UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
PAMELA TAYLOR, )
Plaintiff, )
v. ) Civil Action No. 12-894 (AK)
)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
Defendant. )
____________________________________)
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
This Federal Tort Claims Act case was assigned to the undersigned for all purposes and
trial on January 2, 2014. On September 4, 2014, this court concluded a two-day bench trial. As
directed by the court, the parties submitted their proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of
Law following the trial. See Plaintiff’s Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law [45]
(“Pl.’s Findings”); Defendant’s Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Pursuant to
Rule 52 [43] (“Def.’s Findings”). This court now makes its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of
Law pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a)(1). Any facts not expressly stated in the
below findings are either immaterial or undisputed. For the reasons set forth herein, the court
finds that the plaintiff has not met her burden of proof for her claims of intentional infliction of
emotional distress (“IIED”), assault, and battery. The court, therefore, enters judgment in favor
of the United States.
I. BACKGROUND
This suit arises from a federal tort claim against the United States of America
(“Defendant”) for injuries sustained by Ms. Pamela Taylor (“Plaintiff”) while in the custody of
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the U.S. Marshals Service (“USMS”). (See Original Complaint for Damages Under the Federal
Tort Claims Act [1] (“Complaint”)). Plaintiff alleges that Supervisory Detention Enforcement
Officer Eric Clark (“Officer Clark”) committed assault and battery against her while she was in
the cellblock of the D.C. Superior Court, awaiting transport to the District of Columbia jail (“DC
Jail”). (Complaint ¶¶ 12, 21).
The Plaintiff claims that she followed Officer Clark’s request to stop talking with a
fellow inmate, responding “alright, you got it.” (Trial Tr. [36], 35:16-18, 39:3-7). Further, the
Plaintiff claims she was in full restraints (both leg and waist restraints) at all times in the cell
block. (Trial Tr.[36], 65:24; Trial Tr. [37], 47:2-9). Plaintiff avers that Officer Clark “grabbed
her by the back shackles” and slammed her face onto the ground with “a lot of force.” (Trial Tr.
[36], 35:18-22, 65:21-22). Plaintiff claims she could not break her fall and suffered serious
injury. (Trial Tr. [36], 35:22, 39:16-25). Plaintiff further claims that she suffered emotionally and
is now “nervous around authority figures.” (Trial Tr.[36], 64:21-65:16).
The Government counters that Plaintiff was talking with another inmate and that Officer
Clark ordered her to stop. (Answer [7] ¶ 11). The Government states that Plaintiff became
belligerent and put her hand in Officer Clark’s face. (Trial Tr. [37], 72:8-9). Officer Clark again
informed the Plaintiff to be quiet or he would “place her on the ground.” (Trial Tr. [37], 72:11-
13). Plaintiff allegedly struck at Officer Clark’s face for a second time, and Officer Clark
testified that he utilized a leg sweep action to regain control of Plaintiff and place her in full
restraints, as he testified that Plaintiff only had leg restraints on at the time of the incident. (Trial
Tr. [37], 72:8-73:10, 75:5-7). The Plaintiff fell face first and did not break her fall. (Trial Tr.
[36], 35:22; Trial Tr. [37], 76:9-14, 78:1-6). After restraining the Plaintiff, Officer Clark noticed
blood on her face and called for medical assistance. (Id. at 75:5-8).
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DC Emergency Medical Services transported Plaintiff to George Washington Hospital
where Plaintiff received treatment for her injuries that included a broken nose, two broken teeth,
a split lip, and two black eyes. (See Complaint ¶ 13; Trial Tr. [36], 38:7-10, 39:21-25). Plaintiff
submitted medical bills from George Washington Hospital and Phillips & Green, MD totaling
$11,512.22, as well as several thousand dollars of dental bills from The Washington Dental
Health Care Center. (Trial J.Ex. 7-9). Plaintiff maintains that Officer Clark’s actions were
“malicious, willful, and intentional.” (Complaint ¶ 16). Plaintiff brings this claim against the
Defendant pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) (28 U.S.C. § 2671, et seq.)
alleging that the actions constitute assault, battery, and IIED and asks for $300,000 in damages.
(Complaint ¶ 21; J.Ex. 10). Defendant denies this claim and avers that Officer Clark took
necessary action to defend himself and regain control of Plaintiff. (Answer ¶ 16). Further,
Defendant claims that Officer Clark’s actions were privileged under DC law. Evans-Reid v. Dist.
of Columbia, 930 A.2d 930, 937 (D.C. 2007).
The undersigned conducted a two-day bench trial on September 3 and September 4,
2014. After considering witness testimony, evidence presented, and the proposed Findings of
Fact and Conclusions of Law of the parties, the court finds that Plaintiff did not meet her burden
and finds that Defendant is not liable for IIED, assault, and battery.
II. FINDINGS OF FACT
A. Detention of Plaintiff and Cell Block Conditions
1. Plaintiff, a District of Columbia citizen, is currently incarcerated in a Texas
federal detention facility. (Trial Tr. [36], 16:12-18:13, Sept. 3, 2014 morning session).
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2. On March 17, 2010, Plaintiff appeared before a judge in the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia for a probation violation. (Trial Tr. [36], 23:23-25).
3. At that time, the court ordered the Plaintiff “stepped back” into custody to await
transport to the DC Jail. (Trial Tr. [36], 26:1-5; Trial Tr. [37], 5:1-5, Sept. 3, 2014 afternoon
session).
4. “Stepping back” is an action where the court orders a person not previously in
custody to be held for a future court appearance. (Trial Tr. [36], 26:1-5).
5. Prisoners awaiting transport are held in the Superior Court cellblock. (Trial Tr.
[36], 26:7-23; Trial Tr. [37], 5:4-6).
6. USMS is in charge of the safety and security of the Superior Court cellblock.
(Trial Tr. [36], 26:7-21; Trial Tr. [37], 65:7-21).
7. The Superior Court cellblock is a dangerous place where inmates routinely act in
a disruptive manner to other inmates and law enforcement – everything from a “small scuffle to
an all-out brawl.” (Trial Tr. [38], 11:2-6, 41:19-24).
8. Approximately three months prior to the incident involving Plaintiff, a female
inmate hid a folding knife in her genital area and stabbed an officer while in the cellblock. (Trial
Tr. [38], 41:5-11).
9. Any inmate can be a threat to law enforcement officers on the cellblock. (Trial Tr.
[38], 41:12-18).
10. Inmates can punch or kick officers; one USMS deputy testified at trial that a
female inmate with hepatitis once bit her. (Trial Tr. [38], 11:5-9).
11. Ten to fifteen officers typically work each day and deal with over 400 inmates.
(Trial Tr. [38], 19:8, 27:17-18).
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12. After being stepped back, a USMS deputy searched Plaintiff, stripped Plaintiff of
her personal items, and placed Plaintiff in a holding cell. (Trial Tr. [36], 26:7-21; Trial Tr. [37],
12:4-6).
13. A USMS deputy placed leg restraints on Plaintiff prior to moving her to the
cellblock. (Trial Tr. [37], 12:10-15, 63:8-20, 65:14-15).
14. Subsequently, Plaintiff was taken downstairs to the cellblock and placed in a cell
with approximately twelve to fourteen female inmates. (Trial Tr. [36], 26:19-23).
B. The Strip Search and Plaintiff’s Erratic Conduct
15. Once in the cellblock, other inmates accused Plaintiff of smoking. (Trial Tr. [36],
32:6-7; Trial Tr. [38], 12:3-10, Sept. 4, 2014; J.Ex. 3).
16. Deputies removed Plaintiff to a separate cell and conducted a strip search. No
contraband was found. (Trial Tr. [36], 32:8-13; Trial Tr. [38], 12:11-16; J.Ex. 3).
17. After the search, Plaintiff refused to put her clothes back on and danced around
the room naked while screaming obscenities at the officers. (Trial Tr. [38], 12:14-20; J.Ex. 3).
18. Deputies left Plaintiff alone in the cell to calm down. After Plaintiff calmed down
and put her clothes on, Deputies placed Plaintiff in waist restraints which consist of belly chains
and handcuffs. (Trial Tr. [38], 12:21-25; J.Ex. 3).
19. After approximately fifteen minutes, District Security Officer Sarah Walkup
returned and removed the waist restraints. (Trial Tr. [38], 14:17-21, 15:9-14; J.Ex. 5).
20. Plaintiff remained in the cell alone until she was ready to be transported to the DC
jail. (Trial Tr. [36], 33:9-34:2).
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C. Preparing for Transport to District of Columbia Jail
21. Later in the afternoon at approximately 4:00 p.m., Officer Clark assembled
Plaintiff and three other inmates for preparation for transport to the DC Jail. (Trial Tr. [38],
13:19-25; J.Ex. 2).
22. In addition to leg restraints, it is USMS policy to apply waist restraints to inmates
that are to be transported from the cell block. (Trial Tr. [37], 65:14-21).
23. Plaintiff was the last inmate in line to receive waist restraints. (Trial Tr. [37],
71:18-72:2).
24. Officer Clark had no interaction with Plaintiff prior to this point. (Trial Tr. [37],
64:4-9),
25. While the first three inmates were placed in restraints, Plaintiff was talking loudly
with a male prisoner approximately eight to ten feet away who was also being readied for
transport. (Trial Tr. [37], 71:8-9, 72:4-5; J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2).
26. Officer Clark asked Plaintiff to be quiet and informed Plaintiff that she could talk
once she was in the van on the way to the DC Jail. (Trial Tr. [37], 72:4-7; J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2).
D. The Leg Sweep Maneuver
27. Plaintiff responded by raising her left hand to Officer Clark’s face. (Trial Tr. [37],
72:8-9; J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2).
28. Officer Clark grabbed Plaintiff’s hand and moved it down near her waist. He
warned her to keep her hand out of his face. Officer Clark informed Plaintiff that if she did not
comply he would “place her on the ground.” (Trial Tr. [37], 72:8-13; Trial Tr. [38], 14:13-21;
J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2).
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29. Plaintiff again raised her hands towards Officer Clark’s face, hit his glasses, and
stated “I’m not going to be quiet and you’re not going to place me on the ground.” (Trial Tr.
[37], 72:13-25).
30. Officer Kent, who was also in the cellblock at the lockup desk, approximately six
feet from Officer Clark and Plaintiff, stated that Plaintiff was yelling and that Plaintiff’s hands
were “going everywhere.” (Trial Tr. [38], 14:17-19; 15:18-21).
31. Because of Plaintiff’s behavior and her refusal to obey his commands, Officer
Clark thought Plaintiff wanted to fight, and he felt the need to protect himself. (Trial Tr. [37],
73:1-3, 13-25; J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2).
32. Officer Clark then executed a leg sweep maneuver to force Plaintiff to the ground
so he could regain control of her hands. (Trial Tr. [37], 74:18-75:2; J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2).
33. Officer Clark performed the leg sweep by grabbing Plaintiff’s left wrist with his
left hand, placing his right hand behind her left elbow, and sweeping his right leg against her left
leg, causing Plaintiff to fall forward. Officer Clark had control of Plaintiff’s left arm, while her
right hand was free. (Trial Tr. [37], 73:4-7).
34. The leg sweep maneuver is taught to USMS law enforcement officers at the
Academy as a non-lethal maneuver to gain control of an inmate. (Trial Tr. [38], 16:18-17:9).
35. After Plaintiff fell to the ground, Officer Clark placed the waist restraint on
Plaintiff and handcuffed her hands behind her back. (Trial Tr. [37], 75:5-7; Trial Tr. [38], 15:3-4;
J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2, J.Ex. 4).
36. During the leg sweep maneuver, Plaintiff failed to catch her fall with her free
hand. As a result, she sustained injuries to her face, including a broken nose, two broken teeth, a
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lacerated lip that was bleeding, and two black eyes. (Trial Tr. [36], 37:15-39:25; Trial Tr. [37]
46:1-7).
37. Officer Clark noticed the injury and told Officer Kent to call for a nurse; the nurse
arrived on scene and instructed the officers to call emergency medical personnel. (Trail Tr. [37],
75:10-14; Trial Tr. [38], 15:3-8, J.Ex. 1; J.Ex. 2, J.Ex. 4).
38. Plaintiff received medical attention for her injuries at George Washington
Hospital and returned to the DC Jail that same day, March 17, 2010. (Trial Tr. [37], 17:14-19).
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under FTCA, the United States is liable for “tortious conduct committed by its
employees acting within the scope of their employment[.]” Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1,
2 (1962). The United States is liable for a tort claim “in the same manner and to the same extent
as a private individual under like circumstances[.]” Quile v. Hill-Rom Co., No. 3:08-CV-1659-D,
2012 WL 5439904, at *1 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 7, 2012) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2674)). The FTCA
provides a “limited waiver of the United States’ sovereign immunity.” Molzof v. United States,
502 U.S. 301, 305 (1992) (citing United States v. Orleans, 425 U.S. 807, 813 (1976)). Under the
FTCA, the “extent of the United States’ liability . . . is generally determined by reference to state
law.” Id. (string citation omitted).
IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (IIED)
1. Legal Standard
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District of Columbia law controls for an intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED)
tort. Hornbeck Offshore Transp., LLC v. United States, 569 F.3d 506, 508 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In
this jurisdiction, the court examines three elements for an IIED claim. The plaintiff must
establish that: (1) the defendant engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct; (2) the plaintiff
suffered severe emotional distress; and (3) the defendant’s conduct intentionally or recklessly
caused the plaintiff emotional distress. Elhusseini v. Compass Grp. USA, Inc., 578 F. Supp. 2d 6,
23 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Darrow v. Dillingham & Murphy, LLP, 902 A.2d 135, 139
(D.C.2006)); Joyner v. Sibley Memorial Hosp., 826 A.2d 362, 373 (D.C. 2003). The defendant’s
conduct must rise to the level that his actions are so extreme and outrageous that it goes “beyond
all possible bounds of decency.” Darrow, LLP, 902 A.2d at 139 (internal quotation marks
omitted) (citing Jackson v. District of Columbia, 412 A.2d 948, 957 (D.C. 1980)). A plaintiff is
not required to prove a physical injury, Howard Univ. v. Best, 484 A.2d 958, 985 (D.C. 1984)
(citing Waldon v. Covington, 415 A.2d 1070, 1076 (D.C. 1980)), and the court may infer intent
based on the outrageousness of the actions. Id. (citing Sere v. Grp. Hospitalization, Inc., 443
A.2d 33, 37 (D.C. 1982).
2. Analysis
Turning to the first prong, the Plaintiff must show that the Defendant engaged in extreme
and outrageous conduct. Elhusseini, 578 F. Supp. 2d at 23. The Plaintiff testified that Officer
Clark told her to be quiet, and she obeyed. (Trial Tr. [36], 35:17-18). She then stated he
“slammed [her] down real fast.” (Id. at 35:21). Officer Clark testified that Plaintiff refused to be
quiet, became belligerent, and “put her hand in [his] face.” (Trial Tr. [37], 72:8-9). Officer Clark
also testified that Plaintiff raised her hands to his face a second time and her fingers touched his
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glasses. (Id. at 72:13-14). He then testified that he executed a “leg sweep using the minimum
amount of force.” (Id. at 73:6-7). Officer Clark stated he did not have a “TASER or baton” and
used this particular non-lethal maneuver to gain control of Plaintiff while keeping himself mobile
around the other prisoners. (Id. at 74:21-75:2).
Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff’s version of events is correct, and the court finds that
Officer Clark’s actions were unreasonable for the given circumstance, there is not sufficient
evidence to show the officer’s conduct was extreme and outrageous because the leg sweep
maneuver is a standard non-lethal technique that was appropriate in this situation. (See Trial Tr.
[38], 16:19-17:9). Additionally, even if the court found the officer’s conduct to be extreme and
outrageous, the IIED claim still fails because Plaintiff cannot prove the second and third prongs
of the test.
The second prong of the analysis requires that the Plaintiff suffered severe emotional
distress. Elhusseini, 578 F. Supp. 2d at 23. The Plaintiff testified that the incident impacted her
emotionally. (Trial Tr. [36], 64:21). She further testified that the experience made her “kind of . .
. afraid of . . . authority figures,” “changed [her] outlook,” and made her “emotionally
depressed.” (Id. at 65:1-6). Plaintiff, however, only produced medical records substantiating the
physical injury. Plaintiff did not produce any documentation relating to any psychiatric
evaluation or counseling for the alleged emotional distress. (Trial Tr. [37], 28:5-8). Further,
Plaintiff’s testimony with respect to her alleged emotional distress was not persuasive. (Trial Tr.
[36], 64:21-68:3). With the evidence presented, the court is not convinced that Plaintiff suffered
severe emotional distress, and, thus, the court finds the second prong of the test is not satisfied.
Finally, the third prong of the analysis requires that the defendant’s conduct intentionally
or recklessly caused the emotional distress in the Plaintiff. Elhusseini, 578 F. Supp. 2d at 23.
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Even if Officer Clark used too much force, there is no evidence that he intentionally or recklessly
tried to cause emotional harm. Officer Clark stated he felt fear in his surroundings (Trial Tr. [37],
73:13), but it does not follow that he had the intent to cause emotional distress. As there is no
evidence that Plaintiff suffered severe emotional distress, it is impossible for Plaintiff to satisfy
the third prong. Because of Plaintiff’s inability to satisfy all elements of the tort, the court finds
that Defendant is not liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
B. Assault and Battery
1. Legal Standard
District of Columbia law controls for both assault and battery. Hornbeck, 569 F.3d at
508. An assault is defined as “an intentional and unlawful attempt or threat, either by words or
by acts, to do physical harm to [a] victim.” Spicer v. Dist. of Columbia, 916 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4
(D.D.C. 2013) (citing Etheredge v. Dist. of Columbia, 635 A.2d 908, 916 (D.C. 1993)). Battery
is defined as “an intentional act that causes a harmful or offensive bodily contact.” Id. Privilege
applies when a law enforcement officer uses force that “the officer reasonably believes is
necessary,” given the surrounding conditions. Magliore v. Brooks, 844 F. Supp. 2d 38, 44
(D.D.C. 2012) (citing Dist. of Columbia v. Chinn, 839 A.2d 701, 706 (D.C. 2003)). The officer
“has no defense to the battery” if the officer uses force beyond that which is reasonably
necessary for a given situation. Id. The court determines the reasonableness of force by analyzing
the event from “the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with 20/20
vision of hindsight.” Wardlaw v. Pickett, 1 F.3d 1297, 1303 (D.C. 1993) (citing Graham v.
Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989) (internal quotes omitted)); see also Harris v. U.S. Dep't of
Veterans Affairs, 776 F.3d 907, 913 (D.C. Cir. 2015). “[T]he excessiveness of the force [must]
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be so apparent that no reasonable officer could have believed in the lawfulness of his actions.”
Scott v. Dist. of Columbia, 101 F.3d 748, 759 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Wardlaw, 1 F.3d at 1303).
2. Analysis
Turning to the first issue of assault, 1 the court is hard pressed to find that this is indeed an
issue in this case. If Plaintiff’s version of events is correct, no assault occurred because Plaintiff
claims Officer Clark forced her to the ground without warning; this substantiates a battery claim,
but not assault. (Complaint ¶ 12). Thus, there was no threat of physical harm. If Defendant’s
version of events is correct, then Officer Clark merely informed Plaintiff she would be put on the
ground because she was resisting the application of waist restraints; he did not threaten to do her
physical harm. (Answer ¶ 12). Neither party addressed the merits of the assault argument in their
respective submissions to the court. Therefore, the court finds no evidence that an assault
occurred. See Spicer, 916 F. Supp. 2d at 4.
Turning to the issue of battery, the “leg sweep” maneuver used by Officer Clark is an
intentional act that did result in harmful bodily contact, and thus, meets the legal definition of
battery. Id. The question before this court, then, is whether or not Officer Clark’s actions are
privileged. See Magliore, 844 F. Supp. 2d at 44.
Officer Clark testified that Plaintiff put her hands in his face, tried to strike his eyes,
disobeyed commands to stop talking, and stated “you’re not going to place me on the ground.”
(Trail Tr. [37], 72:8-16). Although Officer Clark testified that Plaintiff touched his glasses, he
1
The Complaint [1] and the Government’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [20] both refer to assault and
battery claims; in other words, one claim for assault and another for battery. It is clear to the court that the
Government conceded that assault and battery were both triable issues. Neither the Plaintiff nor Defendant,
however, makes an argument as to the assault charge in their respective proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions
of Law.
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made no mention of this in either of his filed reports. (Trial Tr. [37], 89:1-17). The Plaintiff
claims that she was unable to raise her hands to Officer Clark’s face because her wrists were
restricted by the waist restraints. (See Trial Tr. [36], 35:23-24). The field report by Officer
Walkup states Plaintiff was in full restraints after the earlier strip search, but that the restraints
were removed before Plaintiff was moved to the transfer area. (Def.’s Findings, J.Ex. 5). Officer
Kent’s report makes no mention of removing the waist restraints, but she testified that she
witnessed Officer Clark place handcuffs on Plaintiff after Plaintiff was on the ground, indicating
that the restraints had previously been removed and needed to be reapplied. (Trail Tr. [38], 26:9-
13; J.Ex. 5). Officer Clark’s testimony, Officer Kent’s testimony, and Officer Walkup’s report
present convincing evidence that Plaintiff was not in waist restraints at the time Officer Clark
performed the leg sweep maneuver. Therefore, the undersigned finds that it was physically
possible for Plaintiff to strike at Officer Clark’s face and that she could have posed a legitimate
threat to Officer Clark’s safety, in light of the aforementioned cellblock conditions.
Officer Clark used a standard non-lethal technique that officers are taught at the
Academy. (Trial Tr. [37], 89:22-24). He testified that this is one of several non-lethal techniques
that can be used. Id. The court cannot say it was an unreasonable technique given the
surrounding circumstances that include the general danger of the cellblock and frequent attacks
on law enforcement officers. While it is possible another officer in the same situation may have
chosen a different technique, a reasonable officer could have chosen a leg sweep as the
appropriate non-lethal maneuver to regain control of the Plaintiff. Although alternate non-lethal
maneuvers exist that may have resulted in no injuries to Plaintiff, or even less substantial ones,
this court cannot say that Officer Clark’s use of the “leg sweep” was unreasonable in the given
situation.
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The court is sympathetic to Plaintiff and is troubled by the extent of her injuries, which
were indeed significant. The undersigned believes that Officer Clark could have used a different,
less violent method to gain control of Plaintiff. The legal standard that guides battery in this
case, however, specifically disallows the use of hindsight. Wardlaw, 1 F.3d at 1303. Officer
Clark was required to react to a situation that had the potential to escalate rapidly. In light of the
fact that the undersigned cannot say that Officer Clark’s use of force was so excessive that “no
reasonable officer could have believed in the lawfulness of his actions,” Plaintiff has not met her
burden in this case. Scott, 101 F.3d at 759. The court therefore finds that Officer Clark’s actions
are protected by the law enforcement privilege and Plaintiff’s battery claim fails. Magliore, 844
F. Supp. 2d at 44.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that Defendant is not liable to Plaintiff for the
claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress and is not liable to Plaintiff for assault and
battery. Final judgment will be entered for Defendant.
Date: May 11, 2015 _____________/s/____________________
ALAN KAY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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