J.A21007/15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: MA.W., C.W., : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
AND M.W. : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
APPEAL OF: J.K., MOTHER :
: No. 840 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Orders Entered March 5, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Carbon County
Criminal Division No(s).: CP-13-DP-0000025-2014
CP-13-DP-0000027-2014
CP-13-DP-0000028-2014
BEFORE: ALLEN, MUNDY, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED AUGUST 14, 2015
Appellant, J.K. (“Mother”), appeals from the orders entered March 5,
2015,1 denying the petitions for dependency as to Ma.W., C.W., and M.W.
(“Children”) and directing that the Carbon County Office of Children and
Youth Services (“CYS”) be permitted to enter Children’s home to complete
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
We note Mother filed one notice of appeal from three orders. The
Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure address the requisites for an
appealable order and provide: “Every order shall be set forth on a separate
document.” Pa.R.A.P. 301(b). This Court in Dong Yuan Chen v. Saidi,
100 A.3d 587 (Pa. Super. 2014), noted that “[t]aking one appeal from
separate judgments is not acceptable practice and is discouraged.” Id. at
589 n.1 (citation omitted). The Saidi Court declined to find the procedural
error fatal to the appeal because the trial court addressed the issues. Id.
Similarly, we find the procedural error is not fatal in the case sub judice
because the trial court addressed the issue. We have amended the caption
accordingly.
J.A21007/15
the assessment required by 55 Pa. Code § 3490.232.2 Mother argues there
was no probable cause to allow a government agency access to Children’s
home.3 We affirm.
2
The code provides, inter alia, as follows when the agency receives a report
alleging a need for general protective services (“GPS”):
(a) The county agency shall be the sole civil agency
responsible for receiving and assessing all reports alleging
a need for general protective services. . . .
* * *
(f) The county agency shall see the child and visit the
child’s home during the assessment period. The
home visits shall occur as often as necessary to complete
the assessment and insure the safety of the child. There
shall be a least one home visit.
* * *
(h) The county agency may make unannounced home visits.
* * *
(j) The county agency shall initiate the appropriate court
proceedings and assist the court during all stages of the
court proceedings if the county agency determines that
general protective services are in the best interest of a
child and if an offer of an assessment, a home visit or
services is refused by the parent.
55 Pa. Code § 3490.232(a), (f), (h), (j) (emphases added). GPS in Section
6303 of the Child Protective Services Law (“CPSL”) includes “[t]hose services
and activities provided by each county agency for cases requiring protective
services, as defined by the department in regulations.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303.
3
We note the issue is not moot based upon the denial of the dependency
petitions.
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We adopt the facts and procedural history of this case as set forth in
the trial court’s opinion. Trial Ct. Op., 4/13/15, at 2-15. On March 5, 2015,
the court denied the petitions for dependency and ordered that CYS be
permitted to enter Children’s home. This timely appeal followed. Appellant
filed a court-ordered4 statement of errors complained of on appeal in each
case. Mother raises the following issue5 for our review:
It is well settled that the proper inquiry in a dependency
adjudication follows a bifurcated analysis: “Is the child at
this moment without proper parental care or control?; and
if so, is such care or control immediately available?”
Because the element of time is integral to the dependency
adjudication, each petition in this instance necessarily
implicates a different cause of action. Thus, technical res
judicata cannot apply.
In re N.A., 116 A.3d 1144, 1149 (Pa. Super. 2015) (footnote and citations
omitted), appeal denied, ___ A.3d ___ Pa. 2015).
4
Appellant did not comply with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), which provides, inter alia,
in a children’s fast track appeal, the concise statement of errors complained
of on appeal shall be filed with the notice of appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(2)(i).
We do not find this defect fatal to the appeal. See In re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d
745, 747 (Pa. Super. 2009) (holding failure to file 1925(b) statement
concomitantly with a children’s fast track appeal is considered defective
notice of appeal, the disposition of which is decided on a case by case basis).
5
We note Mother raised an additional issue on appeal.
When a government agency files multiple dependency
petitions, involving three siblings residing in the same
home with the same mother and father, all of the
allegations in the petition and all of the evidence presented
at the single hearing is identical as to each minor, no
allegation or piece of evidence is peculiar to one child, and
the Trial Court enters three identical Orders, disposing of
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When a government Agency presents evidence that the
yard of a minor’s house is cluttered with mostly
unidentified material, that an unnamed informant reported
that the house was messy, had a boarded-up window and
might have had a hole in the wall, but presented no
evidence that the house was unsafe or that [C]hildren
were in danger and, in fact, testified that [CYS] had no
concern for the safety of [C]hildren, does the [t]rial [c]ourt
err in concluding that probable cause exists to believe that
evidence of child abuse or endangerment may be found in
the home?
Mother’s Brief at 5.
Mother argues that probable cause is required to permit CYS to access
her home pursuant to Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
Id. at 18. She avers there was no probable cause for a home inspection.
Id. Mother contends CYS can only inspect the home pursuant to 55 Pa.
Code § 3490.55(i)6 when investigating a report of suspected child abuse.
three identical petitions, should an appeal from those three
decisions be quashed for failing to file individual appeals?
Mother’s Brief at 5. We have resolved this issue. See note 1.
6
Section 3490.55 requires a home visit when the agency is investigating
reports of suspected child abuse. Section 3490.55(i) provides:
(i) When conducting its investigation, the county agency
shall visit the child’s home, at least once during the
investigation period. The home visits shall occur as often
as necessary to complete the investigation and to assure
the safety of the child.
55 Pa. Code § 3490.55(i). The trial court found a home visit was required
by 55 Pa. Code § 3490.232. Order, 3/5/15. In the case sub judice there
were no allegations of child abuse in the petitions filed by CYS. Mother’s
reliance on Section 3490.55(i) is of no moment. The Code provides for a
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Id. Mother claims that CYS “must allege and prove facts, ‘amounting to
probable cause to believe that an act of child abuse or neglect has
occurred and evidence relating to such abuse will be found in the home.’”
Id. at 19 (emphasis added) (citing In re Pet. to Compel Cooperation
with Child Abuse Investigation, 875 A.2d 365, 377 (Pa. Super. 2005)).
Our review is governed by the following principles:
[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an
appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility
determinations of the trial court if they are supported by
the record, but does not require the appellate court to
accept the lower court’s inferences or conclusions of law.
Accordingly, we review for an abuse of discretion.
In re E.B., 83 A.3d 426, 430 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted).
In In re Petition to Compel, the parents appealed an “order
compelling their cooperation with Susquehanna County Services for Children
and Youth (“C & Y”) for the scheduling and completion of a ‘home visit’ of
their residence.” Id. 875 A.2d at 368. The trial court granted C & Y’s
petition notwithstanding the fact that there was no dependency petition
before the court.7 Id. at 369. This Court opined:
home inspection when CYS receives a report of abuse and/or neglect. The
issue of whether probable cause exists for the home inspection pertains in
either case. See In re Pet. to Compel, 875 A.2d at 377, 379.
7
In In re Petition to Compel, the home inspection had taken place.
However, this Court declined to find the issues moot because “the issues
before us are clearly capable of repetition, yet evading appellate review.”
Id. at 370-71.
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[The a]ppellants’ first substantive argument is that the
court lacked jurisdiction to enter its order because C & Y
had not filed a dependency petition. [The a]ppellants’
position is that administrative regulations alone are
insufficient to confer jurisdiction; and that in the absence
of a petition filed pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6301 et seq., C & Y could not legally invoke
the court’s jurisdiction. We disagree.
The legislature’s purpose in enacting the CPSL is stated in
Section 6302(b):
It is the purpose of this chapter to encourage more
complete reporting of suspected child abuse; to the
extent permitted by this chapter, to involve law
enforcement agencies in responding to child abuse;
and to establish in each county protective services
for the purpose of investigating the reports swiftly
and competently, providing protection for children
from further abuse and providing rehabilitative
services for children and parents involved so as to
ensure the child’s well-being and to preserve,
stabilize and protect the integrity of family life
wherever appropriate or to provide another
alternative permanent family when the unity of the
family cannot be maintained. It is also the purpose
of this chapter to ensure that each county children
and youth agency establish a program of protective
services with procedures to assess risk of harm to a
child and with the capabilities to respond adequately
to meet the needs of the family and child who may
be at risk and to prioritize the response and services
to children most at risk.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302(b).
The CPSL charges the county agencies with
investigating each report of suspected child abuse:
Upon receipt of each report of suspected child abuse,
the county agency shall immediately commence an
appropriate investigation and see the child
immediately if emergency protective custody is
required or has been or shall be taken or if it cannot
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be determined from the report whether emergency
protective custody is needed. Otherwise, the county
agency shall commence an appropriate investigation
and see the child within 24 hours of receipt of the
report. The investigation shall include a
determination of the risk of harm to the child or
children if they continue to remain in the existing
home environment, as well as a determination of the
nature, extent and cause of any condition
enumerated in the report and any action necessary
to provide for the safety of the child or children.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6368(a). Our legislature has expressly
authorized the Department of Public Welfare (“DPW”) to
adopt whatever regulations are necessary to implement
the CPSL. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6348.
Title 55 of the Pennsylvania Administrative Code,
Section 3490.55, states in relevant part: “When
conducting its investigation, the county agency shall
visit the child’s home, at least once during the
investigation period. The home visits shall occur as often
as necessary to complete the investigation and to assure
the safety of the child.” 55 Pa.Code § 3490.55(i).
* * *
As we interpret the statute and agency regulations, C & Y
must file a verified petition alleging facts amounting to
probable cause to believe that an act of child abuse or
neglect has occurred and evidence relating to such abuse
will be found in the home.
* * *
However, C & Y’s responsibilities under the DPW
regulations and the CPSL to investigate each and every
allegation of child abuse/neglect, including visiting the
child’s home at least once during its investigation, do not
trump an individual’s constitutional rights under the Fourth
Amendment and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution.
Id. at 371-72, 377, 379 (emphases added).
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In In re Petition to Compel, Judge Beck filed a concurring opinion
which was joined by Judge Ford-Elliot and Judge Joyce. Both Judge Beck
and Judge Joyce also joined the majority opinion. Judge Beck opined:
I join the soundly reasoned majority opinion because it
finds that the Fourth Amendment right to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures applies to actions of a
social services agency seeking to investigate an
anonymous complaint of child abuse. I write separately,
however, to add two observations in this case.
First, I caution future parties and courts faced with this
issue to consider that the purposes and goals underlying
the activities of child protective agencies differ significantly
from those of law enforcement generally. As a result, it
would be unwise to apply the standard notion of probable
cause in criminal law to cases such as these. While the
Fourth Amendment certainly is applicable to these matters,
we must not forget the very purpose for the Child
Protective Services Law. Child Line and other services like
it exist to encourage people to report incidents of potential
danger to children. Likewise, we impose upon certain
professionals an affirmative duty to report conduct they
believe may be harmful to a child. For these reasons,
simply requiring an agency to show “probable cause” as it
is defined in the criminal law is not enough. Instead, the
nature and context of each scenario must be considered.
What an agency knows and how it acquired its
knowledge should not be subject to the same restrictions
facing police seeking to secure a search warrant. For
instance, an agency’s awareness of previous conduct on
the part of parents would be relevant, indeed vital,
information to include in a request for a court-ordered
home visit. What constitutes probable cause in the
child protective arena is far different from what
constitutes probable cause in the criminal law. Social
services agencies should be held accountable for
presenting sufficient reasons to warrant a home visit, but
those same agencies should not be hampered from
performing their duties because they have not
satisfied search and seizure jurisprudence developed
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in the context of purely criminal law. I urge the courts
deciding these issues to accord careful consideration to the
unique circumstances they present.
Id. at 380 (emphases added).
In the instant case, CYS filed dependency petitions, indicating its
efforts to visit Children’s home and requesting the court to allow CYS to visit
the home as part of its investigation.8
Instantly, the trial court opined:
At the hearing on this petition, the caseworker, Alyssa
Denardo, presented additional testimony regarding the
condition of the home and her initial in-school visits with
[C]hildren that are the subject of these petitions. She also
identified a number of photographs that she took during
her first visit to the home. The photos showed the yard of
the home with garbage strewn around, several rolls of
used carpeting, and a general state of “clutteredness.”
These photos were admitted as an exhibit, without
objection. The caseworker also testified that [C]hildren
have all been withdrawn from the Palmerton School
District,17 meaning there is no way for CYS to follow-up
with speaking to [C]hildren regarding the interior of the
home.
* * *
The report to [CYS] was regarding the condition and
cleanliness of the home. The petitions detailed the
condition of the exterior of the home, which included a
boarded up window inside of the home, which was clearly
visible from outside. The petitions included information
from the caseworker’s interviews with [C]hildren. The
petitions also identified the unwillingness of the natural
parents to allow [CYS] into the home. This [c]ourt finds
that this information, in and of itself, would be sufficient to
justify the probable cause necessary for an order
8
We note that CYS did not seek the removal of Children from the home.
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permitting [CYS] to enter [Children’s home] to conduct
their investigation as required by the CPSL.
____________________
17
In this [c]ourt’s opinion, the fact that [C]hildren were
removed from the Palmerton School District at a time
when [CYS] wanted to question them about the home
suggests “something to hide” relating to the condition
of the home.
Trial Ct. Op. at 10-11, 12.
At the hearing, Marianne Grabarits, a caseworker supervisor with CYS
testified that when CYS receives a GPS report, the case-worker is required,
inter alia, “to complete a home assessment.” N.T., 1/30/15, at 9, 11. She
assigned the report to the caseworker, Ms. Denardo. Id. at 18.
Ms. Denardo testified regarding the report CYS received on November
13, 2014, indicating concern with the cleanliness of the home, “holes in the
home and boarded up windows.” Id. at 25, 26. She interviewed Children at
school on November 20, 2014. Id. at 26, 27. C.W. ”told me that it is a little
dirty at the home, that dad does projects and doesn’t always finish them and
that’s why it is dirty at the home.” Id. at 26. Ma.W. told her that the house
was “sort of dirty, that dad boarded up a window in front to have privacy
from the road.” Id. at 27. She also stated “that they had 13 cats [9] and
9
We note that Mother’s counsel asked whether Ms. Denardo was “aware
that the 19 cats were outside cats from the farm up the road[.]” Id. at 55.
She responded that she was not “aware of that.” Id.
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three dogs.” Id. M.W. stated “it’s a little dirty in the house. She did say
there are no holes and the house is not boarded up.” Id.
Ms. Denardo went to the home on December 5, 2014,10 and “saw that
the outside was cluttered and boarded up where it looked like it could have
been a window.” Id. at 28. She took six photographs and described them
to the court. Id. at 30. “There is a bunch of garbage, about three or four
garbage [sic] and it looks like maybe carpet rolled up.” Id. It was located
“towards the end of the driveway.” Id. The second photograph depicted
what looked to be “a barn of some kind.” Id. at 31. She stated she “took
the photo because of the materials that are out there, with it being dirty and
all the materials.” Id. The third photograph was of the home and it
depicted a trailer. Id. The fourth photograph showed “the trailer, the
home. And as you can see, here it’s boarded up.” Id. at 32. The fifth
photograph of the trailer “is the close up of the front entrance of the home.”
Id. at 32-33. She took the photograph “[b]ecause of all the clutteredness
and the materials that are right outside of the home.” Id. at 33. The last
photograph shows “right here is where you step into the house, the porch,
and that is all the clutteredness.” Id.
She went to the home again and Father told her “I am not letting
anyone in or under the government or bureaucracy of the government into
10
She attempted to go to the home on November 20, 2014, but could not
find it. Id. at 27-28. She tried to go to the home on November 26th but
was unable “to make it out there” due to inclement weather. Id. at 28.
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my house and that is why I have that sign.” Id. at 35. The sign said “no
federal, state or agency [sic] allowed on this property without
documentation.” Id. at 36.
Ms. Denardo testified she called the Palmerton School District on
January 6, 2015. Id. at 37. C.W. had not been in school on January 2nd,
January 5th and January 6th. Id. She called Palmerton Junior High and was
told Ma.W and M.W.’s were withdrawn from the school district. Id. CYS was
not asking for Children to be removed from the home. Id. at 43. CYS is
requesting that Children be adjudicated dependent so that the agency could
complete its evaluation. Id. “There was a report that came in that children
come to school not clean.” Id. at 51.
The trial court denied the petition for dependency but found “in light of
the testimony and evidence presented at the hearing, probable cause was
shown to warrant an order directing that [CYS] shall be permitted to enter
[Children’s] home . . . .” Order, 3/5/15. We discern no abuse of discretion.
See In re E.B., 83 A.3d at 430. Instantly, there was probable cause to
warrant an order for a home visit. See 55 Pa. Code § 3490.232; In re Pet.
to Compel, 875 A.2d at 374, 380. Accordingly, we affirm.
Orders affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/14/2015
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IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
JUVENILE
IN THE INTEREST OF
Ma.W. No. 25 DP 14
IN THE INTEREST OF
c.w. No. 27 DP 14
IN THE INTEREST OF
M.W. No. 28 DP 14
Kim M. Christie, Esquire Counsel for Carbon County
Children & Youth
Mark E. Combi, Esquire Guardian ad Li tern for Ma. W. r
c.w. I & M.W.
Robert J. Magee, Esquire Counsel for J. K. , mother of
Ma.W., C.W., & M.W.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Matika, J. - April _1_3~, 2015
On March 5, 2015, this Court issued an Order denying the
Carbon County Office of Children and Youth Services' Petitions
for Dependency after conducting a hearing1 thereon. However,
this Court also stated in the order that there was sufficient
evidence presented for an order directing that the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services be permitted to enter the
home of the subject children. It is this part of the Order that
1 Separate petitions were filed involving four (4) of the W. children.
( r':
:. 't_
However, the oldest child (B.W.) has turned 18 and was no longer subject to a
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J. K. I the natural mother of the minors, appeals. This
memorandum opinion is offered to the Superior Court, in
accordance with Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure
1925(a), to expand upon the brief ruling and rationale set forth
in the March 5, 2015 order. Respectively, this Court recommends
to the Honorable Superior Court to dismiss Defendant's appeal
accordingly.
FACTUAL AND PRODECURAL BACKGROUND
The Carbon County Office of Children and Youth Services
received a report on November 13, 2014 which expressed concerns
about the conditions of the home where the children were living.
A caseworker for Children and Youth spoke to each of the
children at their respective schools, who gave varying accounts
of the state of the house, ranging from the home being "a little
dirty" 2 to "dirty"3 to "sort of dirty" with a "boarded up window
in the front"4 of the home. On December 5, 2014, the caseworker
went to the family's home to investigate, where she reported
that the outside area of the home was "cluttered with random
Children and Youth action. The hearings on the other three (3) children were
consolidated.
2 Dependency Petition of M.W.
3 Dependency Petition of c.w.
4 Dependency Petition of Ma.W.
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objects" and there was a boarded up hole where a window used to
be. The caseworker approached J . W. , the natural father of the
children, informed him of the allegations regarding the
cleanliness of the home and requested permission to check the
inside of the house. J.W. refused and asked the caseworker to
leave.
On December 8, 2014, the caseworker called the home phone,
which was answered by J. K. The caseworker explained that she
had visited the home and was denied entry. The caseworker
explained the allegations to J.K., to which J.K. responded that
Children and Youth had no business being involved in the matter.
The caseworker asked for permission to check the home, which
J. K. denied before hanging up on the caseworker. On December
22, 2014, the caseworker went to the home again to attempt to
investigate the inside of the residence. J.W. once again
refused to allow the caseworker into the home, at which time he
was informed that the agency would be filing petitions for
dependency if the family continued to refuse to cooperate. The
petitions were filed on December 24, 2014.5
5 The caseworker also testified that in early January, she contacted the
Palmerton School District to speak to the children again, as she had
previously spoken to all three (3) of them in a school setting. The
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After a continuance for the natural parents to obtain
counsel, a hearing was held on January 30, 2015. After taking
the matter under advisement and allowing all parties to file
briefs6 regarding the case, this Court issued an order on March
5, 2015 denying the Petition for Dependency, but finding there
was probable cause to issue an order that Children and Youth
"shall be permittedu7 to enter the home of the subject children
to conduct the necessary investigation.
On March 13, 2015, J,K. filed an appeal to Superior Court.
Thereafter, this Court directed that she, pursuant to
Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(b} file a Concise
Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, which was also
timely filed. In this statement, Appellant J. K. raised two
issues:
1) The Trial Court erred in determining that probable
cause was shown so as to justify the intrusion into
the home of J.K. by members of the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth to complete an
assessment, when the only evidence presented was some
pictures of a cluttered, non-dangerous yard, and a
statement from some unidentified informant whose
reliability is completely unknown that the house was
caseworker was informed that the children had all been withdrawn from the
Palmerton School District in late December or early January.
6 All counsel submitted "letter briefs" to chambers of the undersigned, none
of which were lodged in this matter, and therefore, do not appear in the
record.
7 Order of Court, March 5, 2015.
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"messy", that there was a boarded up window, and that
there "might have been a hole["] in some unidentified
wall, and that the children when interviewed, appeared
healthy, unharmed and clean; and
2) The Trial Court further erred, when, in the aftermath
of dismissing the Petition for Dependency (the only
matter then before the Court), the Court went on sua
sponte, to Order J.K. to allow the Agency to enter her
house and conduct an inspection, even though there was
no surviving petition before the Court requesting any
such relief.
The Court will address these issues accordingly.
DISCUSSION
Once a county agency receives a report for General
Protective Services ( "GPS") , the Child Protective Services Law
("CPSL")8 and Pennsylvania Administrative Code9 have several
requirements that must be fulfilled. For example, the county
agency has sixty ( 60) days within which to complete an
assessment.10 In the course of such an assessment, "(t]he county
agency shall see the child and visit the child's home during the
assessment period."11 Another section mandates that "[w]hen
conducting its investigation, the county agency shall visit the
child's home, at least once during the investigation period.
8 23 Pa. C.S.A. §§ 6301 et seq.
9 55 Pa. Code§ 3490.232.
10 Id. at § 3490.232 (e).
11 Id. at § 3490.232 (f).
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The home visits shall occur as often as necessary to complete
the investigation and to assure the safety of the child."12 The
law also permits the county agency to make unannounced home
visits .13 Finally:
[t]he county agency shall initiate the appropriate
court proceedings and assist the court during all
stages of the court proceedings if the county agency
determines that the general protective services are in
the best interest of a child and if an of fer of an
assessment, a home visit, or services is refused by
the parents.14
However, the statute does not elaborate on what
"appropriate court proceedings" are when an assessment, a home
visit, or services are refused by the parents. Further, another
portion of the PA Administrative Code requires the county agency
to petition the court if the "subject of the report of suspected
child abuse refuses to cooperate with the county agency in an
investigation, and the county is unable to determine whether the
child is at risk."rs Accordingly, it would appear to be the
responsibility of the county agency, such as the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services, to determine what the
12 55 Pa. Code § 3490. 55 (g) .
13 Id. at§ 3490.233(h)
14 Id. at§ 3490.232(j).
rs 55 Pa. Code§ 3490.73.
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proper petitions are and file them before the court hearing the
matter.
Pennsylvania case law is surprisingly light in matters
where a county children and youth agency has been denied entry
into a home. The one case this Court found to be guiding on
this issue was In re: Petition to Compel Cooperation with Child
Abuse Investigation. 875 A.2d 365 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005). In
that case, the Susquehanna County Court of Common Pleas was
presented with a "petition to compel cooperation with child
abuse" based upon the refusal of alleged abusers to allow the
Susquehanna County Services for Children and Youth to
investigate their home based on a referral from Child Line. Id.
at 368. The Superior Court found that the only issue before the
trial court in that matter was "whether appellants were required
to submit to a home visit as part of C&Y' s investigation into
the child abuse allegations." Id. at 369.
The Superior Court rejected the argument of Susquehanna
County Services for Children and Youth that because the
applicable language of the pertinent Pennsylvania laws required
a home visit, the rights of the alleged abusers under the Fourth
Amendment and/or Article I, Section 8 of Pennsylvania's
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constitution do not apply. Id. at 374. In reaching this
determination, the Superior Court reviewed federal cases from
both the Third Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. District
Court for the Northern District of Ohio. See Good vs. Dauphin
Cty. County Soc. Servs. for Children and Youth, 891 F.2d 1087
(3d Cir. 1989); See also Walsh v. Erie County Dept. of Job and
Family Servs., 240 F.Supp.2d 731 (N.D. Ohio 2003). The Superior
Court wrote that al though these were not binding authority, =we
agree with the federal courts' analysis . and hold that the
Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 8 apply to the CPSL and
the regulations written to implement it." Petition to Compel,
supra, at 376-77.
Therefore, \\C & Y must file a verified petition alleging
facts amounting to probable cause to believe that an act of
child abuse or neglect has occurred and evidence relating to
such abuse will be found in the home. " Id. at 3 77 ( emphasis
added). In that case before the Superior Court, the Petition
alleged, inter alia, that the referral was made for medical
neglect, the parents had refused to allow the caseworker into
the home, and the caseworker was required to complete a home
visit. Id. at 378. The Superior Court found that the petition
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did not acknowledge sufficient facts to merit the issuance of a
search warrant. Id. The court went on to say that after filing
that petition, the county agency had several options \\including
further investigation to collect additional facts to support the
issuance of a search warrant for appellants' home, and/or filing
a formal petition for dependency." Id. at 379.
I. Probable Cause
When an appellant challenges the trial court's
determination in a General Protective Services matter such as
this, the Superior Court has stated:
[t] he standard of review which this Court employs in
dependency cases is broad. However, the scope of our
review is limited in a fundamental manner by our
inability to nullify the fact-finding of the lower
court. We accord great weight to this function of the
hearing judge because he is in the position to observe
and rule upon the credibility of the witnesses and the
parties who appear before him. Relying on this unique
posture, we will not overrule his findings if they are
supported by competent evidence."
In re M.K., 636 A.2d 198, 201 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1994) See also
In Interest of J.M., 652 A.2d 8771 880-81 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1995).
In the instant matter, the dependency petitions were filed
based upon the Carbon County Office of Children and Youth
Services receiving an anonymous report regarding the cleanliness
and conditions of the house in which the children were residing,
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along with corroborating statements from the children. As
stated above, the Superior Court has held that the petition must
aver that evidence of the issue the report was based on will be
found in the home. Here, the issue is the condition of the home
itself.
As stated above, the petitions filed by the Carbon County
Off ice of Children and Youth Services contain statements from
each of the children regarding the home being "dirty" or some
comparable language. As part of the investigation, a caseworker
went to inspect the home and found the outside to be
"cluttered", and that the home did in fact have a boarded up
window as previously indicated. After being denied entry to the
home by the father in person on that occasion and by the mother
via telephone, the caseworker went back to the home to again
attempt to conduct the in-home assessment, and was again refused
by the father.
At the hearing on this petition, the caseworker, Alyssa
Denardo, presented additional testimony regarding the condition
of the home and her initial in-school visits with the children
that are the subject of these petitions. She also identified a
number of photographs that she took during her first visit to
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the home. The photos showed the yard of the home with garbage
strewn around, several rolls of used carpeting, and a general
state of "clutteredness".16 These photos were admitted as an
exhibit, without objection. The caseworker also testified that
the children have all been withdrawn from the Palmerton School
District17, meaning there is now no way for the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services to follow-up with speaking
to the children regarding the interior of the home.
This Court notes that in the Petition to Compel case, the
Superior Court rejected the argument made by Susquehanna County
Services for Children and Youth that there was additional
information provided to the Superior Court in a brief that was
sufficient for a search warrant, saying that the petition itself
must allege those facts. Petition to Compel, supra, at 378.
Here, any additional information was provided by way of
testimony and evidence at the time of the hearing on the matter
when this Court was making its determinations on the matter.
Thus, this information is distinguishable from the information
16 N. T. 1/30/15 P. 29-34.
17 In this Court's opinion, the fact that the children were removed from the
Palmerton School District at a time when the Carbon County Office of Children
and Youth Services wanted to question them about the home suggests "something
to hide" relating to the condition of the home.
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provided in the brief submitted to the Superior Court in the
Petition to Compel case.
In the alternative, if the probable cause can only be found
based on the facts averred in the petitions, this Court still
finds that there was sufficient information for probable cause
to exist. The report to the Carbon County Office of Children
and Youth Services was regarding the condition and cleanliness
of the home. The petitions detailed the condition of the
exterior of the home, which included a boarded up window inside
of the home, which was clearly visible from outside. The
petitions included information from the caseworker's interviews
with the children. The petitions also identified the
unwillingness of the natural parents to allow the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services into the home. This Court
finds that this information, in and of itself, would be
sufficient to justify the probable cause necessary for an order
permitting the Carbon County Office of Children and Youth
Services to enter the home of the W's to conduct their
investigation as required by the CPSL.
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II. Appellant's Claim of a "Bua Sponte" Act by this Court
Again, while there does not appear to be case law directly
on point relating to this matter, there are similar cases this
Court can draw from in this matter. In Brooks-Gall v. Gall, the
Superior Court, when dealing with a trial court sua sponte
removing children from their parents' custody following a
Protection from Abuse hearing, stated "we are instructed by our
decisions in cases where we have reversed trial court orders in
which a court has sua sponte adjudicated children dependent or
altered custody orders without providing the necessary hearings
or following the required procedures. 11 840 A.2d 993, 996 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 2003) (emphasis added).
In Brooks-Gall and in each of the three (3) cases cited by
the Superior Court in support of their decisions, the issue the
court found troubling was that the parties "were not presented
with notice or an opportunity to present testimony or argue
against the children's placement into state custody. 11 Id. at
997. This resulted, in the Superior Court's opinion, in a
violation of the parents' due process rights. Id.
Turning to the matter sub judice, this Court finds that it
can draw from the Superior Court's opinions in supporting the
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ruling that is now up for appeal. Just as in Petition to
Compel, the Carbon County Office of Children and Youth Services
received a report of potential abuse or neglect, attempted to
conduct a home visit, and were refused. Similarly, petitions
were brought before this Court to compel the homeowners to
permit Children and Youth into the home.10
Further, this Court feels this instant matter can be
differentiated from cases like Brooks-Gall. In Brooks-Gall, for
example, the parents went before the trial court for a PFA, and
the judge determined the children were being used as pawns in a
custody matter. Here, Appellant was presented with notice and
u As stated above, the ambiguity in the statutory language as to what
constitutes an "appropriate court proceeding" is part of the issue this Court
had to decide. Although the petitions filed were formally called "Petitions
for Dependency", the testimony at the hearing on these petitions show that
the intended goal of the Carbon County Office of Children and Youth Services
was merely for this Court to order Appellant to cooperate with the agency.
At one point, counsel for Children and Youth stated "Weare just asking for
cooperation from the parents. we are not asking to remove these kids from
the home. We wouldn't have even filed the dependency petition if the parents
were cooperative in the first place. 11
(N.T. 1/30/15 P. 63). Counsel
later reiterated their intent in filing the petition, saying "[s]o the agency
is just looking for cooperation from the parents. I believe in other cases
like this, Your Honor has continued the matter, ordered the parents to
cooperate, and then we can dismiss the dependency at the end of it. Again,
we are just looking for cooperation so we can close this out." Id. at 64.
When further questioned by this Court as to whether a formal petition for
dependency was the proper vehicle for this request, counsel for Children and
Youth stated "the way the regulations are set up, I believe this is our
avenue or means of relief to complete our investigation. If we are unable to
get into the home to complete the investigation, that would mean we would
have safety concerns, meaning that we would need to file a dependency
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opportunity to present testimony, with regards to both
dependency and the Carbon County Office of Children and Youth
Services' attempts to enter the home. The box checked on the
Petitions for Dependency reads in part "a determination that
there is a lack of proper parental care may be based upon
evidence of conduct by the parent, guardian, or custodian that
places the heal th, safety, or welfare at risk. II 19 The
reasons for the petitions being filed, as listed above,
specifically put Appellant on notice that the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services' main concern was with the
condition of the home, along with the caseworkers two (2)
attempts to visit the home and her phone call where she spoke
with the mother and informed the parents of both the Office's
need to conduct such an investigation, and their reason for
filing these Petitions for Dependency.
This was not, in this Court's opinion, a matter so separate
from the dependency that Appellant did not have notice or
opportunity to argue against such an order. The Petitions for
Dependency, along with the testimony of the caseworker, show
petition in order to remedy those concerns. That is my understanding of the
way that this works and that is why we filed the petitions." Id. at 67.
19 Petitions for Dependency (P. 3) (emphasis added).
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that Appellant was clearly aware of what the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services was attempting to do when
they filed these actions. The Carbon County Office of Children
and Youth Services not being able to investigate the conditions
of the home, when the alleged conditions of the home may form
the basis for a possible Adjudication of Dependency, is contrary
to the intent and language of the CPSL. Therefore, in looking
at the substance of the Petitions for Dependency, this Court
feels that while there may not have been sufficient evidence to
adjudicate the children dependent, ordering that the Carbon
County Off ice of Children and Youth Services be permitted to
enter the home to complete their investigation, based on
sufficient probable cause, is not an erroneous, sua sponte,
action. The ultimate goal sought by the Carbon County Office of
Children and Youth Services was the same as that issued by this
Court, the goal of which was properly noticed to Appellant, who
had the opportunity to defend it.
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CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, this Court respectfully recommends
that the March 5, 2015 Orders directing that the Carbon County
Office of Children and Youth Services be permitted to enter
Appellant's home be affirmed.
BY THE COURT:
~~-
Jo~. Matika, J.
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