Kimberly Haley v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-02-00381-CR

Kimberly Haley, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 147TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 9024025, HONORABLE WILFORD FLOWERS, JUDGE PRESIDING

OPINION

Appellant Kimberly Haley appeals her conviction for possession with intent to deliver

four grams or more but less than 200 grams of cocaine. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann.

§§ 481.102(3)(D), .112(d) (West 2003). The jury assessed appellant’s punishment at imprisonment

for sixty-five years.

Appellant asserts the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress evidence, in

overruling her challenge of a prospective juror, and at the punishment phase of trial, in admitting

inadmissible evidence and in erroneously instructing the jury. We will affirm the judgment of

conviction but because of error at the punishment phase of trial, we will reverse and remand the

cause to the trial court for a new trial on punishment only. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann art.

44.29(b) (West Supp. 2003).
 Search—No-knock Entry

In her first point of error, appellant complains of the trial court’s refusal to suppress

evidence obtained after the police failed to knock and announce their presence and forcibly entered

appellant’s apartment to serve a search warrant for the apartment and to serve appellant’s co-

defendant Kristofer Marsh with an arrest warrant for the murder of Michael Adelman. An appellate

court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under an abuse of discretion standard.

See Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103,

106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Appellate courts give great deference to a trial court’s determination

of historical fact. Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Guzman v. State,

955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). When, as here, the trial court does not file findings of

fact, we assume the court made implicit findings that support its ruling, so long as those implied

findings are supported by the record. See Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We review de novo mixed

questions of law and fact that do not turn on the credibility and demeanor of witnesses. Johnson,

68 S.W.3d at 652; Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89.

The Fourth Amendment to the constitution protects “[t]he right of people to be secure

in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S.

Const. amend. IV. In evaluating the scope of Fourth Amendment rights, we must look to the

traditional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures afforded by the common law at

the time of the framing of the Constitution. See Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927, 931 (1995).

Framers of the Fourth Amendment thought that the method of an officer’s entry into a dwelling was

among the factors to be considered in assessing the reasonableness of a search and seizure. Id. at

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934. However, the Fourth Amendment’s flexible requirement of reasonableness should not be read

to mandate a rigid rule of announcement that ignores countervailing law enforcement interests. Id.

The common law principle of announcement was never stated as an inflexible rule requiring

announcement under all circumstances. Id. The Supreme Court’s unanimous opinion said: “We

simply hold that although a search or seizure of a dwelling might be constitutionally defective if

police officers enter without prior announcement, law enforcement interest may also establish the

reasonableness of an unannounced entry.” Id. at 936. The Supreme Court left “to the lower courts

the task of determining the circumstances under which an unannounced entry is reasonable under

the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 936.

It is the duty of a court confronted with the question to determine whether the facts

and circumstances of the particular entry justified dispensing with the knock-and-announce

requirement. Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 394 (1997). In order to justify a “no-knock”

entry, the police must have a reasonable suspicion that knocking and announcing their presence,

under the particular circumstances, would be dangerous or futile, or that it would inhibit the effective

investigation of the crime by, for example, allowing the destruction of evidence. Id. This

standard—as opposed to a probable cause requirement—strikes the appropriate balance between the

legitimate law enforcement concerns at issue in the execution of search warrants and the individual

privacy interests affected by no-knock entries. Id. The showing of a reasonable articulable suspicion

of danger to make a no-knock entry is necessary. “This showing is not high, but the police should

be required to make it whenever the reasonableness of a no-knock entry is challenged.” Id. at 394-

95.

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 A SWAT team, having as one of its duties assistance in high-risk warrant service,

assisted the officers serving the warrants in this case. Police entered appellant’s apartment that she

shared with Kristofer Marsh to serve a warrant issued to search the apartment and a warrant issued

for Marsh’s arrest. Both the search warrant and the arrest warrant were issued in the same homicide

case. The officers did not knock and announce their presence before entering the apartment; they

used a “flash-bang” diversionary device outside of the apartment window, and they then used a

heavy “breaching tool” to force open the apartment door. Appellant argues that the evidence is

insufficient to show the officers had a reasonable concern for their safety so as to allow them to enter

the apartment without knocking and announcing their presence. On the other hand, the State argues

that the evidence and the circumstances show the forcible no-knock entry into appellant’s apartment

was justified.

Because of their apprehension of danger in serving the warrants, the officers

maintained a surveillance of the apartment prior to the search. Also, the officers obtained from the

apartment manager a copy of the floor plan of the three bedroom apartment. The officers asserted

that their decision to forcibly enter the apartment without knocking and announcing their presence

was to alleviate their concern for their own safety as well as the safety of the occupants of the

apartment. The officers had reliable information that Marsh had in his possession in the apartment

a nine millimeter Glock handgun and an SKS assault rifle. The officers knew of “a couple of

previous weapons charges against Kristofer Marsh.” The officers knew that Marsh and the appellant

were then free on bond having been recently charged with a first degree felony offense; when

arrested for that offense, they had a firearm in their possession. Most importantly, the officers had

4
evidence and knew that Marsh was capable of aggressive, violent behavior on slight provocation.

The warrants that the officers intended to serve were issued on a showing of probable cause that

Marsh, using a baseball bat, brutally beat and killed a strong, healthy young man. Marsh’s

provocation for killing the man was appellant’s complaint to Marsh about the man’s alleged

misbehavior toward her on a night club dance floor. Both Marsh and appellant had boasted about

Marsh’s heinous criminal act.

Giving proper deference to the trial court’s ruling refusing to suppress the evidence,

we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the officers’ no-knock,

unannounced, forcible entry into the apartment was justified. The evidence and the circumstances

support the court’s implied finding that the officers had a reasonable suspicion that their own lives,

and the lives of the occupants of the apartment, would be endangered if they knocked and announced

their presence before entering the apartment to serve the warrants. Moreover, in our independent

de novo review of the mixed questions of law and fact not depending on the credibility and demeanor

of the witness, we find that the overruling of motion to suppress is supported by the evidence and

circumstances shown. Appellant’s first point of error is overruled.

Juror Challenge

In her second point of error, appellant insists that the trial court erred in overruling

her challenge for cause of a prospective juror who was biased against the law of probation. Before

an appellant can claim that she was harmed by a trial court’s denial of a defense challenge for cause,

the record must show that (1) she exhausted all of her peremptory challenges, (2) she requested more

challenges, (3) her request was denied, and (4) she identified an objectionable person seated on the

5
jury upon whom she would have exercised a peremptory challenge. Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d

677, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Anson v. State, 959 S.W.2d 203, 204 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

Appellant exercised a challenge for cause against prospective juror Jill Nabors on the

ground that Nabors had a bias and prejudice against the law of probation, a law upon which appellant

was entitled to rely. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 35.16(c)(1) (West Supp. 2003). However,

appellant failed to identify an objectionable person seated on the jury upon whom she would have

exercised a peremptory challenge. Nevertheless, appellant argues that the error she asserts was

preserved in the trial court for appellate review. Even though the co-defendants unsuccessfully

sought a severance because of incompatible defenses, the trial court granted appellant’s and the co-

defendant Marsh’s “joint motion to incorporate and adopt all motions and objections and rulings

thereon.” Appellant, in reliance on this dubious practice, argues:

While Appellant’s counsel did not identify an objectionable juror who served as a
result of the court’s error, co-defendant Marsh’s attorney indicated that he would
have used an additional peremptory to strike juror Mary K. Allison. Before the trial
started, the trial court had granted a joint defense motion whereby each defendant
adopted the motions and objections of the other. In addition, counsel for co-
defendant Marsh expressly adopted Appellant’s challenge for cause to Nabors.
Accordingly, the co-defendant’s identification of Allison as an objectionable juror
is constructively attributable to Appellant, also.

Assuming, without deciding, that the joint motion is applicable to jury voir dire,

appellant’s complaint on appeal does not comport with any complaint made in the trial court.

Complaints asserted on appeal must comport with a trial complaint or nothing is presented for

appellate review. See Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 634 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Rezac v. State,

6
782 S.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Hitt v. State, 53 S.W.3d 697, 708 (Tex. App.—Austin

2001, pet. ref’d).

Appellant’s co-defendant Marsh’s challenge of Cynthia Horacek for cause was denied

and he used one of his peremptory challenges against her. Marsh identified Mary K. Allison as an

objectionable person seated on the jury upon whom he would have exercised a peremptive challenge.

Marsh’s complaint to the trial court was that he had to take an unacceptable juror Mary K. Allison

as a result of the trial court’s denial of his challenge for cause against Cynthia Horacek. Appellant’s

complaint on appeal, a complaint not made by either appellant or her co-defendant Marsh to the trial

court, is that she was forced to take an unacceptable juror, Mary K. Allison, as a result of the trial

court’s denial of appellant’s challenge for cause of Jill Nabors. Appellant’s complaint on appeal was

not preserved for appellate review in the trial court.

Even if appellant’s complaint had been preserved for appellate review, it would have

been without merit. During voir dire by both the State and the defense, Jill Nabors vacillated and

was ambivalent concerning her willingness to consider a range of punishment including probation.

After the termination of voir dire by counsel, the trial court examined some prospective jurors to

clarify their equivocal answers to counsel’s questions on voir dire. The trial court explained to

Nabors that the range of punishment applicable to the charged offense could include probation; the

court continued: “It is not whether you would give it. It is whether you could consider it.” Nabors

replied, “I could consider it.” The court thanked Nabors and told her to have a seat. Appellant’s

counsel then said, “Were you going to add something to that?” Nabors replied: “I could consider

it, but I won’t approve of it.” The court again thanked Nabors and told her to have a seat. There

7
were no follow-up questions by either counsel or the court following Nabors last equivocal answer.

The trial court quite likely believed Nabors’s answer was that although she did not necessarily agree

with the law she would follow it and consider probation within the range of applicable punishment.

The denial or grant of a challenge for cause is within the discretion of the trial court

and will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Mooney v. State, 817 S.W.2d 693, 701

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991). When a trial court is faced with a vacillating prospective juror, elements

such as demeanor and tone of voice are important factors in conveying the precise message intended;

demeanor and tone of voice are not reflected by a cold record. Therefore, the trial court’s decision

is accorded great deference. Id. at 701. Giving proper deference to the trial court’s ruling, we have

examined the record and conclude that the trial court’s ruling is supported by the record. See

Satterwhite v. State, 858 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Appellant’s second point of error

is overruled.

Punishment Phase—Evidence and Jury Charge

In her third point of error, appellant complains that over her objections at the

punishment phase of the trial evidence of an extraneous offense was erroneously admitted and that

the jury was given an incomplete, misleading and erroneous instruction relating to that evidence.

Article 37.07 § 3(a) of the code of criminal procedure provides in relevant part:

[E]vidence may be offered by the state and the defendant as to any matters the court
deems relevant to sentencing including but not limited to . . . evidence of an
extraneous crime or bad act that is shown beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence to
have been committed by the defendant or for which he could be held criminally
responsible . . . .

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (West Supp. 2003).

8
 For purposes of assessing punishment, the prosecution may offer evidence of any

extraneous crime or bad act that is shown, beyond a reasonable doubt, either to have been (1) an act

committed by the defendant or (2) an act for which he could be held criminally responsible. Fields

v. State, 1 S.W.3d 687, 688 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Arthur v. State, 11 S.W.3d 386, 392 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). A person is criminally responsible for an offense

committed by the conduct of another if acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the

offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the

offense. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 7.02 (West 2003).

To establish an accused’s guilt as a party to an offense, in addition to showing the

primary actor committed the criminal offense, it must be shown that the accused had the specific

intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense. Lawton v. State, 913 S.W.2d 542, 555

(Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Tucker v. State, 771 S.W.2d 523, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The

agreement, whether explicit or implicit, to commit a criminal offense must be made before or

contemporaneously with the criminal offense. See Pesina v. State, 949 S.W.2d 374, 382 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1997, pet. ref’d); Miranda v. State, 813 S.W.2d 724, 732 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1991, pet. ref’d). Acts done after the offense is completed do not make the accused a party

to the offense. Morrison v. State, 608 S.W.2d 233, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); Pecina, 949 S.W.2d

at 383; Guillory v. State, 877 S.W.2d 71, 74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d). The

evidence must show that at the time of the commission of the offense, the parties were acting

together, each doing some part of the common design. Brooks v. State, 580 S.W.2d 825, 831 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1979). If the evidence shows mere presence of an accused at the scene of the offense,

9
or even his flight from the scene, then it is insufficient to sustain a conviction as a party to the

offense. Valdez v. State, 623 S.W.2d 317, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Scott v. State, 946 S.W.2d

166, 168 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, pet. ref’d).

Standing alone, proof that an accused assisted the primary actor in making his escape

is likewise insufficient, although accused’s conduct may constitute an independent offense of

hindering apprehension or prosecution. Pesina, 949 S.W.2d at 383; Scott, 946 S.W.2d at 168;

Guillory, 877 S.W.2d at 74. While an agreement of parties to act together in common design can

seldom be proved by direct evidence, it may be shown by circumstantial evidence or combined direct

and circumstantial evidence. Burdine v. State, 719 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Ex

parte Prior, 540 S.W.2d 723, 727-28 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976).

At the punishment phase of the trial, the State offered and the court admitted the

testimony of twelve witnesses in their attempt to prove the murder of Michael Adelman.1 We will

1
Appellant timely objected to the admission of evidence of the extraneous offense of murder
on grounds that the State did not have “good faith evidence” that would show beyond a reasonable
doubt that appellant was guilty as a party to the murder, and that therefore, the evidence was
inadmissible under the provisions of article 37.07 of the code of criminal procedure. That statute
provides.

Evidence may be offered by the state and the defendant as to any matter the court
deems relevant to sentencing, including but not limited to the prior criminal record
of the defendant, his general reputation, his character, an opinion regarding his
character, the circumstances of the offense for which he is being tried, and,
notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, any other evidence
of an extraneous crime or bad act that is shown beyond a reasonable doubt by
evidence to have been committed by the defendant or for which he could be held
criminally responsible, regardless of whether he has previously been charged with
or finally convicted of the crime or act.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07 § 3(a)(1) (West Supp. 2003). After the court had admitted
all of the testimony relating to the murder of Michael Adelman, appellant’s counsel renewed his

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summarize that evidence. On the night of October 5, 2000, appellant and her friend Ronnie Maxwell

were in a downtown Austin nightclub. Michael Adelman, with whom neither appellant nor Maxwell

were acquainted, was also in the nightclub. Both appellant and Maxwell danced with Adelman.

When appellant became offended by Adelman’s conduct, appellant called her boyfriend Kristofer

Marsh. Marsh came to the nightclub and demanded that Adelman apologize to appellant and

Maxwell. Marsh, unsuccessful in obtaining an apology from Adelman, left the nightclub and

obtained an aluminum baseball bat, which he hid outside of the nightclub. The club was closing

when Marsh returned. Marsh, appellant, and Maxwell were standing near the bar when appellant

told Maxwell that “we are fixing to start some s - - t.” About that time, Adelman walked past the

appellant and she grabbed Adelman’s chest and pinched his nipple. Adelman pushed appellant’s

hand aside, laughed and kept on walking. Before the club closed, Michael Girard, the club’s owner

and a friend of Adelman, thought that Adelman, although not drinking in his club, had earlier

consumed too much alcohol to be driving. Girard asked his friend, Keith Ann Gorton, to assist him

in taking Adelman to his apartment. Girard, accompanied by Adelman, drove Adelman’s SUV to

the apartment complex in Northwest Austin where Adelman lived. Gorton, driving Girard’s SUV,

followed Girard and Adelman to the apartment complex. When they entered the apartment complex,

Girard noticed a white SUV that had been following them stop abruptly and enter the complex.

objections and counsel asked the trial court to instruct the jury not to consider any of the evidence
relating to “the homicide of Mike Adelman . . . in that the State has wholly failed to comply with the
dictates of Article 37.07 and show beyond a reasonable doubt Kim Haley’s guilt of the elements of
homicide.”

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Girard was concerned and, after parking Adelman’s SUV, went to investigate. Adelman exited his

SUV and was helping Gorton park Girard’s large vehicle.

Marsh, appellant, and Maxwell left the club. Marsh retrieved the bat, but had no

opportunity to confront Adelman outside of the club. Appellant and Maxwell got into Marsh’s SUV

and Marsh followed the SUVs driven by Girard and Gorton to the apartment complex where

Adelman lived. When they reached the complex, Marsh parked, turned off the light, and left the

engine running; appellant got in the driver’s seat. Marsh took the bat and ran toward the area of the

complex where SUV brake lights were visible.

Gorton testified that Adelman was standing close to the left front wheel of the vehicle

she had been driving; he was directing her into a narrow parking slot. Gorton saw a man come

running up out of the darkness carrying an aluminum baseball bat. The man came up behind

Adelman and struck Adelman on the head one or two times before Adelman went down on the

ground. Adelman was on his knees with his face on the ground and his arms were covering the back

of his head. While Adelman remained on the ground, his assailant hit him with the bat several more

times. Gorton testified that Adelman never turned around to look at his assailant and never

attempted to fight back.

The man attacking Adelman appeared to be angry; he looked up and saw Gorton and

proceeded to bash in the driver’s side window, which shattered all over the car. Gorton crawled over

the console into the back seat. Adelman’s assailant ran toward and entered a white SUV, taking the

bat with him. The white SUV then sped away. Marsh laughed and told appellant and Maxwell that

12
he just kept hitting him and hitting him and there was no way he was getting up. Appellant praised

Marsh and kissed him.

After parking Adelman’s SUV, Girard walked toward the entrance to the apartment

complex. He saw a white SUV parked at the edge of an apartment building. During this

investigation, Girard caught a glimpse of a man running through the dark carrying what looked like

a shotgun. The man dodged behind a dumpster. Girard, fearing for his safety, walked around one

of the apartment buildings. He heard glass breaking and heard Gorton yell his name. Girard ran to

Gorton and Adelman and found Adelman on his knees on the ground, supporting his upper body

with his face. Adelman was hunched over with his arms behind him and his head pointed toward

the front of Girard’s SUV. Adelman was bleeding from his nose, mouth, elbow and knees. Adelman

was unable to talk but moaned from the pain of his injuries. Girard called 911.

Adelman was declared “brain dead,” was removed from life support, and died on

October 11, 2000. On October 12, Travis County deputy medical examiner Dr. Elizabeth Peacock

performed an autopsy on Adelman’s body. Injuries on Adelman’s knees were consistent with his

falling to his knees. There was a large bruised area on the back of his hand; he had a compound

fracture of his right index finger and extensive contusions on his upper right arm. Dr. Peacock

characterized those wounds as defensive wounds. Adelman suffered extensive skull fractures on the

right side, subdural hemorrhage on the left side, and an extensive contusion behind his right ear. Dr.

Peacock testified that it took a lot of force to break Adelman’s skull as it had been broken. Adelman

took three direct hits to his scalp; any of the blows behind Adelman’s ear and on the right side of his

head could have been fatal. Death was caused by cranial cerebral trauma. Dr. Peacock testified that

13
Adelman’s injuries were consistent with his being struck on the head with a baseball bat and that a

baseball bat could be a deadly weapon.

Police officers had no suspects in the commission of Adelman’s murder until

Nicholas Frescas and Jordan Baker called Crimestoppers after Thanksgiving. Both gave statements

to police and testified at trial. Baker, Frescas’s girlfriend, shared an apartment with appellant. In

the evening on October 5, 2000, Baker and Frescas watched television in Baker’s apartment;

appellant and Marsh were not there. The following morning, Marsh and appellant entered Baker’s

bedroom and Marsh told Baker and Frescas that he had beaten somebody up who had been

“messing” with appellant at a club. Marsh said he followed the guy home, crept up behind him, and

beat him with a bat, indicating that he hit the victim several times. Marsh told them he hit the victim

with a bat and “really f-----d him up.” Frescas testified that Marsh was arrogant, cocky, and showed

no remorse whatsoever. Baker saw Marsh appearing to remove blood from a baseball bat. Later,

Frescas and Baker saw news reports that Adelman was in critical condition and then that he had died.

They also saw posters in a club describing Adelman’s assailant and his car; the descriptions matched

Marsh and his car. Frescas, fearing for Baker’s safety, insisted that appellant release Baker from her

obligation under the apartment lease so that Baker could move. Appellant and Marsh agreed to

release Baker’s lease obligation. Frescas and Baker were afraid of Marsh because they knew he

possessed a number of firearms and handguns. On Thanksgiving Day, Frescas visited his family in

El Paso and Baker visited her family in Wichita Falls. After Baker and Frescas returned to Austin

they decided to tell law enforcement officers what they knew about Adelman’s murder. This

prompted their calls to Crimestoppers.

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 At the time of this trial, Marsh had been convicted of Michael Adelman’s murder.

Appellant had not been charged with that offense.2 The evidence shows that appellant’s co-

defendant Marsh murdered Michael Adelman; appellant could only be criminally responsible for

Adelman’s murder if the evidence showed beyond a reasonable doubt her guilt as a party to that

offense. We conclude that the evidence introduced in this case at the punishment phase of trial,

which we have summarized, is insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was

guilty as a party to the offense of Adelman’s murder. The court abused its discretion in admitting

this evidence and in allowing the jury to consider this evidence in assessing appellant’s punishment.

The error in admitting evidence of Adelman’s murder against this appellant was

compounded by the submission of an incomplete, misleading, and erroneous jury instruction relating

to the complained of evidence. The code of criminal procedure provides that after the presentation

of evidence at the punishment phase of trial has concluded, if the jury has the responsibility of

assessing the punishment, the court shall give such additional written instructions as may be

necessary and the order of procedure and the rules governing the conduct of the trial shall be the

same as are applicable on the issue of guilt or innocense. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann art. 37.07

§ 3(b) (West 1981). Article 37.07 requires that evidence of prior crimes admitted at the punishment

phase of trial may not be considered by the jury in assessing punishment until the jury is satisfied

beyond a reasonable doubt that prior criminal acts are attributable to the defendant. Fields, 1 S.W.3d

2
Prior to trial and during trial, appellant strenuously objected to being tried jointly with
Kristofer Marsh. Appellant’s motion and argument for severance urged several reasons for
severance, particularly on grounds that evidence admissible against Marsh at the punishment phase
of trial would not be admissible against her. Appellant’s motion for severance was denied and she
was tried jointly with Marsh.

15
at 688. In order to give consideration to the evidence of Adelman’s murder in assessing appellant’s

punishment, it was necessary for the jury to first find that appellant was guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt of committing that offense as a party. In relation to this issue, the jury was merely instructed:

You are instructed that if there is testimony before you in this case regarding the
defendant having committed other acts or participated in other transactions other than
the offense alleged against her in the indictment in this case, that you cannot consider
such other acts or transactions, if any, unless you first find and believe beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant committed such acts or participated in such
transactions, if any, but if you do not so believe, or if you have a reasonable doubt
thereof, you will not consider such testimony for any purpose.

The charge submitted was incomplete, misleading, and erroneous in that it allowed the jury to

consider the evidence of Adelman’s murder in assessing appellant’s punishment if appellant

“participated in such transaction” without instructing the jury that “participation” in the murder was

not legally sufficient unless appellant was criminally responsible for Adelman’s death as a party.

Under the instruction given, for example, the jury need only have believed that appellant’s presence

at the scene of the crime and fleeing from the scene with Marsh was sufficient “participation” in the

offense for the jury to consider the evidence in assessing appellant’s punishment. Appellant’s

presence at the scene and flight therefrom with Marsh would not be sufficient to make appellant a

party to the offense. See Valdez, 623 S.W.2d at 321; Tippitt v. State, 41 S.W.3d 316, 323-28 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.); Scott, 946 S.W.2d at 169-70. Here the jury charge failed to define

the law of parties and to instruct the jury of the necessity of finding appellant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt of murder as a party before evidence of the murder could be considered in assessing

appellant’s punishment.

16
 Having decided that the jury instruction submitted was erroneous, we must now

determine whether that error resulted in reversible error. This determination is made by applying

the Almanza standard. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Even

though not preserved by an adequate objection, Almanza requires reversal of the judgment if the

charge error results in “egregious” harm to a defendant. Id. For such error to require reversal, the

defendant must have suffered actual “egregious” harm. Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 352 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1986). The error must be so harmful as to deny a defendant a fair and impartial trial.

Id.; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.

The actual degree of harm must be determined in light of the entire charge, the state

of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of the probative evidence, the argument

of counsel, and any other relevant information revealed by the record. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.

The Almanza standard of review has been applied to the punishment phase of trial. See Huizar v.

State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Huizar v. State, 29 S.W.3d 249, 251 (Tex.

App. —San Antonio 2000, pet. ref’d) (on remand).

Here, a review of the whole record to determine the degree of harm resulting from

the submission of the incomplete, misleading, and erroneous jury instructions shows that egregious

harm resulted. Of course, the charge submitted included the erroneous charge that did not properly

instruct the jury on the law of parties and the necessity of the jury finding appellant guilty beyond

a reasonable doubt of Adelman’s murder as a party before such evidence could be considered in

assessing appellant’s punishment. Appellant was eligible for probation, and the jury was instructed

that appellant could only be given probation if her punishment for possessing cocaine was

17
imprisonment for ten years or less. In regard to the evidence, there were less than two hundred pages

of testimony at the guilt or innocence phase of the trial, while at the punishment phase of trial there

were more than four hundred pages of testimony. More than seventy percent of the testimony at the

punishment phase related to the murder of Adelman. The bulk of the testimony at the trial related

to the Adelman murder—not the charged offense. It appears that appellant was being tried for the

uncharged murder offense. We have concluded that that evidence should not even have been

admitted because it was not shown that appellant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the

offense as a party. In jury argument at the punishment phase, a substantial amount of the

prosecutors’ argument dwelt on the Adelman murder. The prosecutors asked the jury to assess the

same substantial punishment against both defendants; the jury assessed both defendants’ punishment

at imprisonment for sixty-five years. A prosecutor argued that appellant was guilty of Adelman’s

murder and that her punishment should be “for everything they have done to the Adelman family,

for everything they have done to Michael Adelman.” Further, that Mr. Adelman’s family could go

to his grave and tell him justice had been served. “They will not bash anyone’s head in. They will

not kill someone else.” The record reveals that, had appellant entered a guilty plea to the charged

offense of possessing cocaine with intent to deliver, the State would have recommended punishment

of imprisonment for thirty years.

Based on our review of the entire record including the charge, the state of the

evidence, the contested issues, the weight of probative evidence, the argument of counsel, and the

relevant information revealed by the record as a whole, we conclude that the error in the jury

instruction at the punishment phase of trial caused egregious harm and denied appellant a fair and

18
impartial trial at the punishment phase. The error admitting evidence of the Adelman murder against

appellant and the error in the jury instruction entitles appellant to a new trial on punishment. See

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.29(b) (West Supp. 2003).

Victim Impact Evidence

In her fourth point of error, appellant insists that the trial court erred at the

punishment phase of the trial in admitting victim impact evidence relating to the extraneous

uncharged offense of the murder of Michael Adelman. The State contends that appellant has

mischaracterized the complained-of testimony of Arleen Adelman as victim impact evidence, but

argues that if the testimony is victim impact evidence, it is relevant and its value is not substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

At the punishment phase of trial, the State offered the testimony of twelve witnesses

in an attempt to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant and the co-defendant Marsh

murdered Michael Adelman—an extraneous offense.3 The last witness was Arleen Adelman, the

mother of Michael Adelman. Before Arleen Adelman was allowed to testify about the evidence

complained of, counsel for both defendants objected on the ground that Arleen Adelman’s testimony

would not be relevant. The objections were overruled. Counsel then asked the court “for a 403

balancing,” which the court overruled.

3
Marsh had been convicted previously of Michael Adelman’s murder, but that conviction
was not a final conviction at the time of the trial of this case. Appellant had never been indicted for
Adelman’s murder.

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 Michael Adelman’s mother, Arleen Adelman, testified at length concerning the

family’s trauma caused by her son’s hospitalization, suffering, and death:

Q. When you got to the hospital, tell me what you saw.

A. Michael Girard was there and there was a girl crying in the other room and I
found out later—I didn’t remember that that was Keith, but that was the girl that
had witnessed what had happened that night. And she was hysterical, as we all
were, and then they took us to see Mike. And he was just not moving or
speaking or—his eyes were open, but we wasn’t seeing anything.

Q. Was he in a hospital bed?

A. Yes ma’am, with many plugs and tubes and everything imaginable. His head
was shaved, which was such a shock, but there were staples all across the top of
his head where his scalp had been fractured. I remember thinking how could his
head be broken open that way. But they had an intracranial module in his head
by the time we saw him, so there was a big plug on top of his head where they
could monitor his swelling and brain activity.

Q. Prior to seeing him, Ms. Adelman, was your son a pretty healthy, fit person?

A. He was very healthy. He was very conscious about his health. He didn’t smoke.
He didn’t do drugs. He was always working out. I am sure he worked out even
when he traveled. He would make sure he stayed at hotels where there was a
gym. He loved sports. He was very, very active in every sport.

Q. When you saw him like this, were you able to communicate with him at all.

A. No, ma’am.

Q. Was your family and were there friends there?

A. There were friends there all the time. We were only allowed to go in once every
hour or set times that we could go in. We had to keep the activity down because
it seemed like a lot of his friends would want to come in and talk to him and
there was a lot of crying going on and we would watch the gauge and it would
move his intracranial pressure. So we were told to keep kind of quiet. But we
were praying. We had priests there. We had a lot of people going in and out.

20
Q. It sounds like he was in an intensive care unit, is that right?

A. Yes, ma’am, the trauma unit.

Q. How long was he there?

A. He died on the sixth day, so I guess he was there five days.

Q. When he was there, was there any indiction that he might get better?

A. Yes, ma’am. We were real hopeful at one point because he had started moving
around and his eyes were tracking us. He seemed to have messages that he was
getting across. He kept moving his hand and I know he was telling me to undo
the restraint on his arm. He was trying to pull out plugs and tubes and things,
and he was fighting so hard to live.

Q. Was there—did you get information—tell me, did that change?

A. Yeah. We thought he was getting better. I had even been told that we should
try to look for a therapy center, that he probably would not—he wouldn’t have
been able to speak or possibly walk. We knew the damages were dreadful, but
we did think he was doing better and we left the hospital that night.

He was doing a lot of movement and stirring a lot. He was trying to get out of
the bed and he was moving to the end of the bed. I remember once my husband
kind of held him down and we kept telling him that he was all right and that we
thought he was coming out of the coma. I guess he was still in a semi-coma.

But that night when we went home, a nurse called me and said that we had better
come back to the hospital, that he had taken a turn for the worse.

And we had already been approached by a pulmonary doctor because they did
remove him from the respirator and they had taken the intracranial module out
of his head. So that was a good sign, but then they felt like fluid was developing
in his lungs so they needed to put him back on the respirator. So the pulmonary
doctor said things aren’t looking good.

I remember saying oh, he is so healthy and so strong, he can lick pneumonia.
But then a neurologist called and said that they needed to do another—I don’t
know if it was a CT scan or some type of brain activity test and they wold have
to put the module back into his skull. Then they found a brain stem bleed and

21
 so due to that bleeding he went into a deeper coma and his eyes no longer
tracked us or he didn’t look at us. He just laid there and never moved again.

Q. From that point, ma’am, did you get information that he was then declared brain
dead?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. And did the family have to make a decision?

A. We knew both Matt’s and Mike’s wishes concerning their organs. They had it
on their driver’s license. It was a hard decision, but we knew that’s what Mike
would have done. Mike would have done anything for his friends or his family.
He was that type person. He would have been proud that he could give life to
other people.

Q. So Mike Adelman donated organs?

A. We have heard from the ex-policeman that has his heart and he is doing very
well. He just says it was a miracle. There are three other people that received
kidneys and liver and other organs. They are all doing well. We haven’t heard
from them.4

Following Arleen Adelman’s testimony, counsel renewed their objections and asked

the court to instruct the jury to disregard the testimony. The court refused to so instruct the jury.

The danger of unfair prejudice to a defendant inherent in the introduction of “victim
impact” evidence with respect to a victim not named in the indictment on which he
is being tried is unacceptably high. The admission of such evidence would open the
door to admission of victim impact evidence arising from any extraneous offense
committed by a defendant. Extraneous victim impact evidence, if anything, is more
prejudicial than the non-extraneous victim impact evidence . . . . [S]uch evidence is
irrelevant under Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 401.

4
The record reflects that the prosecutor was crying during her examination of Arleen
Adelman.

22
Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see also Boston v. State, 965 S.W.2d

546, 550-51 (Tex. App.—Houston[14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.). Appellant was being tried for the

offense of possession of cocaine with the intent to deliver—not for murder. The indictment charging

the cocaine possession offense named no victim. It was error to admit evidence in the nature of

victim impact evidence relating to the extraneous offense of murder. Moreover, before being

admitted in a proper case, victim impact evidence is subject to the limitations imposed by Texas

Rule of Evidence 403. Ripowski v. State, 61 S.W.3d 378, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Mosley v.

State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

Having determined that the evidence was erroneously admitted, we must decide

whether the admission of this evidence was so harmful as to require a new trial on punishment. The

error complained of is not of constitutional dimensions. Other than constitutional error, any error

that does not affect appellant’s substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A

substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in

determining the jury’s verdict, King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Roberts

v. State, 29 S.W.3d 596, 602 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d), or leaves one in

grave doubt whether it had such effect. Espinosa v. State, 29 S.W.3d 257, 259 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). One of the state’s witnesses, who testified before Arleen

Adelman, was Dr. Elizabeth Peacock, the deputy medical examiner; she testified about Michael

Adelman’s injuries, the cause of his death, and that his organs had been donated for the use of others.

During closing jury argument, the prosecutor characterized the complained of testimony of Arleen

Adelman as victim impact evidence, arguing:

23
 The call to his family, the call at 3:00 o’clock in the morning as his family gets the
phone call that their strong, healthy son has been injured. And as they go and they
tell and they rush to the hospital praying please, please, he will be okay. What do
they see?

This is what the mother and father see. This is what happens to Michael Adelman.
So as the hospital is filled with family and friends as they comfort him, as the mother
and father touch him and say it’s going to be okay, mom is here. It’s going to be
okay. Dad is here. You are going to pull out of this. Every day praying, praying and
hoping. God, help our baby.

I believe the way that this—everything you have heard that they both should get,
absolutely without a question should get a life sentence, both of them. Kristofer
Marsh life, Kim Haley life. For everything they have done to this community, for
everything they have done to the Adelman family, for everything they have done to
Michael Adelman.

You see, ladies and gentlemen, if that happens, then the family can go to the grave
of Michael Adelman—because they do that. They go talk. They can’t touch him.
They can’t see him, but they talk to him. They can go to his grave and they did say,
son, we know you are not coming back to us. See, we can’t bring him back, but we
have asked for one thing and Travis County responded. We only want justice. Do
you know what, son, we got justice, Kimberly Haley and Kris Marsh will sell no
more drugs in this community. They will not hurt anybody else. They will not bash
anyone’s head in. They will not kill someone else. They will not do any other
vicious act because justice was served. So Mike, you can now rest in peace. You can
now rest in peace. Justice has been served in this case. We are now protected. Rest
in peace.

The prosecutor in closing jury argument stressed and overemphasized the erroneously admitted

victim impact evidence relating to the extraneous murder offense; obviously it was to justify the

State’s demand that the jury assess the most harsh and severe punishment for the charged offense

of possessing cocaine.

In determining the magnitude of the harm resulting from the erroneous admission of

the complained of evidence, we have examined, reviewed and considered the whole record. We

24
conclude that the error in admitting the victim impact evidence relating to the extraneous offense of

murder had a substantial effect on the jury’s verdict. There can be little doubt that the erroneously

admitted evidence, and the way it was used by the State, particularly in jury argument, substantially

affected and influenced the jury in assessing appellant’s punishment. We cannot disregard as

harmless error the erroneous admission of this evidence relating to the extraneous murder offense.

Appellant’s fourth point of error is sustained.

The judgment of conviction is affirmed as to appellant’s guilt, but the judgment on

punishment is reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court for a new trial on the punishment

phase of the trial. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.29(b) (West Supp. 2003).

Carl E. F. Dally, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Dally*

Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part

Filed: August 14, 2003

Publish

*
Before Carl E. F. Dally, Judge (retired), Court of Criminal Appeals, sitting by assignment. See
Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).

25