Opinion issued November 1, 2007
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
____________
NO. 01-05-00218-CV
____________
WASIM AHMED SHEIKH, Appellant
V.
SHAMA SHEIKH, Appellee
On Appeal from 311th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2004-02532
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Wasim Ahmed Sheikh, appeals from a decree of divorce dissolving the marriage between himself and appellee, Shama Sheikh. That decree divided the parties’ property, made an owelty award to Shama, and also awarded Shama $330,000 in separate tort damages for assault and fraud on her person by Wasim. We determine whether the trial court abused its discretion (1) in dividing the marital estate as it did and (2) in awarding tort damages to Shama. We affirm.
Background
Wasim and Shama married in Pakistan in March 1985. The couple moved to New York City in 1989, where Wasim began his residency and eventually worked in a hospital emergency room. Shama did not work outside the home. They had three children, who were 13, 14, and 17 years old at the time of trial in October 2004. The family moved to Houston in 1999. Wasim continued his emergency-room work out of town part of the week and maintained a private practice, which he began in 2001, in Houston the rest of the week.
Shama presented evidence that, throughout their entire marriage, Wasim sexually and physically assaulted her, sometimes in front of the children, and also physically abused the children. She also presented evidence that, over a 10-year period, Wasim did not report as income large sums of cash that he earned through various means and that, against her will, he sent $2,090,000 of this cash to his extended family living in Virginia and in Pakistan. She also presented evidence that Wasim committed adultery before they were separated. Wasim denied these allegations and produced controverting evidence.
The couple separated in December 2003, after Wasim assaulted and choked Shama until she blacked out. On January 21, 2004, Shama applied for (and quickly obtained) protective orders to protect her and the children from Wasim and filed suit for divorce, eventually alleging insupportability, cruel treatment by Wasim, and Wasim’s adultery as grounds. She sought a disproportionate division of community property, alleging in support, among other grounds, Wasim’s fault in the break-up, his fraud on the community, his wasting of community assets, and gifts that he had made during the marriage. Shama also asserted the following as tort claims: assault, intentional infliction of emotional distress, breach of fiduciary duty, actual and constructive fraud, waste of assets, fraudulent transfers of community property, economic duress, monies had and received, and conversion. Shama sought actual and exemplary damages; an equitable accounting; an audit from Wasim and of Highland Medical Center, P.A.; a receivership of Sheik & Sheik Investments, Inc. and Al-Karim International, Inc.; and costs and attorney’s fees. Wasim counter-petitioned for divorce, alleging cruel treatment by Shama.
The case was tried to the court in October 2004. The trial court rendered its first decree in December 2004. Wasim moved for new trial, which the trial court denied in all aspects except for one that is not relevant to Wasim’s complaints on appeal. Thereafter, in March 2005, the trial court vacated the December 2004 decree and rendered a new final decree. In its March 2005 final decree, the trial court, among other things, (1) divided the marital estate disproportionately; (2) awarded Shama an owelty judgment of $632,000 to equalize the property division; (3) awarded Shama $330,000 in actual damages against Wasim on her claims of assault and actual fraud against her personally; (4) denied Shama’s request for exemplary damages; (5) denied her claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress; (6) and denied all relief not expressly granted. The trial court entered original and supplemental findings of fact and conclusions of law. Wasim appeals.
Standards of Review Applicable to All Challenges
A. Standards of Review for Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
Findings of fact in a case tried to the court have the same force and dignity as a jury’s verdict upon jury questions. City of Clute v. City of Lake Jackson, 559 S.W.2d 391, 395 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1977, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The trial court’s findings of fact are not conclusive when, as here, we have a complete reporter’s record. Middleton v. Kawasaki Steel Corp., 687 S.W.2d 42, 44 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1985), writ ref’d n.r.e., 699 S.W.2d 199 (Tex. 1985). The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewable for legal- and factual-sufficiency of the evidence using the same standards that are applied in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence underlying jury findings. Vannerson v. Vannerson, 857 S.W.2d 659, 667 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). In contrast, we review conclusions of law de novo. See BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002).
B. Standards of Review for Sufficiency Challenges
When, as here, an appellant attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue for which he did not have the burden of proof, he must demonstrate that there is no evidence to support the adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). Such a no-evidence challenge will be sustained when “‘(a) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.’” King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003) (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)).
In our legal-sufficiency review, “we must view the evidence in a light that tends to support the finding of disputed fact and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex. 2003). Nonetheless, “[t]he final test for legal sufficiency must always be whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. . . . [L]egal-sufficiency review in the proper light must credit favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005).
In reviewing a factual-sufficiency challenge to a fact finder’s finding on an issue on which the appellant did not have the burden of proof, we consider and weigh all of the evidence and set aside the judgment only if the evidence that supports the challenged finding is so weak as to make the judgment clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). We must examine both the evidence supporting and that contrary to the judgment. See Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001); Plas-Tex, Inc. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989).
The fact finder is the sole judge of witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony, and the fact finder may choose to believe one witness over another. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 819 (legal sufficiency); Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003) (factual sufficiency). Because it is the fact finder’s province to resolve conflicting evidence, we must assume that the fact finder resolved all evidentiary conflicts in accordance with its decision if a reasonable human being could have done so. See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 820 (legal sufficiency); Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 761 (factual sufficiency). An appellate court may not impose its own opinion to the contrary of the fact finder’s implicit credibility determinations. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 819 (legal sufficiency); Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 761 (factual sufficiency).
Division of Marital Property
In 14 issues, Wasim argues that the trial court abused its discretion in dividing the parties’ marital property.
A. The Law
“In a decree of divorce or annulment, the court shall order a division of the estate of the parties in a manner that the court deems just and right, having due regard for the rights of each party and any children of the marriage.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 7.001 (Vernon 2006). “The trial court may make an unequal division of the marital property if there is a reasonable basis for doing so.” O’Connor v. O’Connor, No. 01-06-00445-CV, 2007 WL 1440990, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 17, 2007, no pet.). “The division of property must not be so disproportionate as to be inequitable, and the circumstances must justify awarding more than one-half to one party.” Hailey v. Hailey, 176 S.W.3d 374, 380 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.). Some factors that courts have identified as relevant to division of the marital estate include (1) the parties’ education; (2) their relative earning capacities; (3) the size of their separate estates; (4) the community property’s nature; (5) the parties’ age, health, and physical condition; (6) any fault in breaking up the marriage; (7) the benefits that the innocent spouse would have derived from the marriage’s continuation; and (8) the probable need for future support. Id. at 380 & n.5. The court may also consider in its property division (1) any attorney’s fees that it may decide to award either party and (2) the parties’ own use of community funds to pay their attorney’s fees. Grossnickle v. Grossnickle, 935 S.W.2d 830, 846–47 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1996, writ denied).
It was Shama’s burden to show that Wasim transferred community property; if she carried that burden, then it became Wasim’s burden to show the transfer’s fairness. See in re Marriage of Notash, 118 S.W.3d 868, 873 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.).
B. The Standard of Review Applicable to Divisions of Marital Property
“We review the trial court’s property division for abuse of discretion.” O’Connor, 2007 WL 1440990, at *6. This discretion is broad. Raymond v. Raymond, 190 S.W.3d 77, 82 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). “The test of whether the trial court abused its discretion is whether the court acted arbitrarily or unreasonably, and without reference to any guiding principles.” Hailey, 176 S.W.3d at 380. “If the division of marital property lacks sufficient evidence in the record to support it, then the trial court’s division is an abuse of discretion.” Raymond, 190 S.W.3d at 83. Nonetheless, “[u]nder an abuse of discretion standard, legal and factual insufficiency are not independent reversible grounds of error but are rather relevant factors in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Mai v. Mai, 853 S.W.2d 615, 618 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ). If we find reversible error that materially affects the trial court’s just and right division of community property, we must remand the cause for a new division of the community estate. Jacobs v. Jacobs, 687 S.W.2d 731, 733 (Tex. 1985); Raymond, 190 S.W.3d at 82.
C. The Challenges
Wasim challenges three items awarded to him as part of the division of community property, i.e., in essence charged against his part of the community-property division: (1) half of the $2,090,000 that the trial court found that he had transferred to his family, (2) $75,000 in cash that he had taken from a safe in the family’s home, and (3) $72,500 in funds from a joint savings account.
1. Awards and Findings Based on Wasim’s Transferring $2,090,000 to His Family
a. Pertinent Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
The trial court’s relevant findings of fact were as follows. First, the trial court found that Wasim had, over about a 10-year period, transferred community funds in cash to his extended family members in the total amount of $2,090,000. The court’s findings of fact also incorporated the division of marital property from the decree, which in turn awarded Wasim half of that transferred amount—$1,045,000—as his own property. The trial court’s fact findings also recited that the trial court had considered, as part of the just and right division of community property and among other factors, Wasim’s fraud on the community estate and the owelty equalization judgment that it was awarding Shama. As for the owelty equalization award, the trial court recited, as a finding of fact that
[o]n the claims of conversion, money had in [sic] received, breach of fiduciary duty, economic duress, waste of assets, and fraudulent transfer of property, the court finds in favor of Shama Sheikh and against Dr. Wasim Ahmed Sheikh and has incorporated its findings of damages against Dr. Wasim Ahmed Sheikh in its owelty award in division of property and no separate award in tort is made by this court on these claims.
The trial court also found that a just and right division of the community estate included an owelty award of $632,000 in favor of Shama.
The trial court’s pertinent conclusions of law were as follows. First, the trial court recited that it had “ordered a division of the estate of the parties,” including the $1,045,000 award to Wasim and the owelty award to Shama (both of which took into account the monies that Wasim had transferred during the marriage), “in a manner that the court deem[ed] just and right, having due regard for the rights of each party and the children of the marriage.” Second, the trial court concluded that Shama was not a party to any fraud committed by Wasim.
b. Wasim’s Challenges
In issue one, Wasim argues that legally and factually insufficient evidence supports the trial court’s finding that he transferred $2,090,000 in community funds to his family. In issues two and three, Wasim argues that the trial court erred in awarding him half of this amount—$1,045,000—as his portion of the marital property because, in essence, legally or factually insufficient evidence supports the trial court’s related findings of fact. In issues three through five and seven through twelve, Wasim also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Shama an owelty of $632,000 because, in essence, legally and factually insufficient evidence underlies the findings of fact supporting the award.
c. Analysis
The relevant evidence, considered in the light required for a legal-sufficiency challenge, is as follows. Wasim’s reported monthly income, from his emergency-room and private practice, was $46,324.42 gross and over $24,500 net, which included about $1,000 to $2,000 each month in cash that his private-practice patients paid for insurance deductibles and co-pays. However, Shama testified that Wasim earned an additional $18,000 to $25,000 in cash from his private practice each month that he did not report, although this sum varied depending on how many patients Wasim saw each month. This additional, unreported, cash income came from “self-paid” patients of his private practice, for whom Wasim offered a special discounted rate. Wasim instructed Shama that cash payments made by self-paid patients were to be “kept separate” and “not to be declared as income.” Likewise, Wasim instructed one of his former office workers, Laura Wilson, not to make deposit slips for cash payments, but to place the cash in a drawer. To Wilson’s knowledge, the cash that she put aside during her two-month employment with Wasim was not reported.
Shama also testified that Wasim had earned additional, unreported cash before and after starting his private practice by
writing prescriptions for people and charging them cash. The prescription pads came from hospitals where he worked in the ER. He had brought in letterheads from those hospitals. He was selling that documentation to anyone who would be willing to buy that and present that in the American Consulate in Pakistan to show that this person has a medical need and they need to come here for treatment and that was a way they would get a visa on that. . . . Then he was also writing a lot of prescriptions for Viagra and other such stuff, controlled substance, prescriptions he was writing. He was also doing documentation for people who were either involved in auto accidents or other accidents stating that the pre-existing condition was actually the present condition.
Wasim kept the cash that was collected and not reported as income in the household safe, to which Shama did not have the combination. Not long before the parties separated, Wasim told Shama that the safe contained $75,000 in cash at that time, which was representative of the kinds of sums that Wasim would keep in the safe. Shama never had access to the cash.
Wasim sent this cash back home to his family in “great amount[s].” Shama calculated that, in total, Wasim sent the following sums to his extended family during the parties’ marriage:
●to Hamida Bano, his mother, in Pakistan (for residential property). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$350,000
●to Shahnaz Azhar and Azhar Hassan, his sister and brother-in-law, in Virginia (for residential property). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$400,000
●to Shaikh Nadeem Ahmed, his brother, in Pakistan (for commercial property). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$800,000
●to Shaikh Nadeem Ahmed, his brother, in Pakistan (for commercial real property). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $450,000
●to Ayesha and Ijaz Ahsan Durrani, his sister and brother-in-law, in Pakistan (for residential property). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$40,000
●to Fauzia, his sister, and her husband, in Pakistan (for residential property). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$50,000
Total: $2,090,000
Wasim also declared his parents as dependants on his income-tax statements for three years. Furthermore, although Wasim’s sister (to whom Shama alleged that Wasim gave $400,000) made only $8 per hour and her husband made around $40,000 annually, they purchased their home for $400,000, with $40,000 down and $360,000 in financing with no co-signers on the note, despite their modest incomes.
Shama got these totals from a small black diary in which Wasim noted all the transfers that he had made to his family over a 10-year period. Wasim kept the diary in his pocket except when he was showering; it was during these short periods that Shama would peek in the diary to write down figures. Shama never told Wasim that she looked in his diary. She had no photocopier in the house to copy the diary’s pages, and she was afraid that if she took the diary to copy it outside the house, Wasim would find out and kill her.
To transfer this cash, Wasim generally used a system called hawallah. Shama described hawallah as “money laundering by illegal means” and explained that it entailed the sender’s giving cash to a middle man; the middle man’s issuing the sender a check; the sender’s conveying the check to the recipient in Pakistan; and the recipient’s cashing the check in Pakistan to receive the cash. Whenever Shama was in the car with Wasim as he went to conduct a hawallah transaction, he would not allow her to accompany him inside where the transaction was made.
The cash that Wasim sent to his family in Pakistan was generally used to purchase properties. Although Shama asked that he place title to the properties that he was purchasing in Pakistan in one of their names, Wasim refused, saying that he did not have time to go to Pakistan to sign paperwork and that his family “wouldn’t mind giving [the properties] to the kids later on.” Shama produced what she testified were photographs of some of the Pakistani properties that her husband had purchased for his family members. Shama testified that Wasim’s brother and sister-in-law had shown her these properties when she had visited Pakistan in 2001. Finally, Shama produced an e-mail, dated December 24, 2003, from Wasim to his nephew, which recited, “I think you should get the 1 canal residential plot and a commercial plot. Check all the details and tell me how much is the total cost on the purchase. Right now I will sent [sic] $75000/ - to Baji and then she can send it to you. If you need more let me know.”
Wasim told Shama that he “was investing all of his money back home” in Pakistan because “[h]e was planning to go back one day because conditions over here were not so good for Pakistani people.” When Shama questioned him about his motives, Wasim would angrily tell her that “it was his money and he can do whatever he wants to do with it.” Shama did not approve of or consent to these gifts of monies for the benefit of Wasim’s family. She also did not have access to the $2,090,000 that Wasim transferred to his family.
The above is some evidence that Wasim transferred $2,090,000 cash from the community’s assets to his extended family without Shama’s approval. Contrary to Wasim’s arguments on appeal, any lack of documentation supporting Shama’s testimony did not render her testimony incompetent or of no evidentiary value, even though she was an interested witness; rather, the absence of such corroborating documentation went instead to her testimony’s credibility and the weight to be accorded it—matters that we may not consider in a legal-sufficiency review. See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 827 (providing that, in legal-sufficiency review, appellate court may not reweigh evidence or make credibility determinations); see also Greenway Bank & Trust of Houston v. Smith, 679 S.W.2d 592, 597–98 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (providing that “[t]he uncorroborated testimony of an interested witness is not binding upon a jury, but merely raises an issue of fact” and that jury is “free to reject an interested witness’ uncorroborated testimony by observation of his demeanor, attitude, and similar factors incapable of reproduction in the written record.”) (emphasis added); Kirtley v. Kirtley, 417 S.W.2d 847, 853 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1967, writ dism’d w.o.j.) (in divorce case in which property division was appealed, recognizing that “[g]enerally the testimony of an interested party, when not corroborated, does not conclusively establish a fact even when uncontradicted, but only raises an issue of fact for a jury.”) (emphasis added). Our conclusion and this authority is in accord with the rules concerning interested witnesses’ testimony generally. See In re Doe 4, 19 S.W.3d 322, 325 (Tex. 2000) (“[T]rial courts . . . are given great latitude in believing or disbelieving a witness’s testimony, particularly when the witness is interested in the outcome.”); Gevinson v. Manhattan Constr. Co. of Ok., 449 S.W.2d 458, 467 (Tex. 1969) (“The general rule is that evidence given by an interested witness, even though uncontradicted, presents an issue to be determined by the trier of fact.”); Cochran v. Wool Growers Cent. Storage Co., 140 Tex. 184, 191, 166 S.W.2d 904, 908 (1942) (“It is the general rule that the testimony of an interested witness . . . , though not contradicted, does no more than raise a fact issue to be determined by the jury.”). We thus hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the complained-of findings.
Wasim’s factual-sufficiency challenge is based on the following evidence, which is viewed in a neutral light:
1.Wasim testified that, from 1990 through July 1997, he earned in the $30,000 range annually, most of which was spent supporting his family in New York City.
2.Wasim testified that, for the entire period from 1998 to the time of trial in October 2004, his combined, total income was $2,162,000 before taxes.
3.Wasim testified that, during that eight-year period, he supported his family and bought cars and a home in Houston.
4.Wasim began his private practice in June 2002. He began with few patients, from which he argues on appeal that he could not have generated enough cash payments to send $2,090,000 to his family.
5.Wasim denied having sent money to his sister in Virginia. So did his sister. He also denied having sent money to his family in Pakistan other than $22,500, some of which represented Ramadan tithe money that he sent to be distributed in Pakistan to the poor. Shama admitted that the only written documentation of cash transfers to Pakistan was the documentation for these $22,500 in transfers.
6.Wasim testified that the December 24, 2003 e-mail from him to his nephew was simply the nephew’s query as to whether Wasim wanted to purchase property in Pakistan. Wasim denied having invested money in real estate in Pakistan.
7.Shama admitted that most patients of Wasim’s private practice paid their insurance co-payments by check or credit card, rather than by cash.
8.Wasim denied ever having failed to report any income that he had received from any source, including cash payments made by his patients.
9.Wasim also denied ever having heard of hawallah or having used it to transfer money to his family in Pakistan. Shama never produced the hawallah middle man at trial.
In sum, Wasim relies on this evidence to demonstrate that the $2,090,000 of community funds that the trial court found that he had diverted “never existed and [was] never diverted.”
Much of the evidence on which Wasim relies is simply evidence that the trial court could have either believed or rejected. The trial court evidently rejected it in favor of Shama’s testimony. That credibility call was for the trial court to make and not for this Court to second-guess. See Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 761. Wasim’s factual-sufficiency argument also stands on his conclusion that the total amount of his reported income, less taxes and expenses, for the last 10 years would not have allowed him to send over $2 million to his family. However, Shama’s testimony was that Wasim took in large sums of unreported income, on which he did not pay taxes, over an approximately 10-year period. The trial court was within its discretion in believing Shama’s testimony that that unreported income was substantial and was what Wasim used to make the $2,090,000 in transfers to his family. The lack of documentary evidence for Shama’s testimony went to her credibility and the weight to be given her testimony, not to its competency. See Smith, 679 S.W.2d at 597–98; Kirtley, 417 S.W.2d at 853. We hold that the cited evidence does not render Shama’s contrary evidence so weak as to make the findings of fact or the judgment manifestly unjust. Neither would the cited evidence render the findings of fact or the judgment against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, even if that were the proper standard of review for this adverse finding. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176 (providing that, in reviewing factual-sufficiency challenge to finding, like that here, on issue for which appellant did not have burden of proof, appellate court sets aside judgment only if evidence that supports challenged finding is so weak as to make judgment clearly wrong and manifestly unjust).
According to Wasim’s calculations on appeal, and including the $1,045,000 awarded to Wasim and the $632,000 in owelty awarded to Shama, the trial court awarded net community assets of $1,444,726.91 to Wasim and of $1,242,374.67 to Shama. Also according to Wasim’s calculations on appeal, this was a division of 53.76% in favor of Wasim and of 46.24% in favor of Shama. Besides his arguments concerning the legal- and factual-sufficiency of the evidence underlying the trial court’s finding that Wasim transferred $2,090,000 to his family, which we have already overruled, Wasim does not otherwise explain how this percentage division is not just and right. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dividing the parties’ estate as it did.
We overrule issues one through five and seven through twelve.
2. Awards and Findings Based on Wasim’s Taking $75,000 from the Household Safe
In its decree, the trial court awarded Wasim, as part of the division of marital property, $75,000 in cash that was kept in a household safe, that had disappeared after suit was filed and before trial, and that Shama contended that Wasim had sent to his family. The court’s findings of fact incorporated the division of marital property from the decree, which in turn listed this asset, its value, and its award to Wasim. The trial court’s pertinent conclusion of law was that it had “ordered a division of the estate of the parties,” including this asset, “in a manner that the court deem[ed] just and right, having due regard for the rights of each party and the children of the marriage.”
In issue 13, Wasim argues that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding him this $75,000 because the $75,000 never existed. In support of this argument, Wasim also contends that legally and factually insufficient evidence underlies the trial court’s relevant findings.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s findings, we note that Shama testified that (1) Wasim did not report many cash payments that he received in his private practice and otherwise; (2) he kept those unreported funds in the safe in the house; (3) he told Shama that he had $75,000 cash in the household safe soon before the couple separated; (4) she did not have the combination to the safe; and (5) he took the safe’s contents after suit was filed and did not give her an accounting of what he did with the money therein. She also testified that he “would send [cash] back home to his family” in large amounts. Finally, the December 24, 2003 e-mail from Wasim to his nephew recited, “I think you should get the 1 canal residential plot and a commercial plot. Check all the details and tell me how much is the total cost on the purchase. Right now I will sent [sic] $75000/ - to Baji and then she can send it to you. If you need more let me know.”
We hold that this is some evidence, when viewed in the required light, that Wasim kept unreported, community, cash earnings in the home safe; that he removed the cash from the safe shortly after suit was filed; that the cash in the safe at that time totaled $75,000; that that money may have been sent soon thereafter to his family in Pakistan; and that, in any event, Shama never received any of that cash or consented to its disposition. We thus hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the findings relating to the disposition of this $75,000.
The gist of Wasim’s factual-sufficiency challenge is that the only evidence of the $75,000 came from “the mouth of the wife,” without supporting documentation, and that although Shama testified that she did not receive any of these monies, “we never hear anything else about” them. This is, in essence, an argument that Shama’s testimony was not credible and that no or little weight should be accorded it. Contrary to Wasim’s implicit request, we cannot consider matters of credibility or second-guess the weight that the fact finder accorded the evidence in either a legal- or a factual-sufficiency challenge. See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 827 (legal sufficiency); Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 761 (factual sufficiency). Shama’s testimony alone would have sufficed to establish the existence and disposition of the $75,000. But her testimony was not unsupported: she also produced the e-mail from Wasim to his nephew, dated shortly before suit was filed, in which Wasim stated that he was sending $75,000 and in which he discussed the purchase of property. Although corroborating evidence was not necessary for Shama’s testimony to constitute some evidence, this e-mail did corroborate it. We hold that the evidence supporting the relevant findings is not so weak as to make the judgment clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. We thus further hold that the evidence is not factually insufficient to support the relevant findings.
Given that the evidence supporting the trial court’s relevant findings was neither legally nor factually insufficient, and the fact that Wasim does not explain how the trial court otherwise might have abused its discretion regarding this asset, we also hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dividing this asset as it did. We overrule issue 13.
3. Awards and Findings Based on Wasim’s Taking $72,500 from an ING Joint Savings Account
In its decree, the trial court awarded Wasim, as part of the division of marital property, $72,500 that Wasim had transferred pretrial from an ING joint savings account into his personal account and for which Shama alleged at trial that she had not received an accounting. The trial court’s findings of fact incorporated the division of marital property from the decree, which in turn listed this asset, its value, and its award to Wasim. In its findings, the trial court also recited that the factors that it had considered in making a just and right division of the parties’ community estate were, in part, Wasim’s fraud on the community; the benefits that the innocent spouse (Shama) might have derived from the continuance of the marriage; disparity of the spouses’ earning power and their ability to support themselves; the spouses’ education and future employability; the community’s indebtedness and liabilities; the spouses’ earning power, business opportunities, capacities, and abilities; the spouses’ need for future support; the nature of the property divided; and “attorney’s fees to be paid.” The trial court’s pertinent conclusion of law was that it had “ordered a division of the estate of the parties,” including this asset, “in a manner that the court deem[ed] just and right, having due regard for the rights of each party and the children of the marriage.”
In issue 14, Wasim argues that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding to him this $72,500 because much of that amount had already been expended on Shama’s former attorney’s fees and for her support. In support of this argument, Wasim also contends that legally and factually insufficient evidence underlies the trial court’s relevant findings.
Wasim admitted below that he withdrew $72,500 from the ING joint savings account on January 14, 2004 and deposited it into a personal account under his name only. Although Shama testified that Wasim did not give her an accounting of the funds that he had withdrawn from this account, she clarified on cross-examination that she had meant only that Wasim had not accounted to her for those funds. In fact, at trial, Wasim produced a letter from his attorney to Shama’s attorney, dated three months before trial, in which his attorney gave an accounting of the $72,500 from this account: (1) $40,000 of it was paid to Wasim’s former attorneys (Cooper & Scully for $15,000) and his current ones (Conner & Lindamood for $25,000), (2) $25,000 of it was paid to Shama’s former attorneys (Short & Jenkins), and (3) $9,000 was paid to Shama as her first support payment. This letter was admitted into evidence, it was supported by Wasim’s testimony, the correctness of the letter’s accounting was not disputed by Shama when she was cross-examined on it, and Shama does not attack the letter’s veracity on appeal. Therefore, the evidence conclusively shows that the $72,500 that Wasim transferred from this account was spent on his former and present attorney’s fees, Shama’s former attorney’s fees, and Shama’s support payment. That is, the evidence conclusively demonstrates that the portion of this joint account that was paid to or on behalf of Shama was $32,500 ($25,000 for her former attorney’s fees, plus $7,500 of $9,000 paid to her for support).
Nonetheless, we hold that Wasim has not demonstrated that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding the $72,500 from this account to Wasim in its property division. “The trial court has great discretion in deciding whether to award attorney’s fees to either party” in a suit for divorce. Grossnickle, 935 S.W.2d at 846. “This same principle applies to whether the trial court should consider a party’s payment of attorney’s fees out of community funds in the division of the property.” Id. “The allocation of attorney’s fees is a factor to be considered by the court in making an equitable division of the community estate.” Id. at 847. “Prior payments out of the community estate to attorneys in the divorce action are likewise to be taken into account in the division of the marital estate.” Id.
The trial court’s decree ordered that each party bear its own costs and attorney’s fees as part of the property division; however, the trial court specified that the fees for which it was ordering the parties to be responsible were those incurred by their current attorneys at the time: for Shama, Nichols Law, P.L.L.C.; for Wasim, Conner & Lindamood. The trial court’s findings of fact also recited that the court had considered “the attorney’s fees to be paid” in its determination of a just and right division of the community estate.
$40,000 of the funds that Wasim withdrew from this joint ING account were spent on his own attorney’s fees, both those to his current attorney’s firm of Conner & Lindamood and those to his former attorney’s firm of Cooper & Scully. Because it was within the trial court’s discretion to consider attorney’s fees, like these, that were paid out of community assets in its just-and-right property division, it was also within the trial court’s discretion to award Wasim monies that he had already spent on his own attorney’s fees. See id. at 846–47. Moreover, the trial court also ordered Wasim to pay his own attorney’s fees with respect to the firm of Conner & Lindamood, and Wasim does not complain of that portion of the decree on appeal.
It was likewise within the trial court’s discretion to make Wasim accountable for community funds that had been expended on Shama’s former attorney’s fees as part of the court’s community-property division, especially given that the trial court had also found that Wasim’s adultery and his having made the marriage “intolerable, unendurable and incapable of being borne” for and by Shama due to his conduct (including multiple assaults) justified the divorce and given its findings concerning the parties’ respective earning power, among other factors. See id. And although the trial court expressly made Shama responsible for her attorney’s fees incurred to her current attorneys at Nichols Law, P.L.L.C., it did not make her responsible to pay her own fees incurred to her former counsel at Short & Jenkins. We thus deem the trial court to have taken into account, in its division of the community estate, Shama’s fees to Short & Jenkins, which Wasim had already paid from the $72,500 that he withdrew from the joint ING savings account.
That leaves for our consideration the $7,500 that was paid to Shama out of this joint account for her support. Wasim does not explain how the assessment of this relatively small sum constitutes an abuse of discretion given the court’s otherwise broad discretion in dividing the community estate, the findings that the court made concerning Wasim’s behavior, the parties’ relative earning capacities, and like circumstances.
We overrule issue 14.
Denial of Motion for New Trial
In issue six, Wasim argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for new trial based upon newly discovered evidence.
“It is incumbent upon a party who seeks a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence to satisfy the court first, that the evidence has come to his knowledge since the trial; second, that it was not owing to the want of due diligence that it did not come sooner; third, that it is not cumulative; fourth, that it is so material that it would probably produce a different result if a new trial were granted.” Jackson v. Van Winkle, 660 S.W.2d 807, 809 (Tex. 1983), overruled on other grounds by Moritz v. Preiss, 121 S.W.3d 715 (Tex. 2003). “In passing on a motion for new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence, the court will take into consideration the weight and the importance of the new evidence and its bearing in connection with the evidence received at trial.” Id. We review the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial asserting the ground of newly discovered evidence for abuse of discretion, and make every reasonable presumption in favor of the trial court’s denial. Id. at 809–10.
In his motion for new trial, Wasim relied on the following evidence that he did not produce at trial: (1) a report by a computer-forensic expert, whom an engagement letter shows that Wasim hired after trial, opining that the December 24, 2003 e-mail from Wasim to his nephew concerning property in Pakistan could have been altered and was “suspect”; (2) certified documents from the Development Authority in Lahore, Pakistan, averring that certain of Wasim’s family members had no real property in their names in Lahore; (3) affidavits from most of Wasim’s family members that they did not hold real property in Lahore in their names and from one family member describing the sole piece of property that he held; and (4) certain documents relating to Wasim’s sister and brother-in-law’s closing on their $400,000 home in Virginia and their tax returns, which Wasim argues demonstrate that his sister’s trial testimony “was true.” Wasim also complains on appeal that he was “utterly surprised” by Shama’s trial list of monies that she alleged that he had sent to his extended family.
Although Wasim asserts on appeal that he “had no notice of the existence of [this] evidence before trial” and that he “used due diligence before trial to discover” it, the record from trial and from the new-trial hearing belies that assertion. For example, concerning the December 24, 2003 e-mail, Shama produced it in discovery in hard copy in April 2004, nearly six months before trial, and in electronic form more than 10 days before trial. On July 23, 2004—about three months before trial—Wasim’s attorney wrote to Shama’s attorney, referencing the e-mail and indicating that Wasim claimed that it was “fabricated.” Moreover, excerpts from Wasim’s pre-trial deposition, read at trial and produced in Shama’s response to his new-trial motion, show that when Wasim was questioned about this e-mail, he merely explained its meaning, without expressing surprise at not having known of it before or questioning its accuracy. The fact that he knew of the e-mail months before trial and had an electronic version within two weeks of trial demonstrates that the trial court did not err if it concluded that Wasim did not show due diligence in obtaining his computer-forensic expert’s report.
Regarding Shama’s list of monetary transfers, Wasim was shown such a list at his deposition about two weeks before trial. In that deposition, he denied the transfers and commented that Shama should “bring . . . on” any proof that she had in support. During her deposition around two weeks before trial, Shama testified that Wasim’s brothers and sisters had taken her to see their family’s properties in Pakistan. And about a week before trial, Shama’s attorney sent Wasim’s attorney the photographs of what she contended were the real properties owned by his family in Pakistan, as well as documents from the local Pakistani government that she contended verified his family’s ownership. Shama also attached to her response to Wasim’s motion for new trial her affidavit, in which she averred that, at her pre-trial deposition, she had disclosed to Wasim’s counsel that she was claiming that Wasim had transferred 2,090,000 in unreported cash to his family in Pakistan, using hawallah, and to his sister in Virginia. The fact that, before trial, Wasim had seen Shama’s list of transferred funds, that he had seen the photographs of Pakistani properties that she contended were his family’s, and that his counsel had heard Shama testify that his family members had also shown her these properties demonstrates that the trial court did not err if it concluded that Wasim did not show due diligence in obtaining the affidavits and certifications from his family members or the Lahore authorities before trial.
Finally, concerning the closing documents and tax returns of Wasim’s sister and her husband, his sister testified to those matters at trial. A trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence that is merely cumulative of evidence admitted at trial. See Jackson, 660 S.W.2d at 809 (providing that it is movant’s burden to show that evidence claimed to be newly discovered is not merely cumulative of trial evidence).
Finally, we note that Wasim did not request a continuance before trial in order to compile evidence rebutting the complained-of materials that he had received before trial.
Given the above, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Wasim’s motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence. We overrule issue six.
Tort Award
In issues 15 through 21, Wasim argues that the trial court erred in awarding Shama $330,000 in tort damages apart from the division of marital property.
In its pertinent findings of fact, the trial court found as follows:
●On the claim of assaults and actual fraud on the person, the court finds in favor of Shama Sheikh and against Dr. Wasim Sheikh in the amount of $330,000 in actual damages. The court makes no award of exemplary damages.
. . .
●On the claims of conversion, money had in [sic] received, breach of fiduciary duty, economic duress, waste of assets, and fraudulent transfer of property, the court finds in favor of Shama Sheikh and against Dr. Wasim Ahmed Sheikh and has incorporated its findings of damages against Dr. Wasim Ahmed Sheikh in its owelty award in division of property and no separate award in tort is made by this court on these claims.
The same tort award and substantively similar recitations appeared in the final judgment. The pertinent conclusions of law stated, “The tort award for assaultive behavior and fraud on the person of Shama Sheikh is separate and distinct from the division of property” and “Shama was not a party to any fraud committed by Dr. Wasim Ahmed Sheikh.”
In issues 17 through 21, Wasim argues that legally and factually insufficient evidence underlies the trial court’s award of these tort damages for the following reasons: (1) an award to Shama of damages for fraud on her person constituted a double recovery because the court had already awarded an owelty judgment based on similar grounds; (2) there was legally or factually insufficient evidence of fraud on the person; and (3) there was legally or factually insufficient evidence to sustain the actual-damages award for Shama’s claim for assault. We need consider only the award for assault for reasons that will become apparent below.
“The elements of assault are the same in both the criminal and civil context.” Hall v. Sonic Drive-In of Angleton, Inc., 177 S.W.3d 636, 649 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). “A person commits an assault if the person: (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury; or (3) intentionally or knowingly causes physical contact with another when the person knows or should reasonably believe that the other will regard the contact as offensive or provocative.” Id. at 649–50 (citing Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006) and Forbes v. Lanzl, 9 S.W.3d 895, 900 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied)).
“Non-economic damages include compensation for pain, suffering, mental anguish, and disfigurement.” Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 763. Conscious pain and suffering may be established by circumstantial evidence. E.g., HCRA of Tex., Inc. v. Johnston, 178 S.W.3d 861, 871 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). “The duration of the pain . . . is an important consideration.” Id. The fact finder “is given a great deal of discretion in awarding an amount of damages it deems appropriate for pain and suffering.” Id. “Once the existence of some pain and suffering has been established, . . . there is no objective way to measure the adequacy of the amount awarded as compensation.” Id. Put another way, “[t]he process of awarding damages for amorphous, discretionary injuries such as . . . pain and suffering is inherently difficult because the alleged injury is a subjective, unliquidated, nonpecuniary loss.” Id.
Mental-anguish damages, as with most damages, may be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence; direct evidence is not required, but in the absence of it, courts should give “close . . . scrutiny of other evidence offered on this element of damages.” E.g., Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex. 1995). As for proof of mental-anguish damages by direct evidence, “an award of mental anguish damages will survive a legal sufficiency challenge when the plaintiffs have introduced direct evidence of the nature, duration, and severity of their mental anguish, thus establishing a substantial disruption in the plaintiffs’ daily routine.” Id. As for proof of mental-anguish damages by circumstantial evidence, “we apply traditional ‘no evidence’ standards to determine whether the record reveals any evidence of ‘a high degree of mental pain and distress’ that is ‘more than mere worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or anger’ to support any award of damages.” Id. (quoting J.B. Custom Design & Bldg. v. Clawson, 794 S.W.2d 38, 43 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ)). Additionally, concerning circumstantial evidence, “‘some types of disturbing or shocking injuries have been found sufficient to support an inference that the injury was accompanied by mental anguish.’” Fifth Club, Inc. v. Ramirez, 196 S.W.3d 788, 797 (Tex. 2006) (quoting Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d at 445) (concerning future mental-anguish damages).
The evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment shows the following. Wasim had a long history—spanning the entire 19 years of marriage—of slapping, hitting (with his hands or objects), beating, pushing, shoving, and pulling the hair of Shama. The assaults happened “on many occasions”; in fact, Shama testified that they occurred on “basically a daily basis” while the family was in New York. The couple’s son and daughter confirmed that their father had abused their mother on “more than one occasion.” For example, in August 2002, Wasim hit Shama in the chest with a child’s toy cash register, leaving a substantial, dark bruise. One day in December 2003, Wasim hit Shama because she bought a pizza, then choked her to the point that she blacked out. Two of the Sheikhs’ children confirmed that this incident occurred. Wasim also beat Shama if she cried or laughed.
Shama filed three complaints seeking protective orders from Wasim for his family violence committed in New York. In one of the New York City proceedings, the parties entered into and signed an agreement to end that litigation; the agreement contained the following recitation: “Whereas physical and verbal abuse by the husband caused the wife to seek a temporary order of protection in the Family Court of the State of New York in the County of Queens.” Shama also obtained a temporary restraining order from the trial court in Harris County in January 2004 to protect her and the children from Wasim’s family violence. In February 2004, the trial court extended that protective order after having conducted a hearing at which both parties’ counsel were present; in its February order, the trial court recited that, after having heard evidence and having interviewed the children, it found that Wasim had committed family violence.
Wasim had sex with Shama throughout the marriage without her consent. Wasim also abused her and caused her pain during sex by pulling her hair, slapping her, pinching her, “using a lot of force,” hitting her, cursing her, calling her “vile names,” and forcing her to do certain sexual acts against her will. When he made her have oral sex with him, he would sometimes tell her that she “was too fat and ugly for him to have regular sex with [her].” Sometimes, Wasim would force Shama to have sexual encounters with him while she was lying with her daughter in that daughter’s bed. Even when the non-consensual sex occurred in Wasim’s bedroom, the couple’s daughter would sometimes stand in the doorway or enter the bedroom and witness the incidents. In January 2004, two days before Shama sought a protective order, Wasim told Shama that “this was the last time that [she] had to please him” because of the upcoming divorce and forced her to have oral sex with him. During this incident, Wasim again refused to shut the bedroom door.
Wasim does not separately challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying the trial court’s conclusion that he assaulted Shama. Rather, in issues 19 through 21, Wasim argues that legally or factually insufficient evidence underlies the damage award that the court made for his assaults. Specifically, Wasim argues that there is no or factually insufficient evidence of past or future medical expenses; of past or future physical pain and suffering; of past or future mental anguish; or of any other general or special damages. His challenges concern the award of mental-anguish and physical-pain-and-suffering damages at all; we do not understand him to argue, as an alternative challenge, that if Shama proved some level of mental-anguish and physical-pain-and-suffering damages, then $330,000 is too high a figure to compensate her.
Shama did not present evidence of past medical expenses or of physical injuries requiring future medical expenses. She did, however, present ample direct and circumstantial evidence of past physical pain and suffering and past mental anguish. For example, concerning physical pain and suffering, Shama testified that Wasim’s sexual assaults hurt her; she produced evidence of a substantial bruise that Wasim made by assaulting her with a child’s toy; and she described in detail the numerous physical and sexual assaults perpetrated against her, including one assault that caused her to black out. This was direct and circumstantial evidence of physical pain and suffering.
In addition to Shama’s evidence of the severity of the assaults that she endured for over a decade, the evidence, viewed in the required light for a legal-sufficiency review, shows that Shama “knew that this [abuse] would never come to an end” and even contemplated suicide on several occasions. However, “every time that I thought of [suicide], I thought, what’s going to happen to my children; and that was the only reason I couldn’t finish myself.” Shama saw a psychiatrist twice in April and May, 2004 about her depression and suicidal feelings. Shama also saw an internist in June, July, and September 2004 for what the doctor described in his notes both as “major depression” and “depression.” Although this doctor did not give Shama psychological testing, his notes indicate that she was taking Effexor, an anti-depressant, at varying doses. See Physicians’ Desk Reference 3411 (61st ed. 2007).
Shama also testified that she feared for her own safety and thought that Wasim might kill her. A friend of Shama’s testified that she saw Shama on the day that Shama and Wasim separated. When the friend’s husband opened the door, Shama “screamed,” and he knew that “something was wrong with her.” The friend found Shama in the parking lot; Shama was in her car, crying and “quite upset.” The friend had seen Shama in such a state on more than one occasion. Shama felt “very bad and degraded” by the non-consensual, abusive sex that Wasim forced upon her. Wasim had indicated to Shama that he could do with her whatever he wanted to do. In fact, the assaults made Shama feel
very upset. I have started thinking that I am nothing and it’s like he can do whatever he wants to do with me. It feels like I’m worse than even an animal, he can treat me in whatever manner he wants to treat me.
The above evidence belies Wasim’s position on appeal that “[t]here is not one word from [Shama] as to how the alleged assaults . . . affected her mental state”; that Shama “never testified as to any pain or suffering attributable to these alleged assaults”; that Shama, “without much more, alleges that she has suffered mentally due to [Wasim’s] treatment”; and that her mental anguish does not “rise to a compensable level.” Rather, when viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, this is some evidence—both direct and circumstantial—that Shama suffered the type of physical pain and suffering and mental anguish from Wasim’s numerous and violent assaults for which the law allows recovery. See Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d at 445 (“As we have noted, historically, some types of disturbing or shocking injuries have been found sufficient to support an inference that the injury was accompanied by mental anguish. As a general matter, though, qualifying events have demonstrated a threat to one’s physical safety or reputation or involved the death of, or serious injury to, a family member.”) (emphasis added); see also id., 901 S.W.2d at 442 (in dictum, noting that, in historical development of law of mental-anguish damages, “once particularly disturbing events were proved by reference to objective phenomena or conditions, the law generally allowed the claimant’s mental suffering to be presumed to flow from such events. The oldest examples of this category of cases are those involving assault, slander, and other intentional torts.”) (emphasis added; citations omitted). We distinguish the authority on which Wasim relies because, in it, there was no evidence of the level of abuse or distress that is present here. We thus hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to show that Shama suffered compensable levels of mental anguish and physical pain and suffering in the past.
Although also couched in terms of factual sufficiency, most of Wasim’s argument is that there was no evidence of compensable physical pain and suffering and mental anguish. The sole factual-sufficiency challenge concerning Shama’s past physical pain and suffering that we can discern is that Shama’s direct and circumstantial evidence set out above is undermined by Wasim’s denial that he had ever assaulted Shama or the children at any time. Of course, it was up to the trial court to determine which party was credible and what weight to give his or her testimony. See Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 761. The trial court made that credibility call in Shama’s favor—which is not surprising given that, among other things, Wasim’s denials contradicted both the recitations in the protective-order agreement that he signed in 1993 and the Harris County trial court’s earlier finding that Wasim had committed family violence. As for his factual-sufficiency challenge to Shama’s direct and circumstantial evidence concerning her past mental anguish, Wasim notes that Shama did not seek counseling or treatment until after suit was filed; she saw doctors only a few times; neither doctor recorded having tested her to confirm depression; and neither doctor gave her any “set treatment for these alleged torts.” Again, the weight to be given to Shama’s direct and circumstantial evidence of her emotional state was for the trial court to determine, and that court apparently found her evidence credible and entitled to great weight. We may not disturb those implicit determinations on appeal. See id. Moreover, we note that Shama testified to suicidal inclinations, she described feelings of despair and shame, one doctor’s medical records recited that she was taking an antidepressant, and she endured years of frequent physical and sexual assaults.
We hold that the cited evidence does not render Shama’s contrary evidence so weak as to make the findings of fact or the judgment manifestly unjust. Neither would the cited evidence render the findings of fact or the judgment against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, even if if that were the proper standard of review for this adverse finding. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176.
We overrule issues 19 through 21. Because we have overruled Wasim’s challenges to the trial court’s judgment, findings, and conclusions concerning liability and damages for assault, and because the tort award is fully supportable on Shama’s claim for assault, we need not consider Wasim’s challenges (issues 17 and 18) to the trial court’s judgment, findings, and conclusions concerning fraud on Shama’s person.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Tim Taft
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Taft, Hanks, and Higley.