Medical Discount Pharmacy, L.P., Lifechek Rosenberg GP, Inc., LifeChek, Inc. and Bruce v. Gingrich, Individually v. State of Texas

Opinion issued July 7, 2015.

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-13-00963-CV
———————————
MEDICAL DISCOUNT PHARMACY, L.P., LIFECHEK ROSENBERG GP,
INC., LIFECHEK, INC. AND BRUCE V. GINGRICH, INDIVIDUALLY,
Appellants
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 434th District Court
Fort Bend County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 12-DCV-196841

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This is an appeal from a judgment imposing civil sanctions, injunctive relief,

and attorney’s fees based on violations of the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act. We reverse in part and affirm in part.
 BACKGROUND

The parties

This case was brought by the Texas Attorney General, at the request of the

State Commissioner of Health, against several related defendants for violations of

the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [TFDCA]. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY

CODE ANN. §§ 431.001–431.415 (West 2010). Medical Discount Pharmacy, L.P. [MDP]

is a licensed wholesale distributor of prescription drugs, and Bruce Gingrich is its

president. Gingrich is also a licensed pharmacist who owns 29 Lifechek pharmacies. He

formed MDP in 2008 to streamline the purchase of pharmaceuticals for his stores, and the

pharmacies obtain a portion of their drugs directly from MDP. Typically, MDP

purchases prescription drugs from other licensed prescription drug wholesalers, and the

transaction is negotiated by a drug representative from the wholesaler. MDP pays the

wholesaler, not the drug representative. MDP would then sell the drugs to Gingrich’s

Lifechek pharmacies or other small pharmacies in the area.

Lifechek Rosenberg, G.P. Inc. [Lifechek Rosenberg] is the general partner of

MDP, and Lifechek, Inc., is its sole shareholder.

The theft

In 2009, 25,000 units of the prescription inhaler Advair were stolen from

Glaxoklinesmith Pharmaceutical’s warehouse in Richmond, Virginia. The thieves

cut a hole in the roof of the warehouse, rappelled down, deactivated the alarm, and

2
loaded $5 million worth of Advair onto tractor trailer rigs, before disappearing for

several months.

Stolen units purchased by MDP

Approximately nine months after the theft, Bruce Gingrich, the president of

MDP, was approached by Alex Oria, who offered to sell him Advair. The Advair

was short-dated, or about to expire, and was being offered at 30% off the

wholesale price. Gingrich knew Oria, had done business with him in the past, and

knew that Oria and his company were not licensed to distribute prescription drugs

in Texas. Gingrich accepted Oria’s offer, and shortly thereafter Oria personally

delivered at least 330 units of Advair to MDP’s warehouse in Rosenberg, Texas.

Gingrich was personally present when Oria delivered the Advair. Gingrich

testified that Oria told him that the Advair came from Mercer Pharmaceuticals,

which is a licensed Texas drug wholesaler, but Gingrich never received an invoice

from Mercer, nor did Gingrich ever attempt to verify Oria’s claim that Mercer

supplied the Advair. Indeed, there is no evidence that Gingrich paid Mercer

anything, but there was a cashier’s check made out to Oria personally. Gingrich

claimed that the check was not for the Advair, that he did not purchase the Advair

from Oria, and that he believed that Oria was merely acting as a broker for Mercer.

3
MDP/Gingrich ship the Advair to numerous pharmacies

Shortly after Oria delivered the Advair, Gingrich directed Renae Clement, a

receptionist for Lifechek, Inc., to ship an unknown number of the Advair units to

22 Lifechek pharmacies throughout Texas. Clement, on Gingrich’s instruction,

sent the stolen Advair to the 22 Lifechek pharmacies with a note that the shipment

was “per Bruce.” When one of the pharmacies asked about an invoice, Clement

followed-up with an email, using her signature block as receptionist for Lifechek,

Inc., in which she explained that she was filling in for Allyn Ross Eder, the

manager of MDP’s warehouse, and that the invoices would be sent the following

week.

Shortly thereafter, Gingrich negotiated a transaction between MDP and

Medicine Chest Pharmacy for the sale of 152 units of the Advair. An employee of

Medicine Chest wanted to make sure that the units he purchased were not part of

the stolen Advair, so he gave Gingrich the lot numbers of the stolen units.

Gingrich claimed that this was the first time he had heard about any stolen Advair.

He testified that he immediately asked MDP’s warehouse manager, Eder, to check

to make sure the units were not stolen before shipping them to Medicine Chest.

Eder testified that she checked the numbers on two boxes and, when they did not

match the stolen units, she completed the shipment to Medicine Chest, along with

an invoice for $31,972,29.

4
The FDA gets involved

Shortly thereafter, a Medicine Chest representative informed Gingrich that

the shipment it received from MDP contained stolen Advair. Medicine Chest and

Gingrich reported the stolen Advair to the FDA. FDA representatives went to

Medicine Chest and confiscated 152 units of Advair, which it matched by lot

numbers to that stolen from Glaxosmithkline.

Gingrich then contacted the 22 Lifechek pharmacies and attempted to

retrieve the remaining stolen Advair. The fax stated:

Per Bruce, please send back the shorted Advair (exp. 2010) that you
received from this office in late May. Bruce needs these to help fulfill
an order for a customer by Wednesday June 30th.

The fax did not tell the pharmacies that the Advair was stolen or that the FDA was

involved. Gingrich claimed that Eder drafted the fax, and that he never saw it.

Gingrich testified that the pharmacies returned 170 units of Advair. At least

one unit had been sold to the public, because one customer returned a unit that was

not working, and when the pharmacist called to report the defective unit, it was

identified as stolen. There is no evidence how many more units had been sold

because there was no record of how many units MDP sent to the pharmacies to

begin with.

5
 On July 6, 2010, the FDA arrived at MDP and confiscated the 170 units

Gingrich had retrieved from the pharmacies. The FDA also seized a receipt for a

cashier’s check to Alex Oria from Bruce Gingrich in the amount of $15,600.

State inspectors also visit MDP

Several weeks after the FDA had confiscated the 152 units from Medicine

Chest and 170 units from MDP, inspectors from the State Health Department

arrived at MDP. Gingrich initially denied possessing any Advair, but when

confronted with it, he said that one of the pharmacies was late in returning its

stolen Advair, and that he was holding it for the FDA. The department seized an

additional 8 units of stolen Advair.

In all, MDP had sold at least 330 units of stolen Advair to pharmacies (152

to Medicine Chest + 170 to Lifechek pharmacies + 8 found in MDP warehouse by

state inspectors). It is possible that more units were sold to the public before

Medicine Chest identified the Advair as stolen.

Oria is arrested

After the stolen Advair was confiscated from MDP, Gingrich assisted in the

investigation of Oria by wearing a wire and allowing a tap on his cell phone. In

July 2010, two months after delivering stolen Advair to MDP, Alex Oria was

arrested in Florida and indicted for trafficking in contraband drugs, fraud, and

money laundering. In 2012, he was arrested and charged by the U.S. Attorney in

6
New York for conspiracy to commit mail fraud, healthcare fraud, and money

laundering.

Previous TDFCA violations by the Defendants

The Department also had a previous involvement with Gingrich and MDP in

2009. In that case, the Department sued MDP, Gingrich, and others for possessing

Abilify, which the Department alleged was counterfeit because the lot numbers on

the drugs in MDP’s possession were different from the numbers manufacturer log

numbers. Gingrich testified that he had purchased the Abilify from Ocean

Pharmed, through a transaction negotiated by Alex Oria. However, neither Ocean

Pharmed nor Alex Oria were licensed drug wholesalers in the State of Texas,

another violation of the TFDCA.

The Department, MDP, Gingrich, Lifecheck Rosenberg, Lifechek, Inc., and

others entered an agreed final judgment and permanent injunction. In the agreed

judgment, MDP was assessed a $325,000 penalty, which would be reduced to

$25,000 if MDP had the Abilify destroyed. The injunction prohibited the

defendant from (1) “purchasing or receiving prescription drugs from entities not

licensed in Texas as a wholesale drug distributor, [and], (2) “placing prescription

drugs in commerce that were obtained from entities not licensed in Texas as a

wholesale drug distributor.” The injunction did not mention Alex Oria by name,

7
but Gingrich testified that he told the department he “would not buy prescription

drugs from Alex Oria” again.

A few weeks after the agreed settlement was signed, Gingrich and Oria

negotiated and agreed to the Advair transaction that is the basis of this lawsuit.

Gingrich’s position at trial was that he did not purchase the Advair from Oria, but

that Oria merely acted as a broker for Mercer Pharmaceutical. However, there was

never an invoice from Mercer, and MDP never paid Mercer, but there is evidence a

check was made payable to Oria.

JURY QUESTION NO. 10: ADULTERATED DRUG

In Jury Question No. 10, the jury answered the following question regarding

delivery of adulterated drugs:

Did any defendant named below introduce or deliver for introduction
into commerce any Advair that was adulterated?

You are instructed that for purposes of answering this question
“adulterated drug” means a drug that has been prepared, packed, or
held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been
contaminated with filth or whereby it may have been rendered
injurious to health.

Please answer separately in the blank next to each defendant named
with a “yes” or “no”:

(a) Medical Discount Pharmacy, L.P Yes
(b) Lifechek Rosenberg GP, Inc. Yes
(c) Lifechek, Inc. Yes
(d) Bruce V. Gingrich, Individually Yes

8
 In their first issue on appeal, appellants contend there is no evidence that the

stolen Advair was “adulterated,” as that term was defined by the jury charge.

Specifically, appellants contend that there is no evidence that the Advair was

“prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions.”

Standard of review

When, as here, an appellant attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse

finding on an issue for which it did not have the burden of proof, it must

demonstrate that there is no evidence to support the adverse finding. Croucher v.

Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). Such a no-evidence challenge will be

sustained when “‘(a) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the

court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only

evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact

is no more than a mere scintilla, or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the

opposite of the vital fact.’” King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751

(Tex. 2003) (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711

(Tex. 1997)).

In our legal-sufficiency review, “we must view the evidence in a light that

tends to support the finding of disputed fact and disregard all evidence and

inferences to the contrary.” Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709

(Tex. 2003). Nonetheless, “[t]he final test for legal sufficiency must always be

9
whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to

reach the verdict under review. . . . [L]egal-sufficiency review in the proper light

must credit favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary

evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 827 (Tex. 2005).

If more than a scintilla of evidence supports the jury’s finding, “the jury’s

verdict . . . must be upheld.” Miller, 102 S.W.3d at 709. “[M]ore than a scintilla of

evidence exists if the evidence ‘rises to a level that would enable reasonable and

fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.’” Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway,

135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004) (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 953

S.W.2d at 711). Conversely, evidence that is “‘so weak as to do no more than

create a mere surmise’” is no more than a scintilla and, thus, no evidence. Id.

(quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem., Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983)).

Analysis

The State argues that there is sufficient evidence that the Advair was

adulterated as a matter of law because it was stolen, and, as such, it was outside the

normal distribution chain. This, the State contends, meets the definition of

“adulterated” in the applicable statute, which provides in pertinent part:

A drug or device shall be deemed to be adulterated:

(2)(A) if it has been prepared, packed, or held under insanitary
conditions whereby it may have been contaminated with filth, or
10
 whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health; or (B) if it is a
drug and the methods used in, or the facilities or controls used for, its
manufacture, processing, packing, or holding do not conform to or are
not operated or administered in conformity with current good
manufacturing practice to assure that such drugs meets the
requirements of this chapter as to safety and has the identity and
strength, and meets the quality and purity characteristics, which it
purports or is represented to possses[.]

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 331.111(2)(A), (B) (West 2010).

The State contends that a drug is adulterated, by virtue of the statute above, “if the

manufacturing requirements for the drug have not been met,” and Tom Brink, the

Manager of Drugs and Devices for the Texas Department of State Health Services,

testified as follows:

[The stolen Advair is] adulterated by the statute. In other words,
regardless of how any laboratory test[s] come out, the products are
adulterated by virtue of the fact that they were held under unknown
conditions for nine months.

Angie Bowles, an inspector for the State, testified that “[t]he fact that [the Advair]

came from an unlicensed source and it was stolen is enough to show that [it was

adulterated].”

We agree with the State that, had the jury been charged under subsection

(2)(B) of the statute above, evidence that the Advair was stolen and removed from

the regular distribution chain might show that the Advair was “adulterated”

because the controls used for its “manufacture, processing, packing, or holding do

11
not conform to or are not operated or administered in conformity with current good

manufacturing practice.” See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 331.111(2)(B).

However, the jury was only charged according to section (2)(A) of the

statute, which defined “adulterated” as drugs that “have been prepared, packed, or

held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been contaminated with

filth, or whereby it may be been rendered injurious to health.” See TEX. HEALTH &

SAFETY CODE § 331.111(2)(B) (emphasis added). In a jury trial, a legal-

sufficiency complaint is not separable from the charge. “The sufficiency of the

evidence must be measured by the jury charge when, as here, there has been no

objection to it.” Romero v. KPH Consolidation, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex.

2005). This is true even if the charge’s statement of the law is not correct. Wal-

Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 715 (Tex. 2001). Here, the jury

charge is not erroneous, but it does not include the subsection of the statute on

which the State now relies. See, e.g., Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex.

2000) (“[I]t is the court’s charge, not some other unidentified law, that measures

the sufficiency of the evidence when the opposing party fails to object to the

charge.”).

Thus, we review the sufficiency of the evidence to determine whether it is

legally sufficient to show that the Advair was “adulterated,” as that term was

defined in the charge, i.e., whether there was any evidence that it had been

12
“prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions[.]” The statute does not

define “insanitary,” so we give it its common meaning. See City of Dallas v.

Abbott, 304 S.W.3d 380, 393 (Tex. 2010). “Insanitary” is defined as “unclean

enough to endanger health: Filthy, contaminated.” Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate

Dictionary 625 (9th ed. 1983).

Here, there is no evidence that the stolen drugs were held in unclean, filthy,

or contaminated conditions. Indeed, Tom Brink testified that the Advair was “held

under unknown conditions for nine months.” On cross-examination of Gingrich

during trial, the State’s attorney asked, “We don’t know how the Advair was stored

during the nine months while it—after it was stolen from the warehouse and made

its way to your office, we don’t know that?” Gingrich responded, “Correct.”

The following exchange also took place while Brink was testifying about the

conditions under which the stolen drugs might have been kept:

[Brink]: Well, realistically in this particular case, these products were
stolen at the beginning of August, 2009 and did not hit the markets
until the following year[], so these products were held essentially by
thieves or gangs of thieves during the very hot part of the summer and
it also went through a winter cycle as well. So typically in situations
where you have stolen products like this, these gangs have no
obligation or ethical concerns about maintaining the same standards
for the product that a licensed distributer would have to comply with.
And so these products in this particular situation, nine months
elapsed before these products resurfaced and during that time we
don’t know how these products were handled that they were stolen,
presumably in tractor trailer trucks, if they were stored in those trucks
without any kind of temperature controls—

13
 [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, at this point in time, I’m going to
object to the witness speculating, he’s admitted that they don’t know
what happened to these drugs, and so for him to go now and speculate
further, we object.

[State’s Counsel]: It’s not speculation, Judge, we’ve already covered
it, it’s in the indictment that the federal prosecutors believed that this
is how these drugs were handled, that they were in trucks, they were
rental vehicles, they were storage, there were in uncontrolled
conditions, it’s already in evidence.

[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, an indictment is not evidence.

[State’s Counsel]: it’s in the—it’s in an exhibit.

[Trial Court]: Well—sir, do you have firsthand knowledge that these
drugs were exposed to any of those things?

[Brink]: These specific, no, I do not.

[Trial Court]: Okay. Very well. I’ll sustain the objection.

All of the evidence, even that provided by the State’s witnesses, was that no one

knew the conditions under which the stolen Advair had been held. Nevertheless,

the State contends on appeal, as it did at trial, that the federal indictment1 against

Oria was some evidence that the drugs had been stored at improper temperatures.

However, an indictment is not evidence. Ex parte Dumas, 110 Tex. Crim. 1, 2, 7

S.W.2d 90, 90 (1928); Gonzales v. State, 977 S.W.2d 189, 190 (Tex. App.—Austin

1998, pet. ref’d) (“[a]n indictment or information is not evidence”).

1
The federal indictment against Oria described the practice of Oria and his co-
defendants of storing contraband drugs in “uncontrolled conditions, such as car
trunks, residences and rented storage facilities, which may not be sufficient to
maintain the medical efficacy of such drugs over time.”
14
 The State also argues on appeal that one patient’s return of a stolen Advair

unit because it was not working is some evidence that the drugs were held in

insanitary conditions. However, while the record does show that one of the stolen

units was returned, it in no way links that defective unit to insanitary storage

conditions. Indeed, the record suggests that the plastic “gun” used to dispense the

drug was broken, not that there was anything wrong with the drug itself.

Because all of the witnesses—both those for the defendants and the State—

agree that no one knows the conditions under which the stolen drugs were kept

before they were delivered to MDP, we must conclude that there is no evidence

that the drugs were kept in “insanitary” conditions. As such, there is no legally

sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that the drugs were “adulterated,”

as that term is defined in the charge. We do not address the State’s alternative

argument that the drugs were adulterated as a matter of law under TEX. HEALTH &

SAFETY CODE § 331.111(2)(B) because it never moved for directed verdict on that

claim or to put that subsection in the jury charge.

Conclusion

We sustain appellants’ first issue on appeal. Accordingly, we reverse the

civil penalties found in Jury Question 12 that were based on the liability findings in

Jury Question 10, which we have held were not supported by legally sufficient

15
evidence. In light of our disposition of this issue, we need not address appellants’

remaining complaints regarding Jury Question 10 and decline to do so.

JURY QUESTION NO. 1: RECEIPT AND DELIVERY OF STOLEN DRUG

In Jury Question No. 1, the jury was asked the following question about the

delivery of stolen drugs:

Did any defendant named below receive any Advair that was stolen
and deliver such Advair or proffer for delivery such Advair for
payment or otherwise?

You are instructed that for purposes of answering this question that
the State is not required to prove that the Defendants knew that the
Advair was stolen.

Please answer separately in the blank next to each defendant with a
“yes” or “no”:

(a) Medical Discount Pharmacy, L.P. Yes
(b) Lifechek Rosenberg GP, Inc. Yes
(c) Lifechek, Inc. Yes
(d) Bruce V. Gingrich, Individually Yes

After answering the liability questions affirmatively, the jury found that MDA and

Gingrich had committed 330 violations and assessed each a $500,000 civil penalty.

The jury also found that Lifechek Rosenberg and Lifechek, Inc. had each

committed 178 violations and assessed civil penalties against Lifecheck Rosenberg

and Lifecheck, Inc. in the amount of $250,000 and $100,000, respectively.

In several related issues, appellants contend that (1) Lifecheck Rosenberg,

Lifechek, Inc., and Gingrich, individually, cannot be held liable for receiving

16
stolen Advair; and (2) there is no evidence that MDP delivered 330 units of stolen

Advair. We address each argument, respectively.

Multiple penalties against multiple defendants

Defendants argue that there were, at most, 330 units of stolen Advair, and

that the total violations found was 1,016. It is essentially defendants’ position that

MDP may have committed the 330 violations, but that Lifechek Rosenberg,

Lifechek, Inc., and Gingrich, individually, did not and thus no violations may be

assessed against them. The State argues that federal law interpreting a

substantially similar federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) has held that

corporate officers, as well as the corporations they work for, can be held liable for

violating the FDCA. As such, the State contends that the TFDCA should be

similarly interpreted. On this point, we agree with the State.

Section 431.0585 of the TFDCA provides that an enforcement action may be

brought by the Attorney General against “a person”:

(a) At the request of the commissioner, the attorney general or a
district, county, or city attorney shall institute an action in district
court to collect a civil penalty from a person who has violated
Section 431.021

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §431.0585(a). A “person” is defined by the Act as

including an “individual, partnership, corporation, and association.” TEX. HEALTH

& SAFETY CODE §431.002(28).

17
 In U.S. v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277, 278, 64 S. Ct. 134, 135 (1943), a

corporation and its president/general manager were charged with delivering

adulterated drugs under the FDCA. The statute similarly defined a “person” as

including corporations and stated that any person who committed a violation of the

act was guilty of a misdemeanor. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. at 281, 64 S. Ct. at 136.

The Court first noted that all persons responsible for the violations were “equally

guilty.” Id. The Court noted that “[t]he offense is committed . . . by all who do

have such a responsible share in the furtherance of the transaction which the

statute outlaws, namely, to put into the stream of interstate commerce adulterated

or misbranded drugs.” 320 U.S. at 284, 64 S. Ct. at 138 (emphasis added). The

Court then determined that “[i]t would be too treacherous to define or even to

indicate by way of illustration the class of employees which stands in such a

responsible relation[,]” and that “[t]o attempt a formula embracing the variety of

conduct whereby persons may responsibly contribute in furthering a transaction

forbidden by an Act of Congress, to wit, to send illicit goods across state lines,

would be mischievous futility.” 320 U.S. at 285, 64 S. Ct. at 138. Instead, the

Court held that the jury should be allowed to determine the responsibility of the

“persons” involved, subject to a review of the sufficiency of the evidence. “[T]he

District Court properly left the question of the responsibility of Dotterweich for the

shipment to the jury, and there was sufficient evidence to support its verdict.” Id.

18
 Thus, we conclude that multiple persons can be held responsible for the

same delivery of adulterated drugs if there is sufficient evidence that each held “a

responsible share in the furtherance of the transaction which the statute outlaws.”

See 320 U.S. at 284, 64 S. Ct. at 138.

Legal sufficiency of the evidence

Thus, we now review the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the

findings of violations by each defendant.

1. Standard of review

When an appellant attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an

issue for which it did not have the burden of proof, it must demonstrate that there is

no evidence to support the adverse finding. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d at 58. Such a

no-evidence challenge will be sustained when “(a) there is a complete absence of

evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from

giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence

offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (d) the evidence

conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.” King Ranch, Inc., 118

S.W.3d at 751. “[W]e must view the evidence in a light that tends to support the

finding of disputed fact and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary.”

Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 102 S.W.3d at 709.

19
 2. Gingrich, individually

Appellants argue that the evidence is legally insufficient to hold Gingrich

responsible because there is no evidence (1) that he personally received the stolen

Advair, (2) that he personally delivered the stolen Advair to Medicine Chest, or (3)

that any delivery or proffer for delivery was for payment or any other kind of

remuneration to Gingrich personally and separately from MDP. Essentially,

appellants argue that Gingrich cannot be held personally liable when he was acting

on behalf of MDP.

We have already held that under U.S. v. Dotterweich, “[t]he offense is

committed . . . by all who do have such a responsible share in the furtherance of

the transaction which the statute outlaws, namely, to put into the stream of

interstate commerce adulterated or misbranded drugs.” 320 U.S. at 284, 64 S. Ct.

at 138 (emphasis added). We believe that the same is true under the Texas statute.

In tort cases, Texas courts have routinely found that “a corporate officer may not

escape liability where he had direct, personal participation in the wrongdoing, as to

be the ‘guiding spirit behind the wrongful conduct or the central figure in the

challenged corporate activity.’” Ennis v. Loiseau, 164 S.W.3d 698, 707—08 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (quoting Mozingo v. Correct Mfg. Corp., 752 F.2d

168, 174 (5th Cir. 1985)). Hence, “[i]t is the general rule in Texas that corporate

agents are individually liable for fraudulent or tortious acts committed while in the

20
service of their corporation.” Shapolsky v. Brewton, 56 S.W.3d 120, 133 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). In Texas v. Am. Blastfax, Inc.,

164 F. Supp. 2d 892, 897–98 (W.D. Tex. 2001), the court found these tort

principles applicable to a similarly worded statute with similar definitions, i.e., the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and held that an officer may be personally

liable under the statute if “he had direct, personal participation in or personally

authorized the conduct found to have violated the statute, and was not merely

tangentially involved.”

Here, Gingrich was not merely “tangentially involved” with the transaction.

Gingrich testified that he (1) personally negotiated the transaction with Alex Oria

to purchase the Advair; (2) was physically present when Oria delivered the Advair

to his office in Rosenberg, Texas; (3) directed someone to send the Advair to the

22 Lifechek pharmacies in Houston; (4) negotiated a sale of 152 units of the

Advair to Medicine Chest; and (5) directed someone to ship the Advair, along with

an invoice, to Medicine Chest.

Because there is legally sufficient evidence showing that Gingrich

“personally participated in the wrongdoing,” “was the guiding spirit behind the

wrongful conduct,” and was not just “tangentially involved” in the wrongful

conduct, we overrule appellants’ challenge to the liability finding against him in

21
Jury Question No. 1 and the civil penalties found against him in Jury Question No.

3.

3. Lifechek Rosenberg

Appellants also contend that there is no evidence that Lifechek Rosenberg or

Lifechek, Inc. received and delivered stolen Advair because MDP’s and Gingrich’s

actions were not authorized by either company. The State responds that Lifecheck

Rosenberg’s “liability is based upon its status as the general partner of the limited

partnership, [MDP],” and “the State was not required to present evidence of

liability against Rosenberg apart from the evidence against [MDP].” In so arguing,

the State relies on authority holding that general partners are generally liable for a

limited partners obligations. See Kao Holdings, L.P. v. Young, 261 S.W.3d 60,

63-64 (Tex. 2008).

However, here the State is not merely attempting to hold Lifecheck

Rosenberg liable for MDA’s obligations; it is attempting to hold Lifechek

Rosenberg liable in addition to MDA’s liability. We do not believe that the statute

permits the State to “double the penalty” by naming MDA and its general partner,

Lifecheck Rosenberg, unless both personally participated in the wrongdoing and

“have such a responsible share in the furtherance of the transaction which the

statute outlaws, namely, to put into the stream of interstate commerce adulterated

22
or misbranded drugs.” Dotterweich, 320 U.S. at 284, 64 S. Ct. at 138 (emphasis

added).

As we stated earlier, there is sufficient evidence that Gingrich, individually,

“participated in the wrongdoing,” when he, on behalf of MDP, negotiated the

purchase of the Advair from Oria and then ordered it delivered to Medicine Chest

and the Lifechek pharmacies. But, even though Gingrich may also be an officer of

MDP’s general partner, Lifecheck Rosenberg, there is no evidence that he was

acting on behalf of Lifechek Rosenberg, or that Lifechek Rosenberg actively

participated in the receipt and delivery of the Advair. The Advair sales to the

pharmacies, had they actually been paid, would have been paid to MDP, not to

Lifechek Rosenberg. Any benefit to Lifecheck Rosenberg would have been

indirect, at best. There is simply no evidence, other than merely being the general

partner of MDP, that Lifecheck Rosenberg “participated in the wrongdoing.”

Accordingly, we sustain appellants’ second issue challenging the liability

finding against Lifechek Rosenberg in Jury Question No. 1 and the civil penalties

found against it in Jury Question No. 3.

4. Lifechek, Inc.

Regarding Lifechek, Inc., the State points out that there is evidence of

Lifechek, Inc’s direct involvement with the stolen Advair because its receptionist,

Renae Clement, shipped the Advair to the Lifechek pharmacies and followed up

23
that shipment with an email with her Lifechek, Inc. signature block stating that the

shipment was sent “per Bruce.” However, the undisputed evidence shows that

Clement was “filling in” for Allyn Ross Eder, the manager of MDP’s warehouse,

who was on vacation, and as such, represented MDP, not Lifechek, Inc., when she

forwarded the shipments to the pharmacies. Clement sent the shipments to the

pharmacies at Gingrich’s instruction, and we have already held that Gingrich was

acting on behalf of MDP.

Here, the evidence shows only that Lifechek, Inc. is a shareholder of

Lifechek Rosenberg, the general partner of MDP. That relationship alone, without

further evidence that Lifechek, Inc. “participated in the wrongdoing,” is

insufficient to hold Lifechek, Inc. liable for violating the statute.

Accordingly, we sustain appellants’ second issue challenging to the liability

finding against Lifechek, Inc. in Jury Question No. 1 and the civil penalties found

against it in Jury Question No. 3.

5. MDP

Appellants do not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to show that

MDP received and delivered the stolen Advair, but they do contend there is legally

insufficient evidence to show that there were 330 violations. We disagree.

The evidence shows that MDP sent 152 of the stolen units to Medicine Chest

and the FDA subsequently retrieved those units from Medicine Chest. The

24
evidence also shows that MDA sent an undetermined number of the stolen units to

the 22 Lifechek pharmacies, which Gingrich asked the pharmacies to return via an

email drafted by Eder, which stated:

Please send back the short dated Advair expiration 2010 that you
received from the office in late May. Bruce needs these to help fulfill
an order for a customer by Wednesday, June 30th. To insure that your
inventory is not depleted of products, please reorder the Advair today
or tomorrow and send back the short dated Advair to the corporate
office on Monday, via 2nd day mail.

The Lifechek pharmacies then returned the Advair at issue, and when the FDA

subsequently inspected MDP, it seized 170 units whose lot numbers matched those

of the stolen Advair. The jury could have reasonably concluded that the 170

stolen units recovered from MDP were the same units that MDP had sent, then

retrieved, from the Lifecheck pharmacies.

In addition, when state inspectors went to one of the Lifechek pharmacies,

they seized another 8 units of the stolen Advair. These totals (152+170+8) exactly

equals 330, the number of violations found against MDP. And, even though

MDP’s manager, Allyn Eder, testified that she found at least two boxes of Advair

whose lot numbers were not among those stolen, the jury was entitled to disbelieve

her testimony. The jury is free to believe or disbelieve a witnesses’ testimony in

whole or in part. Miller v. Kendall, 804 S.W.2d 933, 939 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 1990, no writ). The jury is entitled to disbelieve a witness even though

that witness is neither impeached nor contradicted. Murphy v. Texas Farmers Ins.
25
Co., 982 S.W.2d 79, 85 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), aff’d, 996 S.W.2d

873 (Tex. 1999). In light of the 330 units of stolen Advair recovered from MDP,

Medicine Chest, and the Lifechek pharmacy, the jury had legally sufficient

evidence to support its finding that MDP committed 330 violations of the Act.

Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ challenge to the liability finding

against MDP in Jury Question No. 1 and the civil penalties found against it in Jury

Question No. 3.

Alternative claim—Fatal conflict in jury charge

As an alternative to its legal sufficiency claims, appellants argue that the

jury’s answers in Jury Question No. 1 are in fatal conflict because all of the

defendants cannot have committed the same violations. Therefore, appellants

request that, even if we do not reverse and render a take-nothing judgment based

on legal insufficiency, we should at least reverse and remand. However, as stated

above, all persons responsible for the violations were “equally guilty.” See

Dotterweich, 320 U.S. at 281, 64 S. Ct. 134 at 136.

Conclusion

We reverse the portion of the judgment against Lifechek Rosenberg and

Lifecheck, Inc. based on the liability findings against those entities in Jury

Question No. 1 and the civil penalties found against them in Jury Question No. 3.

We affirm the portion of the judgment against MDP and Gingrich, individually,

26
based on the liability findings against them in Jury Question No. 1 and the civil

penalties found against them in Jury Question No. 3.

JURY QUESTION NO. 4: FAILURE TO MAINTAIN PEDIGREE

In Jury Question No. 4, the jury was asked the following question and given

the following instructions regarding violations of the statute for failing to maintain

a required pedigree for the Advair at issue in this case:

Did any defendant named below fail to obtain, maintain, or provide a
required pedigree for the Advair?

You are instructed for purposes of answering this question as follows:

“Pedigree” means a document or electronic file containing
information that records each wholesale distribution of a
prescription drug, from sale by a manufacturer, through
acquisition and sale by any wholesale distributor or repackager,
until final sale to a pharmacy or other person dispensing or
administering the prescription drug.

A pedigree must include all necessary identifying information
concerning each sale in the product’s chain of distribution from
the manufacturer through acquisition and sale by a wholesale
distributor until final sale to a pharmacy or other person
dispensing or administering the drug.

At a minimum, the chain of distribution information must
include: i) the name, address, telephone number, and, if
available, the e-mail address of each person who owns the
prescription drug and each wholesale distributor of the
prescription drug; ii) the name and address of each location
from which the product was shipped, if different from the
owner’s name and address; iii) the transaction dates; and iv)
certification that each recipient has authenticated the pedigree.

27
Each pedigree statement must be i) maintained by the purchaser
and the wholesale distributor for at least three years; and ii)
available for inspection and photocopying not later than the
second business day after the date a request is submitted by the
department or a peace officer in this state.

You are instructed that a person who is engaged in the
wholesale distribution of a prescription drug, shall provide a
pedigree for each prescription drug for human consumption that
leaves or at any time has left the normal distribution channel
and is sold, traded, or transferred to any person.

You are instructed that “wholesale distribution” means the
distribution of prescription drugs to someone other than a
consumer or patient. That terms does not include intracompany
sales of prescription drugs, which means transactions or
transfers or prescriptions drugs between division, subsidiary,
parner, or affiliated or related company that is under common
ownership and control, or any transaction or transfer between
co-license holders of a co-licensed product.

You are instructed that a “wholesale distributor” means a
person engaged in the wholesale distribution of prescription
drugs, including, but not limited to a manufacturer, repackager,
own-label distributor, private-label distributor, jobber, broker,
manufacturer warehouse, distributor warehouse, or other
warehouse, manufacturer’s exclusive distributor, authorized
distributor of record, drug wholesaler or distributor,
independent wholesale drug trader, specialty wholesale
distributor, third-party logistics provider, retail pharmacy that
conducts warehouse wholesale distribution, and pharmacy
warehouse that conducts wholesale distribution.

You are instructed that those who engage in intracompany sales
of prescriptions drugs, which means transactions or transfers of
prescription drugs between a division, subsidiary, parent, or
affiliated or related company that is under common ownership
and control are not required to obtain a wholesale license.

28
 You are instructed a retail pharmacy or a pharmacy warehouse
is required to provide a pedigree only if the pharmacy engages
in the wholesale distribution of a prescription drug

You are instructed that “pharmacy warehouse” means a location
which a person holds a wholesale drug distribution license
under this subchapter, that serves as a central warehouse for
drugs or devices, and from which intracompany sales or
transfers of drugs or devices are made to a group of pharmacies
under common ownership or control.

A person who is engaged in the wholesale distribution of a
prescription drug, including a repackager, but excluding the
original manufacturer of the finished form of a prescription
drug, and who is in possession of a pedigree for a prescription
drug must verify before distributing the prescription drug that
each transaction listed on the pedigree has occurred.

In Jury Question No. 4, the jury found that MDP, Lifechek Rosenberg, and

Gingrich had violated this provision, but Lifechek, Inc. had not. In Jury Question

No. 5, the jury found 1 violation each for MDP, Lifechek Rosenberg, and

Gingrich. And, in Jury Question No. 6, the Jury assessed a $25,000 civil penalty

against each MDP, Lifechek Rosenberg, and Gingrich.

Sufficiency of the pleadings

On appeal, appellants contend there was no pleading to support submitting

the pedigree questions to the jury. A trial court abuses its discretion when it

submits a jury question that is neither supported by the pleadings nor tried by

consent. Webb v. Glenbrook Owners Ass’n, 298 S.W.3d 374, 380 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2009, no pet.) (citing Stephanz v. Laird, 846 S.W.2d 895, 902 (Tex. App.—

29
Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied)). Here, the issue of pedigree was not tried

by consent because appellants objected, see id., thus the issue is whether it was

supported by the pleadings.

In the absence of special exceptions,2 pleadings are to be liberally construed.

Lloyd’s, U.S. Corp. v. Landis, 777 S.W.2d 470, 473 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1989,

writ denied). When the question is whether plaintiffs have stated a cause of action,

the trial court looks to the intent of the pleader and may uphold the pleading and

the judgment rendered even if some element of the cause of action has not been

specifically alleged. Lloyd’s, 777 S.W.2d at 473. Rule 45 of the Texas Rules of

Civil Procedure requires that pleadings give fair notice of the claim or defense

asserted. The purpose of the fair notice requirement is to provide the opposing

party with enough information to prepare a defense or answer to the defense

asserted. See Paramount Pipe & Supply Co. v. Muhr, 749 S.W.2d 491, 494 (Tex.

1988); Roark v. Allen, 633 S.W.2d 804, 810 (Tex. 1982). Pleadings are sufficient if

a cause of action or defense may be reasonably inferred from what is specifically

stated. See Boyles, 855 S.W.2d at 601; Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Bliss,

368 S.W.2d 594, 599 (Tex. 1963).

2
Here, appellants did file special exceptions, but did not obtain a ruling on them
before trial. Thus, their special exceptions are waived. See Tri-State Ass’n of
Credit Men v. Hinson, 136 Tex. 1, 4, 144 S.W.2d 881, 882 (Tex. 1938).
30
 The State’s Second Amended Petition, the operative pleading on the first

day of trial, alleged:

Defendants, as alleged above and detailed below, have committed or
caused to be committed the following acts prohibited and declared to
be unlawful by Section 431.021 of the TFDCA:

....

D. Failure to obtain and maintain records for receipt and distribution
of prescription drugs and to permit inspection and copying of these
records by TDSHS inspectors in violation of TFDCA §§431.021(g),
(bb), (gg), and (hh)[.] (Emphasis added).

Subsections (gg) and (hh) alleged in the pleading above are set forth in Section

431.021 of the TFDCA, which provides as follows:

Sec. 431.021. PROHIBITED ACTS. The following acts and the
causing of the following acts within this state are unlawful and
prohibited:

....

(gg) failing to maintain or provide pedigrees as required by Section
431.412 or 431.413;

(hh) failing to obtain, pass, or authenticate a pedigree as required by
Section 431.412 or 431.413[.]

Sections 431.412 and 431.413, which are referenced in subsections (gg) and (hh),

describe the pedigree requirements. Given the Second Amended Petition’s specific

reference to subsections (gg) and (hh) as prohibited acts under section 431.021 that

appellants were alleged to have committed, and that the State alleged generally that

31
defendants failed “to obtain and maintain records[,]” we conclude that Jury

Questions 4, 5, and 6 were supported by the pleadings.

Sufficiency of the evidence

Appellants do not contest the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

pedigree findings and penalties against MDP, but they do contend the evidence is

insufficient to find Gingrich and Lifechek Rosenberg liable, again arguing that

only one defendant can be liable for each violation.

For the reasons we discussed above in relation to the receipt and delivery of

stolen Advair, we similarly conclude that Gingrich can be held liable under the

pedigree finding because there is legally sufficient evidence showing that he

“personally participated in the wrongdoing,” “was the guiding spirit behind the

wrongful conduct,” and was not just “tangentially involved” in the wrongful

conduct. Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ challenge to the liability finding

against Gingrich in Jury Question No. 4 and the civil penalties found against him

in Jury Question No. 6.

Previously, we held that Lifechek Rosenberg could not be held liable for

other violations because there was no evidence, other than merely being the

general partner of MDP, that Lifecheck Rosenberg “participated in the

wrongdoing.” The same is true for the pedigree violation. Accordingly, we

32
sustain appellants’ challenge to the liability finding against Lifechek Rosenberg in

Jury Question No. 4 and the civil penalties found against it in Jury Question No. 6.

Conclusion

We reverse the portion of the judgment against Lifechek Rosenberg based

on the liability findings against that entity in Jury Question No. 4 and the civil

penalties found against it in Jury Question No. 6. We affirm the portion of the

judgment against MDP and Gingrich, individually, based on the liability findings

against them in Jury Question No. 4 and the civil penalties found against him in

Jury Question No. 6.

JURY QUESTION NO. 7: AIDING AND ABETTING

In Jury Question No. 7, the jury was asked the following question and given

the following instructions regarding violations of the statute for aiding and abetting

an unlicensed wholesale distributor:

Did any of the defendant aid or abet an unlicensed wholesale
distributor in engaging in the wholesale distribution of Advair?

You are instructed that a “wholesale distributor” means a
person engaged in the wholesale distribution of prescription
drugs, including, but not limited to a manufacturer, repackager,
own-label distributor, private-label distributor, jobber, broker,
manufacturer warehouse, distributor warehouse, or other
warehouse, manufacturer’s exclusive distributor, authorized
distributor of record, drug wholesaler or distributor,
independent wholesale drug trader, specialty wholesale
distributor, third-party logistics provides, retail pharmacy that
conducts warehouse wholesale distribution, and pharmacy
warehouse that conducts wholesale distribution.
33
 You are instructed that “wholesale distribution” is the
distribution of prescription drugs to someone other than a
consumer or patient.

You are instructed that “wholesale distribution” means the
distribution of prescription drugs to someone other than a
consumer of patient. The terms does not include intracompany
sales of prescription drugs, which means transactions or
transfers or [sic] prescriptions [sic] between division,
subsidiary, parent, or affiliated or related company that is under
common ownership and control, or any transaction or transfer
between co-license holders of a co-licensed product.

You are instructed that those who engage in intracompany sales
of prescription drugs, which means transactions or transfers of
prescription drugs between a division, subsidiary, parent, or
affiliated or related company that is under common ownership
and control are not required to obtain a wholesale license.

You are instructed that “aid or abet” means to intentionally,
knowingly, actively and substantially aid, promote, assist,
pursue, take part in, further by cooperation in, lend air to or act
in concert with a common plan.

In Jury Question No. 7, the jury found that MDP and Gingrich had violated

this provision, but Lifechek Rosenberg and Lifechek, Inc. had not. In Jury

Question No. 8, the jury found 1 violation each for MDP and Gingrich. And, in

Jury Question No. 9, the Jury assessed a $25,000 civil penalty against each MDP

and Gingrich.

Appellants contend “[t]here is no evidence that either MDP or Gingrich

knew that the unlicensed wholesale distribution of prescription of drugs would

occur if MDP delivered the Advair to Medicine Chest or the Lifechek pharmacies,”
34
and, “[a]t best, the evidence shows MDP may have inadvertently aided Oria in the

wholesale distribution of the Advair.” Specifically, Gingrich contends that he had

no intent to aid Oria in the wholesale distribution of Advair because he did not

know that Oria was acting as an unlicensed whole distributor.

Gingrich testified at trial that he was aware that Oria was not a Texas-

licensed wholesale distributor, and he admitted that he had previously told the

department inspectors that he “would not buy prescription drugs from Alex Oria.”

He further testified that he thought that Oria was a broker for Mercer, which was a

Texas-licensed wholesale distributor, and that he was purchasing the Advair from

Mercer, not Oria. However, the jury was entitled to disbelieve Gingrich’s

testimony that he believed that Oria was merely a broker, especially in light of

testimony from other witnesses who testified that brokers merely facilitate sales,

but do not themselves deliver drugs, as Oria did here. See Miller, 804 S.W.2d at

939 (stating jury is free to believe or disbelieve witnesses’ testimony in whole or in

part).

The evidence shows that (1) Gingrich personally negotiated the transaction

with Oria to purchase the Advair; (2) was personally present when Oria himself

delivered the stolen Advair; and (3) directed his employees to ship the stolen

Advair to Medicine Chest and the Lifecheck pharmacies. After receiving the

Advair directly from Oria, Gingrich received no paperwork or invoice from

35
Mercer, nor did he take any steps to verify Oria’s story that Mercer was the source

of the Advair. Finally, there was evidence from which the jury could have

concluded that Gingrich paid Oria directly, via a $15,600 cashier’s check. Such a

direct payment to Oria undermines Gringrich’s claim that Oria was merely acting

as a broker, not an unlicensed wholesale distributer. As such, we conclude that

there is legally sufficient evidence to support the jury’s findings against MDP and

Gingrich in Jury Question No. 7.

Gingrich also argues that the jury findings against him in Jury Question 7

cannot stand, again arguing that only MDP can be liable for the violation. For the

reasons we discussed above, we again conclude that Gingrich can be held liable

under the aiding and abetting finding because there is legally sufficient evidence

showing that he “personally participated in the wrongdoing,” “was the guiding

spirit behind the wrongful conduct,” and was not just “tangentially involved” in the

wrongful conduct.

Conclusion

Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ challenge to the liability finding

against MDP and Gingrich in Jury Question No. 7 and the civil penalties assessed

against them in Jury Question No. 9.

36
 INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

In the final judgment, the trial court granted injunctive relief to the State as

follows:

The Court further ORDERS that a permanent injunction be issued,
restraining and enjoining Defendant MEDICAL DISCOUNT
PHARMACY, L.P.; LIKECHEK ROSENBERG GP, INC.;
LIFECHEK, INC., and BRUCE V. GINGRICH, individually, their
successors, assigns, officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys,
and any other person in active concert or participation with
Defendants from engaging in the following acts or practices:

a. Receiving in commerce any drug that is stolen and the
delivery or proffered delivery of such drug for payment or
otherwise;
b. Failure to maintain records for receipt and distribution of
prescription drugs, as required by law, and
c. Holding for sale or dispensing stolen drugs.

This injunction was sought and obtained by the State pursuant to Section 43.047 of

the Health & Safety Code, which provides in part:

(a) The commissioner, an authorized agent, or a health authority may
petition the district court for a temporary restraining order to
restrain a continuing violation of Subchapter B or a threat of a
continuing violation of Subchapter B if the commissioner,
authorized agent, or health authority finds that:

(1) a person has violated, is violating, or is threatening to
violate Subchapter B; and

(2) the violation or threatened violation creates an immediate
threat to the health and safety of the public.

(b) A district court, on petition of the commissioner, an authorized
agent, or a health authority, and on a finding by the court that a

37
 person is violating or threatening to violate Subchapter B shall
grant any injunctive relief warranted by the facts.

****
(d) The commissioner and the attorney general may each recover
reasonable expenses incurred in obtaining injunctive relief under this
section, including investigative costs, court costs, reasonable attorney
fees, witness fees, and deposition expenses. . . .

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 431.047 (West 2010).

On appeal, appellants contend that “injunctive relief was not authorized

because there was no ongoing or threatened violation of Subchapter B of the Act.”

The State contends that this complaint about the trial court’s permanent injunction,

made for the first time on appeal, has been waived. Appellants concedes that it did

not object to the injunction at trial, but argues that lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction can be raised for the first time on appeal,3 and that, absent a finding of

a continuing or threatened violation, the Health & Safety Code does not authorize

the trial court to issue an injunction.

However, appellants confuse subject-matter jurisdiction, which involves a

court’s power to act, with its duty to decide correctly. Appellants’ complaint here

is that the trial court erred in granting injunctive relief absent evidence of “an

ongoing or threatened” violation of the statute. This is an argument that the trial

court erred, but not an argument that the trial court lacked subject-matter

3
See Mapco, Inc. v. Carter, 817 S.W.2d 686, 687 (Tex. 1991) (holding that lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction is fundamental error that may be raised for first time at
appellate level).
38
jurisdiction over the cause, the power to act as a court, the power to enter a

judgment at all, or the capacity to act as a court. See Hesser v. Hesser, 842 S.W.2d

759, 764 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied) (“Just because the

judge had the duty to deny the motion does not mean that he had no jurisdiction to

grant it. Jurisdiction is the power to adjudicate, that is, to grant or deny relief. Lack

of subject matter jurisdiction is the absence of power to make any ruling at all.”);

see also Decker v. Lindsay, 824 S.W.2d 247, 249 (Tex. App.—-Houston [1st Dist.]

1992, orig. proceeding) (holding that void order must exceed court’s authority to

act and not be merely erroneous); State ex rel. Latty, 907 S.W.2d at 485 (setting

out what renders judgment void); In re State, 159 S.W.3d 203, 207 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2005, orig. proceeding) (holding “trial court’s jurisdiction to act does not

simply dissolve if an appellate court later disagrees with that court’s determination

that the [declaratory] relief was necessary and proper.”).

Here, the statute clearly gave the trial court the power to act, i.e., it had

subject matter jurisdiction to issue the injunction. Appellants’ claim that the trial

court acted erroneously in its application of the statute is not jurisdictional, and, as

such, cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.

Because it was not preserved in the trial court, we overrule appellants’

challenge to the trial court’s grant of injunctive relief.

39
 ATTORNEY’S FEES

Pursuant to Section 431.047(d) of the Health & Safety Code, as set forth in

the opinion above, the final judgment awarded the State reasonable and necessary

fees and costs in the amount of $129,677.76. On appeal, appellants argue that “the

attorney’s fees award should be reversed because the Department was not entitled

to injunctive relief.” However, we overruled appellants’ challenge to the trial

court’s grant of injunctive relief. For the same reason, we overrule appellants’

challenge to the attorney’s fees on this ground.

Appellants also argue that there is no evidence to support the judgment’s

award of attorney’s fees and expenses because the State’s evidence on attorney’s

fees was too general to apply the lodestar method in a meaningful manner.

Specifically, appellant’s contend that “the department offered only information

about general categories of work[,]” and “identified no specific tasks and

apportioned the time its lawyers purportedly spent only among general categories.”

In El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas, the supreme court explained that generalities

about tasks performed provide insufficient information for the fact finder to

meaningfully review whether the tasks and hours were reasonable and necessary

under the lodestar method. 370 S.W.3d 757, 763 (Tex. 2012). Sufficient evidence

includes, at a minimum, evidence “of the services performed, who performed them

and at what hourly rate, when they were performed, and how much time the work

40
required.” Id. at 764. Because the testimony in El Apple only included the total

number of hours worked and generalities about discovery and the length of trial,

the court remanded for a redetermination of attorney’s fees. Id. at 765. In so

holding, the court stated:

In this case, neither attorney indicated how the 890 hours they spent
in the aggregate were devoted to any particular task or category of
tasks. Neither attorney presented time records or other documentary
evidence. Nor did they testify based on their recollection of such
records. The attorneys instead based their time estimates on
generalities such as the amount of discovery in the case, the number
of pleadings filed, the number of witnesses questioned, and the length
of the trial. While all this is relevant, it provides none of the
specificity needed for the trial court to make a meaningful lodestar
determination. The court could not discern from the evidence how
many hours each of the tasks required and whether that time was
reasonable. Without at least some indication of the time spent on
various parts of the case, a court has little basis upon which to conduct
a meaningful review of the fee award.

Id. at 763.

The supreme court revisited the specificity requirements of evidence to

support attorney’s fees under the lodestar method in Long v. Griffin, 442 S.W.3d

253 (Tex. 2014). In Long, the supreme court characterized the attorney affidavit at

issue as “only offer[ing] generalities”:

It indicates that one attorney spent 300 hours on the case, another
expended 344.50 hours, and the attorneys’ respective hourly rates.
The affidavit posits that the case involved extensive discovery, several
pretrial hearings, multiple summary judgment motions, and a four and
one-half day trial, and that litigating the matter required understanding
a related suit that settled after ten years of litigation. But no evidence
accompanied the affidavit to inform the trial court the time spent on
41
 specific tasks. See El Apple, 370 S.W.3d at 763. The affidavit does
claim that 30% of the aggregate time was expended on the assignment
claim (part of which the Griffins prevailed on) and that the assignment
issue was inextricably intertwined with matters that consumed 95% of
the two attorneys' time on the matter. But without any evidence of the
time spent on specific tasks, the trial court had insufficient
information to meaningfully review the fee request. [City of Laredo
v.] Montano, 414 S.W.3d [731,] 736–37 [Tex. 2013)]; El Apple, 370
S.W.3d at 764.

Id. at 255.

In Boyaki v. John M. O’Quinn & Assocs., PLLC, No. 01-12-00984-CV,

2014 WL 4855021, at *15 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 30, 2014, pet.

filed) (memo. op.), the attorney fee evidence provided:

[S]ince September 15, 2009, I have attended [several hearings],
prepared a Motion for Temporary Injunction, prepared for the hearing.
I have reviewed various drafts of letters and email correspondence to
opposing counsel. I have communicated to my client, The O’Quinn
Law Firm, the status of implementation of the settlement agreement,
reviewed Texas cases on the enforcement of Rule 11 settlement
agreements, reviewed Plaintiffs' First Amended Original Petition,
reviewed Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment to Enforce Rule
Settlement with supporting affidavits. I have also had a number of
additional conferences with representatives of my client and co-
counsel. Accordingly, since September 15, 2009, I have spent at least
98 hours in rendering the above-described necessary legal services . . .
in enforcement of the mediated Rule 11 Settlement Agreement.

This Court held that the attorney’s affidavit suffered the same deficiencies as

those in El Apple and Long because it described the attorney’s work “in

generalities.” Id.

42
 The attorney’s fees evidence in this case is much more detailed than that

provided in El Apple, Long, or Boyaki. The State presented expert testimony

regarding its attorney’s fees, including the reasonableness and necessity of the

work done on the case, the hours spent, the experience and qualifications of the

timekeepers for the State, and the prevailing hourly rates of each. The State also

submitted an affidavit, a summary of the hours worked and prevailing rates, and a

computer-generated summary of the time records of all of the State’s timekeepers

who worked on the case. The computer generated time summery, entitled

“Summary of Services Provided,” identifies the case by name, each timekeeper by

name and title, a description of each activity, and the hours devoted to that activity

by each timekeeper. The activities are divided into categories such as

“attend/appear at hearing,” “drafting/revising pleadings,” and

“reviewing/researching law.”

Appellants’ claim, however, that the attorney’s fee evidence is nonetheless

insufficient because it does not say which hearings were attended, which pleadings

were revised, and what law was researched. However, nothing in El Apple, Long,

or Boyaki requires such detail. Indeed, El Apple faulted the evidence in that case

because “neither attorney indicated how the 890 hours they spent in the aggregate

were devoted to any particular task or category of tasks.” El Apple, 370 S.W.3d at

43
763. Here, the State’s attorney’s fees evidence complies with El Apple by

indicating how long each person spent working on particular categories of tasks.

As such, the State presented sufficient evidence for the trial court to conduct

a meaningful review of the number of hours spent on the case by the State and to

properly apply the lodestar method.

We overrule appellants’ challenge to the attorney’s fees awarded in the

judgment.

CONCLUSION

We reverse the judgment against Lifechek Rosenberg and Lifecheck, Inc.

and render judgment that the State take nothing against them. We also reverse the

judgment against all appellants on the State’s claim for receiving and delivering

adulterated drugs, and render judgment that the State take nothing against any of

the defendants on that claim. We affirm the judgment as to MDP and Gingrich,

individually, except as hereinabove reversed and rendered. We remand the case

for entry of judgment in accordance with this opinion.

Sherry Radack
Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Brown and Lloyd.

44