J-A33006-14
2015 PA Super 102
W.C.F., : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
v. :
:
:
M.G., :
:
Appellee : No. 2128 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered June 17, 2014,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
Family Court at No(s): OC1300107
BEFORE: LAZARUS, WECHT, and STRASSBURGER, JJ.*
DISSENTING OPINION BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED APRIL 29, 2015
Because I believe the trial court’s order granting a gradual change in
custody is in the child’s best interest, reasonable in light of the trial court’s
findings, and supported by the record, I respectfully dissent.
The trial court herein found persuasive the custody evaluator’s
recommendation. Accordingly, the trial court indicated that its order was
designed to expand Father’s time with the child while allowing her to remain
in a familiar environment due, in large part, to her age. Trial Court Opinion,
8/20/2014. The learned Majority concludes that the order is contrary to the
trial court’s determination that the majority of the custody factors are in
Father’s favor. Citing to M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331 (Pa. Super. 2013),
the Majority holds that the only factors to be given weighted consideration
are those concerning the health and safety of the child. While M.J.M. says
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A33006-14
that, it is not what the words of the statute say, nor would it be a reasonable
interpretation. The statute provides that courts shall give weighted
consideration to factors which affect the safety of the child, not that
weighted consideration may be given only to such factors. It would be
absurd1 to hold that a trial court must simply count the factors in favor of
1
When interpreting a statute, we are guided by the Statutory Construction
Act, which provides, in relevant, part as follows.
(a) The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is
to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General
Assembly. Every statute shall be construed, if possible, to give
effect to all its provisions.
(b) When the words of a statute are clear and free from all
ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the
pretext of pursuing its spirit.
1 Pa.C.S. § 1921. When the General Assembly enacted the amendments to
the Child Custody Act, it did not specifically preclude a trial court from giving
weighted consideration to factors other than those that affected the safety of
the child. “Finally, it is presumed that the legislature did not intend an
absurd or unreasonable result. In this regard, we ... are permitted to
examine the practical consequences of a particular interpretation.” C.B. v.
J.B., 65 A.3d 946, 951 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted) (holding, inter
alia, that an interpretation of the Custody Act that did not require the trial
court to address the 16 statutory factors contemporaneously with its custody
order would render the plain language of the statute a nullity, an
unreasonable and absurd result clearly not intended by the General
Assembly). See also In re Adoption of R.B.F., 803 A.2d 1195, 1202-03
(Pa. 2002) (holding that “[t]here is no language in the Adoption Act
precluding two unmarried same-sex partners (or unmarried heterosexual
partners) from adopting a child who had no legal parents. It is therefore
absurd to prohibit their adoptions merely because their children were either
the biological or adopted children of one of the partners prior to the filing of
the adoption petition.”).
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each parent and award custody to the side with more. Such a system is
contrary to the overarching best interest of the child analysis and fails to
consider that each custody case presents a unique set of circumstances in
which certain factors may need to be given additional weight.
One of these can be the primary caretaker factor. M.J.M. has
sometimes been cited as holding that the primary caretaker doctrine has
been abolished. That is a misreading of the case. “The considerations
embraced by the primary caretaker doctrine have been woven into the
statutory factors, such that they have become part and parcel of the
mandatory inquiry.” M.J.M., 63 A.3d at 339. Those are factors 3, “[t]he
parental duties performed by each party on behalf of the child,” and 4,
“[t]he need for stability and continuity in the child's education, family life
and community life.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a). If the primary caretaker doctrine
ever were applicable only where it would “tip the scales” where both parents
are fit,2 such is no longer the case now that the statute contains factors 3
and 4.
2
As this Court has noted
[t]here are published decisions from this Court containing
statements that suggest that the primary caretaker doctrine
applies to all custody determinations. See, e.g., Durning v.
Balent/Kurdilla, 19 A.3d 1125, 1129 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“When
conducting a best-interests analysis, a court must give positive
consideration to the parent who has been the primary
caregiver.”) [citation omitted]; Klos v. Klos, 934 A.2d 724, 729
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Relevant to the case at bar, at this juncture, due in large part to the
child’s age, Mother’s ability to meet the child’s daily needs and the child’s
need for stability and continuity weigh in favor of a gradual increase in
custody. The trial judge’s holding to this effect is not an abuse of discretion.
Accordingly, I would affirm the order of the trial court.
n. 4 (Pa. Super. 2007) (same), Collins v. Collins, 897 A.2d
466, 473 (Pa. Super. 2006) (same).
M.J.M., 63 A.3d at 338 n. 9. See also S.J.S. v. M.J.S., 76 A.3d 541, 551
(Pa. Super. 2013) (holding that the trial court gave proper weight to
Mother’s role as primary caretaker of children but that this factor “did not
outweigh other factors in the best interest analysis.”). Unlike the Majority, I
believe these cases were correctly decided.
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