.P. 311(d).
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lane for westbound traffic intending to turn left onto Pittsburgh
Avenue.
While the light was still red, [Appellee] suddenly backed up
into the left turning lane, pulling up close to and stopping
alongside the driver’s side of the vehicle operated by Cavanagh.
The unidentified driver exited the first vehicle, pointed to
[Appellee’s] vehicle and yelled, “She’s drunk.” The unidentified
driver returned to her vehicle. After approximately ten seconds,
the light turned green, and the driver of the first vehicle pulled
over into a parking lot area. [Appellee] pulled back into the
main westbound lane of West 8th Street in front of Cavanagh’s
stationary vehicle, and proceeded through the intersection.
After waiting for [Appellee’s] vehicle to proceed ahead of hers,
Cavanagh followed [Appellee’s] vehicle. Upon passing through
the intersection, the vehicles entered Millcreek Township.
Cavanagh called 911 to report what had occurred. She
reported to 911 what the driver of the first vehicle said, and that
[Appellee] nearly sideswiped her [vehicle]. Cavanagh remained
on the phone with the 911 Operator, who transferred the call to
Millcreek [Police] Dispatch, while Cavanagh continued to follow
[Appellee’s] vehicle west along West 8th Street.
Cavanagh followed [Appellee’s] vehicle for several miles to
Valerio’s Restaurant, located at the intersection of West Lake
and Powell Roads in Millcreek Township. Cavanagh followed
[Appellee’s] vehicle into the parking lot at Valerio’s. She
observed [Appellee] park her vehicle and enter the restaurant.
Three marked Millcreek Township Police cruisers pulled into the
parking lot of Valerio’s. Cavanagh spoke with one of the officers,
who asked Cavanagh where … [Appellee’s] vehicle was and
where … [Appellee] was. After Cavanagh identified [Appellee’s]
vehicle and reported … [Appellee] had entered the restaurant,
the officer told Cavanagh she could leave.
Cavanagh did not make any observation about the manner
in which [Appellee] had operated her vehicle until [Appellee]
backed up in the turning lane next to Cavanagh’s vehicle on
West 8th Street. Cavanagh had no way of knowing if …
[Appellee] was drunk. Cavanagh did not know the driver of the
first vehicle. Cavanagh did not know if the first driver had any
reason to know whether or not [Appellee] was drunk. Cavanagh
did not observe … [Appellee] commit any traffic violations while
she followed [Appellee] several miles to Valerio’s Restaurant.
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Millcreek Township Police Officer Kevin Guica (“[Officer]
Guica”) testified [that] a call came in through Dispatch to all the
police cars working that day at approximately 7:54 p.m. that a
possibl[y] intoxicated driver was [traveling] westbound on West
8th Street. [Officer] Guica acknowledged it was the first driver,
as conveyed through Cavanagh, who made the claim … [that
Appellee] was under the influence. The information from
Dispatch led [Officer] Guica to Valerio’s Restaurant.
When [Officer] Guica arrived at the parking lot of Valerio’s
in a marked uniform and a marked police cruiser, there were
already two other Millcreek Township police cruisers at the
scene. One of the police officers was speaking with Cavanagh.
The officers determined [Appellee] was the registered owner of
the vehicle and obtained her description. The officer reported to
[Officer] Guica … [that Appellee] had been driving alone and
entered the restaurant alone.
[Officer] Guica entered Valerio’s and approached
[Appellee]. There were other patrons in the restaurant.
[Officer] Guica asked [Appellee] if the vehicle outside was hers
and if her name was Gladys Ramaekers. After [Appellee]
responded affirmatively to both questions, the officer asked
[her], “Would you mind speaking with us outside in regards to a
complaint received?” … [Appellee] cooperated and agreed to
speak with the officers outside.
[Appellee] got up out of her chair and walked out of the
restaurant of her own accord, escorted by [Officer] Guica. She
had no trouble getting up out of her chair. During the entire
time [Officer] Guica observed [Appellee] in the restaurant and as
she exited the restaurant, [Appellee] exhibited no balance,
coordination or dexterity problems. She did not sway or
stumble.
Once in the parking lot, the officers told [Appellee] they
had received a complaint about an erratic driver who was
possibly intoxicated. [Appellee] told the officers she had two
glasses of wine at her residence prior to arriving at Valerio’s.
[Officer] Guica testified he could smell the odor of an alcoholic
beverage. [Officer] Guica noted no signs of coordination,
dexterity or balance problems. Although [Officer] Guica initially
testified he noted an apparent speech defect while [Appellee]
was outside the restaurant, he testified the defect was not
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significant enough for him to remember and record in the official
report he prepared.
[Officer] Guica asked [Appellee] to participate in the
following field sobriety tests: reciting the alphabet, the one leg
stand test, the walk and turn test, and a [portable breathalyzer
test (PBT)]. [Appellee] was clearly upset over the entire
situation. She maintained she was not intoxicated and declined
to perform each test.
After [Appellee] refused the PBT, [Officer] Guica arrested
her for [driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI)].
[Officer] Guica transported [Appellee] to a local hospital
for a blood draw. [Officer] Guica read the O’Connell[2] warnings
to [Appellee] at the hospital. [Appellee] consented to the blood
draw, which occurred at approximately 8:56 p.m. [Appellee]
was charged by summons on June 24, 2013.
…
[Appellee] was charged with [DUI] – General Impairment
(Incapable of Safe Driving); [DUI] – Highest Rate of Alcohol
(BAC 0.16% or Higher); and Driving on Roadways Laned for
Traffic, a summary offense. [Appellee] filed an Omnibus Pre-
trial motion on December 3, 2013[,] and Supplemental Omnibus
Pre-Trial Motion on December 10, 2013, seeking suppression of
the blood alcohol evidence.
…
A hearing on [Appellee’s] Suppression Motion was held on
January 15, 2014. The Suppression Motion was granted on
January 17, 2014. The Commonwealth filed a notice of appeal
on February 12, 2014.
Suppression Court Opinion (SCO), 5/30/14, at 1-5 (footnotes and citations
to the record omitted).
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2
Commonwealth v. O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989).
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The Commonwealth filed a timely Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement
of errors complained of on appeal. Herein, it raises the following question
for our review:
Did the suppression court err and/or abuse its discretion by
granting [Appellee’s] Motion to Suppress Evidence where a
Millcreek Township police officer properly engaged in a mere
encounter with [Appellee] at Valerio’s [R]estaurant after
speaking with a known citizen who had witnessed [Appellee]
driving her vehicle, at which time he gleaned information that
led him to formulate reasonable suspicion and eventually
probable cause to believe [Appellee] was unlawfully driving
under the influence of alcohol, leading to the lawful arrest of
[Appellee] for Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol?
Commonwealth’s Brief at 4.
We begin our assessment of the Commonwealth’s claim by noting our
scope and standard of review:
When reviewing an Order granting a motion to suppress we are
required to determine whether the record supports the
suppression court's factual findings and whether the legal
conclusions drawn by the suppression court from those findings
are accurate. In conducting our review, we may only examine
the evidence introduced by [the] appellee along with any
evidence introduced by the Commonwealth which remains
uncontradicted. Our scope of review over the suppression court's
factual findings is limited in that if these findings are supported
by the record we are bound by them. Our scope of review over
the suppression court's legal conclusions, however, is plenary.
Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 36 A.3d 1104, 1107 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Henry, 943 A.2d 967, 969 (Pa. Super. 2008)
(citations omitted)).
Here, the Commonwealth first disputes the suppression court’s
determination that “[a]n investigative detention of [Appellee] occurred inside
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Valerio’s Restaurant, after [Appellee] was approached by Officer Guica and
asked to step outside.” SCO at 6. The Commonwealth also disagrees with
the suppression court’s alternative conclusion that, “[a]ssuming arguendo an
investigative detention of [Appellee] did not occur inside the restaurant,
then it occurred the moment she stepped outside the restaurant into the
parking lot where three marked Millcreek Township Police cruisers were
parked and other Millcreek Township Police officers were located.” Id. at 7.
Instead, the Commonwealth maintains that Appellee was not detained until
“Officer Guica requested that [Appellee] perform field sobriety tests….”
Commonwealth’s Brief at 13.
In Commonwealth v. Ellis, 662 A.2d 1043 (Pa. 1995), our Supreme
Court explained the “three categories of interactions between citizens and
the police.” Id. at 1047.
The first of these is a “mere encounter” (or request for
information) which need not be supported by any level of
suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to stop or to
respond. See Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 103 S.Ct. 1319,
75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983); Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 111
S.Ct. 2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991). The second, an
“investigative detention” must be supported by a reasonable
suspicion; it subjects a suspect to a stop and a period of
detention, but does not involve such coercive conditions as to
constitute the functional equivalent of an arrest. See Berkemer
v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317
(1984); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d
889 (1968). Finally, an arrest or “custodial detention” must be
supported by probable cause. See Dunaway v. New York, 442
U.S. 200, 99 S.Ct. 2248, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1979);
Commonwealth v. Rodriquez, 532 Pa. 62, 614 A.2d 1378
(1992).
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Id. at 1047-1048 (footnote omitted). Pertinent to the instant case is the
distinction between a “mere encounter” and an “investigative detention.” On
this issue, our Court has stated:
[I]n order to determine whether a particular encounter
constitutes a seizure, a court must consider all the circumstances
surrounding the encounter to determine whether the police
conduct could have communicated to a reasonable person that
the person was not free to decline the officer's requests or
otherwise terminate the encounter.
Commonwealth v. Martin, 705 A.2d 887, 890-891 (Pa. Super. 1997).
The facts of Martin closely mirror those in the present case. There, a
police detective received an anonymous tip that Martin was selling drugs at a
café. Id. at 890. Upon arriving at the café, the detective approached
Martin, “asked if he could speak with him[,] and asked [Martin] ‘to step
outside.’” Id. Martin “said, ‘Okay[,]’” and “then walked out of the café and
into an adjacent public parking lot.” Id. We concluded that this interaction
constituted a mere encounter, stating:
We find that [Martin] was not seized by [the] [d]etective … when
he initially exited the café. Prior to leaving the café, [Martin] was
not questioned extensively by [the] [d]etective …. Rather, the
detective merely approached [Martin], indicated that he would
like to speak with him and asked him if he would “step outside.”
There is no indication that [Martin] was told that he was required
to leave the café. Rather, the detective simply asked for his
cooperation. Florida v. Rodriguez, 469 U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 308,
311, 83 L.Ed.2d 165 (1984) (per curiam) (“The initial contact
between the officers and respondent, where they simply asked if
he would step aside and talk with them, was clearly [a]
consensual encounter.”). Moreover, [the] [d]etective …
approached and spoke to [Martin] in a non-threatening manner.
There were neither threats nor any show of force. There was no
evidence of any attempts at coercion or intimidation by the
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detective. Accordingly, we find that [Martin] left the café
voluntarily, and, therefore, that he was not “seized.” See Sibron
v. State of New York, 392 U.S. 40, 88 S.Ct. 1889, 20 L.Ed.2d
917 (1968).
Id. at 891 (footnote omitted).
Here, Officer Guica testified at the suppression hearing that he entered
Valerio’s Restaurant and saw Appellee sitting at a table. N.T., 1/15/14, at
37. He approached her and asked if her “Chrysler Crossover” was parked
outside, to which Appellee “said, yes….” Id. at 38. The officer then asked
Appellee if her name was Gladys Ramaekers, and Appellee again “said, yes.”
Id. Officer Guica then asked Appellee if she “would … mind speaking with us
outside in regards to a complaint received….” Id. Officer Guica testified
that Appellee “cooperated, complied, and walked outside….” Id. The officer
stated that he at no point put his hands on Appellee to escort her outside.
Id. at 39. Instead, Appellee “walked on her own” out of the restaurant. Id.
As in Martin, we conclude that Officer Guica’s interaction with
Appellee inside the restaurant was a mere encounter. While Officer Guica
asked Appellee questions regarding her name and vehicle, and stated that
police had received a ‘complaint,’ the officer did not say anything specific
enough to indicate to Appellee that she was suspected of driving under the
influence of alcohol. Instead, he merely asked her to step outside to speak
with him. There is no indication that the officer told Appellee that she was
required to come outside, that he spoke to her in a threatening or coercive
manner, or that he physically escorted her from the restaurant. Accordingly,
as in Martin, we conclude that Officer Guica’s interaction with Appellee
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inside Valerio’s Restaurant constituted a “mere encounter” requiring no
quantum of suspicion on Officer Guica’s part.3
Next, we must assess the suppression court’s alternative conclusion
that Appellee was seized when she stepped outside the restaurant and into
the parking lot. In reaching this determination, the suppression court
emphasized that Appellee was confronted in the parking lot by “three
marked Millcreek Township Police cruisers … and other Millcreek Township
Police officers….” SCO at 7. The court reasoned that “[o]nce outside for
questioning, in the presence of uniformed officers and marked police cruisers
in the restaurant parking lot, [Appellee] was under an official compulsion to
respond.” Id. at 7-8.
In disputing the court’s determination that Appellee was seized at this
point, the Commonwealth initially challenges the court’s factual finding that
multiple police officers and police cruisers were parked outside when
Appellee exited the restaurant. The Commonwealth states:
There was no testimony whatsoever at the suppression hearing
as to how many police cruisers or police officers remained in the
restaurant parking lot at the time Officer Guica and [Appellee]
came outside. Although there was testimony that three marked
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3
We acknowledge that unlike the plain-clothed detective in Martin, Officer
Guica was in full uniform. However, in Martin, the detective was familiar
with Martin from prior interactions; thus, as in the present case, Martin knew
he was being approached by a police officer. See Martin, 705 A.2d at 890
(stating that the detective “knew Martin” from prior interactions, and
addressed Martin by his first name inside the café).
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cruisers had been there initially, there was no testimony relating
to when those cruisers and officers left the scene.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 13.
We disagree with the Commonwealth’s argument. It is undisputed
that multiple officers were present when Officer Guica went into the
restaurant to locate Appellee. Once inside, Officer Guica asked Appellee if
she would “mind speaking with us outside” and testified that Appellee
“agreed to speak with us.” N.T. at 38 (emphasis added). The officer further
testified that once outside, “[w]e told [Appellee] that, you know, this
department received a complaint about an erratic driver, possibly intoxicated
driver, [and] inquired whether or not she had been drinking prior to her
arrival to the restaurant.” Id. at 39 (emphasis added). These portions of
the record support the suppression court’s factual finding that there were
multiple officers and marked patrol cars present in the parking lot when
Appellee exited the restaurant with Officer Guica.
Additionally, we ascertain no error in the suppression court’s legal
determination that Appellee was seized once she exited the restaurant and
was questioned by the officers. Again, Martin is instructive. After Martin
“exited the café, he was immediately confronted by two additional officers,
both of whom were in uniform. [The] [d]etective … then informed [Martin]
that the police came to the café because they received a tip that he was
selling drugs.” Martin, 705 A.2d at 891. Based on these circumstances, we
found that Martin was seized, reasoning:
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As in Commonwealth v. Wright, 448 Pa. Super. 621, 672 A.2d
826, 829 (1996), we find that “the combination of the
threatening presence of several officers and the indication that
appellant was suspected of criminal activity [requires the
conclusion that] a reasonable person would believe that he was
not free to leave.” A statement by a law enforcement official that
a person is suspected of illegal activity is persuasive evidence
that the Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 8 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution have been implicated. Florida v.
Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983)
(White, J., plurality); Wright, supra. We believe that [Martin]
could conclude reasonably that the police suspected him of
selling illegal narcotics based on the detective's recitation of the
anonymous tip and that he could conclude reasonably that he
was not free to leave. Accordingly, we find that [Martin] was
seized by the police when he was questioned in the parking lot.
See Commonwealth v. Lewis, 535 Pa. 501, 636 A.2d 619
(1994) (holding that appellant was seized where he was
confronted by four officers who indicated that they were
“working narcotics” and were part of a drug interdiction
program); [Interest of] Jermaine, [582 A.2d 1058 (Pa. Super.
1990)] (indicating that the threatening presence of several
officers and unsupported accusations of criminal activity
constitute a “seizure”).
Id. at 891.
Similarly, here, when Appellee exited the restaurant, she was
confronted by several uniformed police officers. Officer Guica then informed
Appellee that they had “received a complaint about an erratic driver,
possibly intoxicated driver.” N.T. at 39. Officer Guica then asked Appellee
“whether … she had been drinking prior to her arrival to the restaurant[,]”
id., thereby indicating to Appellee that she was the person they suspected of
driving under the influence of alcohol, and that she was not free to leave.
Thus, at that point, Appellee was seized.
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Next, we must determine if the officers possessed reasonable
suspicion to validate Appellee’s seizure. After careful review, we conclude
that they did not. As the suppression court points out,
[t]he information the police received that [Appellee] may have
been drinking came from the unidentified first driver, as
conveyed through Cavanagh. The reliability of that information
of the unidentified first driver is low and could not be tested.
The basis for the first driver’s alleged comment as relayed by
Cavanagh is speculative. Cavanagh possessed no independent
information concerning any alcohol consumption by [Appellee],
and only observed [Appellee] allegedly back up next to her
vehicle, then pull ahead when the traffic light turned green.
During the several miles Cavanagh followed [Appellee’s] vehicle,
Cavanagh observed absolutely no abnormal driving activity on
the part of [Appellee]. All the police knew at the time [they
arrived at the restaurant] was [that Appellee] was the owner of
a certain registered vehicle in the parking lot, [Appellee’s]
identity, the report by Cavanagh that [Appellee] allegedly
backed up her vehicle next to Cavanagh’s on West 8th Street,
and the information from the unidentified first driver as relayed
by Cavanagh.
SCO at 7. When Officer Guica approached Appellee inside the restaurant,
she fully complied in responding to his questions and his request that she
step outside to speak with him. N.T. at 38. The officer testified that
Appellee rose from her chair and walked out of the restaurant “of her own
accord,” without swaying or stumbling. Id. at 64. Officer Guica conceded
that he did not “notice any dexterity, coordination or balance problems at
all” while interacting with Appellee inside the restaurant. Id.
The Commonwealth maintains that “Officer Guica smelled the odor of
an alcoholic beverage coming from [Appellee], he observed her to have
glossy eyes and slightly slurred speech, her answers to his questions were
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discombobulated and non-responsive, she could not recall (or claimed not to
recall) engaging in any type of erratic driving behavior, and [she] admitted
she had consumed two glasses of wine prior to driving.” Commonwealth’s
Brief at 12. However, these observations were all made after Officer Guica
detained Appellee. Namely, Officer Guica testified that he “could smell the
odor of an alcoholic beverage” on Appellee after he escorted her outside,
informed her that they were investigating a “possibly intoxicated driver,” and
asked her if she had anything to drink. N.T. at 39. Further, it was during
the officer’s ensuing questioning of Appellee that he observed that she had
glossy eyes, her speech “was a little bit slurred[,]” and “[h]er responses to
the questions were a little … discombobulated….” Id. at 41-42. Again,
these observations by Officer Guica all took place after Appellee was
detained and, therefore, the suppression court properly declined to consider
them in determining if the officer possessed reasonable suspicion to seize
Appellee.
In sum, we conclude that the record supports the suppression court’s
factual findings, and the court did not err in determining that Appellee was
detained at the point when she emerged from the restaurant with Officer
Guica to find several police officers in the parking lot, was informed that the
officers were investigating a possible DUI, and was asked if she had
consumed any alcohol prior to arriving at the restaurant. We also ascertain
no error in the court’s determination that the officers lacked reasonable
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suspicion to justify Appellee’s seizure at that point. Accordingly, we affirm
the suppression court’s order granting Appellee’s motion to suppress.
Order affirmed.
Judge Stabile joins this memorandum.
Judge Mundy concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/13/2015
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