University of Texas at Arlington v. Sandra Williams and Steve Williams

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
════════════
NO. 13-0338
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UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON, PETITIONER,
v.

SANDRA WILLIAMS AND STEVE WILLIAMS, RESPONDENTS
══════════════════════════════════════════════════
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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JUSTICE BOYD, concurring.

Legend has it that Midas secured his father’s ox cart to a hitching post in ancient

Phrygia using a knot that only the future king of all of Asia could untie. The insoluble

Gordian Knot held fast for centuries, and even Alexander the Great could not unwind its

woven strands of bark. 1 I think Midas would have been quite proud of the Texas

recreational use statute and its definition of the word “recreation.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE §§ 75.001(3), .002(e).

1
See, e.g., Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Nat’l Park Med. Ctr., Inc., 154 F.3d 812, 818 n.3 (8th Cir.
1998) (citing FUNK AND WAGNALLS STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FOLKLORE, MYTHOLOGY, AND LEGEND 460
(Maria Leach ed., Funk & Wagnalls 1972) and BULFINCH’S MYTHOLOGY 44 (Richard P. Martin ed., 1991));
Carl Michael Szabo, Thwack!! Take That, User-Generated Content!: Marvel Enterprises v. NCSoft, 62 FED.
COMM. L. J. 541, 543 n.6 (2010) (citing Lynn E. Roller, Midas and the Gordian Knot, 3 CLASSICAL
ANTIQUITY 256 (1984)); Jim Chen, The Midas Touch, 7 MINN. J. L. SCI. & TECH. i nn.1–2 (2005) (citing
THOMAS BULFINCH, BULFINCH’S MYTHOLOGY: ILLUSTRATED EDITION 46–48 (1979) and 2 W.W. TARN,
ALEXANDER THE GREAT 262 (1948)); Joseph H. King, Jr., The Misbegotten Libel-Proof Plaintiff Doctrine
and the “Gordian Knot” Syndrome, 29 HOFSTRA L. REV. 343, 343–44 (2000) (citing Zbigniew Herbert, The
Gordian Knot, KENYON REV. 34 (Summer 1984) (John Carpenter & Bogdana Carpenter trans.)); Edward J.
Imwinkelried, The Gordian Knot of the Treatment of Secondhand Facts Under Federal Rule of Evidence 703
Governing the Admissibility of Expert Opinions: Another Conflict Between Logic and Law, 3 U. DENV. CRIM.
L. REV. 1, 28 (2013) (citing JOHN MAXWELL O’BRIEN, ALEXANDER THE GREAT: THE INVISIBLE ENEMY: A
BIOGRAPHY 69 (1992)).

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 The Court makes a valiant effort to determine what qualifies under the statute as

“any other activity associated with enjoying nature or the outdoors.” Id. § 75.001(3)(L).

For the reasons JUSTICE DEVINE explains in the plurality opinion, I agree that the doctrine

of ejusdem generis requires us to construe that phrase to include only activities that are

“similar in type” to the specific activities the statute lists. Ante at ___. But the plurality

never defines what that “type” is, nor can it, because it is not possible to fit all of the listed

activities into any particular “type.” I agree with JUSTICE JOHNSON that we cannot say, as

the plurality seems to suggest, that the “type” of activities listed are only those that:

- use the property “in its natural state,” ante at ___, because the statute expressly
defines “premises” to include “buildings” and “structures” 2 and lists several
activities that often involve improvements like pools (swimming), cabins
(camping), ramps (boating), tables (picnicking), and roads (“pleasure driving”
and bicycling);3

- are not a sport, or a team sport, or even a competitive team sport, ante at ___,
because the list includes several activities that can be all of these, like fishing,
swimming, boating, water sports, bicycling, and disc golf;4

- do not involve “spectating,” ante at ___, because the list includes “bird-
watching” and other activities in which much of the enjoyment often derives
from what the participant observes, like boating, camping, picnicking, hiking,
pleasure driving, and cave exploration;5 or

- focus on “that part of the physical world that is removed from human
habitation,” ante at __, as opposed to a “celebration of organized human
activity,” ante at __, because the list includes activities that are often enjoyed
among groups of people and in areas where people live and gather, like dog-
walking, hockey, and roller-skating.6

2
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 75.001(2).

3
Id. § 75.001(3)(C)–(F), (H), (M).

4
Id. § 75.001(3)(B)–(D), (K), (M)–(N).

5
Id. § 75.001(3)(D)–(J).

6
Id. §§ 75.001(3)(O), 75.002(e)(1), (2).

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 Despite the plurality’s admirable efforts, it is simply not possible to describe a

“type” of activity that includes things as varied as swimming, disc golf, dog-walking, and

hockey, but does not include every activity “associated with enjoying nature or the

outdoors”—which would include spectating at an outdoor competitive sporting event.

I am therefore sympathetic to JUSTICE JOHNSON’s conclusion that “[t]he Legislature

has not specified that . . . the activities must be for enjoying the outdoors in limited, certain

ways[.]” Post at ___. But I cannot reach that conclusion because it ignores both the rule of

ejusdem generis and the reality that people can enjoy doing almost anything outdoors.

Applying the rule of ejusdem generis, I cannot conclude that “recreation” includes eating

on the patio at a local restaurant, walking from one store to the next at an outlet mall, or

driving to work with the top down or windows open, even though “enjoyment of nature or

the outdoors” is “integral to the enjoyment of th[e] activity.” Ante at ___. Nor could I

conclude that a person who “enjoys” mowing the lawn is engaged in “recreation” but a

person who considers it to be an undesirable chore is not. Like the plurality, I conclude that

the statute limits the meaning of “recreation,” but like JUSTICE JOHNSON, I conclude that

the statute provides no clear guidance as to what those limits are.

JUSTICE GUZMAN, meanwhile, would narrow our focus from the broader purpose

of the outing to “the particular activity the plaintiff was engaging in at the time of the

injury.” Ante at ___. Although the plaintiff in this case was at a stadium to watch her

daughter play soccer, she was actually injured “while attempting to acquire and sign forms

authorizing a high school to release her daughter” after the game had ended. Ante at ___.

Our decision in City of Bellmead v. Torres provides some support for JUSTICE GUZMAN’s

conclusion that we must focus on the more narrow activity, 89 S.W.3d 611, 614 (Tex.

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2002), but the statute does not support her application of that principle here. In my view,

JUSTICE GUZMAN’s application of Bellmead ultimately ignores both the statute’s reference

to any activity “associated with” enjoying the outdoors and the reality that every

“recreational” activity includes more mundane actions that are only “incident to” or

“temporally related to,” ante at ___, but may not themselves qualify as, “enjoying nature

or the outdoors.” I would conclude, for example, that a camper is still camping when he’s

walking to the park office to renew his permit to stay another night, a boater is still boating

when she’s tying the boat up to the dock, and a hunter is still hunting when he’s climbing

out of the blind to grab another drink from the cooler, even though these are only

“temporally related,” rather than “closely connected,” and may “have no actual connection

to an individual’s enjoyment of nature or the outdoors.” Ante at ___.

Each of my colleagues’ opinions in this case represents a diligent and reasoned

effort to make sense of the recreational use statute, but I ultimately conclude that the statute

cannot be sensibly applied, at least without the aid of additional canons of statutory

construction. Alexander the Great himself could not figure this one out. Instead, I suspect

he would do what legend says he did with Gordian’s Knot: he would unsheathe his sword

and be done with it.7

Fortunately, we have a sword that is custom-made for a statute like this one. As we

have repeatedly explained, “if a statute . . . deprives a person of a common law right, the

statute will be strictly construed in the sense that it will not be extended beyond its plain

meaning or applied to cases not clearly within its purview.” Satterfield v. Satterfield, 448

7
See supra note 1.

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S.W.2d 456, 459 (Tex. 1969).8 “Of course, statutes can modify common law rules, but

before we construe one to do so, we must look carefully to be sure that was what the

Legislature intended.” Energy Serv. Co. of Bowie v. Superior Snubbing Servs., Inc., 236

S.W.3d 190, 194 (Tex. 2007). Because statutes abrogating common law causes of action

are disfavored, we will apply them only when there is “a clear repugnance between the

common law and statutory causes of action.” Cash Am. Int’l Inc. v. Bennett, 35 S.W.3d 12,

16 (Tex. 2000).

As the plurality notes, the recreational use statute “effectively immunizes the

landowner or occupant from ordinary negligence claims[.]” Ante at ___. Because the

statute deprives invitees of their common law right to recover for injuries caused by a

landowner’s negligence, and instead permits them to recover only upon proof of gross

negligence, malicious intent, or bad faith, see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 75.002(d),

we must strictly construe it and apply it only to cases that are “clearly within its purview.”

Satterfield, 448 S.W.2d at 459 (emphasis added). As the Court’s varying opinions here

demonstrate, this case is not “clearly within [the] purview” of the statute. I would therefore

hold that the statute does not apply. I would not hold, however, that the statute can never

apply to a case involving an activity that the statute does not list as an example of

“recreation.” It may be, for example, that jogging, rock-climbing, or rappelling “clearly

8
See Sw. Bell Tel., L.P. v. Harris Cnty. Toll Rd. Auth., 282 S.W.3d 59, 64 (Tex. 2009); Smith v.
Sewell, 858 S.W.2d 350, 354 (Tex. 1993); Dutcher v. Owens, 647 S.W.2d 948, 951 (Tex. 1983). JUSTICE
JOHNSON declines to apply this canon of construction in part because no party has argued “a question of
the . . . statute’s constitutionality or the effect of its impairment of a common law right.” Post at ___. But this
canon does not apply only when there are constitutional challenges, and it is the proper practice of this Court
to rely on applicable canons whenever we “cannot discern legislative intent in the language of the statute
itself.” Tex. Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 639 (Tex. 2010). A party does
not “waive” the applicability of a canon of construction by failing to raise it, and if our goal is to correctly
determine the meaning of an ambiguous statute, we cannot refuse to rely on our guiding principles simply
because no one asks us to do so.

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[fits] within [the] purview” of an “activity associated with enjoying nature or the outdoors,”

as limited by the doctrine of ejusdem generis, but we cannot decide that issue here. What

we must decide here is whether spectating at a soccer game or retrieving a child after the

game fits that description, and since it does not do so clearly, I would hold that the statute

does not apply.

I must address one final point, however, regarding a different “sword” that

potentially clashes with the one I apply here. When, as here, the defendant is a

governmental unit that enjoys sovereign immunity, see Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at

San Antonio v. Bailey, 332 S.W.3d 395, 397 n.5 (Tex. 2001) (“State universities and their

component entities are governmental entities within the meaning of the Texas Tort Claims

Act.”), the recreational use statute limits the scope of the Tort Claims Act’s waiver of

immunity. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 101.021(2) (providing that governmental

units are liable for “personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of . . . real

property”), 101.025(a) (waiving immunity “to the extent of liability created by this

chapter”), 101.058 (providing that the recreational use statute controls “[t]o the extent that

[it] limits the liability of a governmental unit under circumstances in which the

governmental unit would be liable”). In this sense, the recreational use statute defines the

extent of the waiver of immunity, and “[w]e have repeatedly affirmed that any purported

statutory waiver of sovereign immunity should be strictly construed in favor of retention

of immunity.” Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500, 513 (Tex. 2012). It

could thus be argued that we should construe and apply the statute broadly, rather than

narrowly, to minimize the extent of the statutory waiver and maximize the extent to which

the governmental unit retains its immunity. Cf. In re Smith, 333 S.W.3d 582, 587 (Tex.

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2011) (explaining that “a statutory waiver of sovereign immunity must be construed

narrowly” and “must be clear and unambiguous”) (citing Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist.

v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 655 (Tex. 2008); Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106

S.W.3d 692, 697 (Tex. 2003); TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.034).

I conclude, however, that the canon we announced in Satterfield prevails here for

at least three reasons. First, we are construing the recreational use statute in this case, not

the Tort Claims Act, and because the recreational use statute applies to all owners, lessees,

and occupants of real property, including private parties as well as governmental units, see

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 75.002(a), .003(c), its primary effect is to abrogate a

common law cause of action. Creating an exception to the Tort Claims Act’s waiver of

sovereign immunity is only a secondary effect resulting from that Act’s incorporation of

the statute by reference. Second, the recreational use statute expressly states that it does

not “create liability” or “waive immunity,” and that it controls over any conflict with the

Tort Claims Act. See id. § 75.003(d), (f). And third, in my view, the canon of construction

that requires courts to narrowly construe a statute that waives immunity does not also

require courts to broadly construe separate statutes that provide exceptions to the waiver

as a secondary effect.

In summary, consistent with our well-established canons of construction, I would

hold that the recreational use statute does not apply here because it deprives the claimant

of a common law right and the claimant’s activities at issue here are not “clearly within

[the statute’s] purview.” I thus concur in the Court’s judgment affirming the court of

appeals’ judgment, but for the different reasons I have explained.

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 _____________________
Jeffrey S. Boyd
Justice

Opinion delivered: March 20, 2015.

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