IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0207-12
CHIDIEBELE GABRIEL OKONKWO, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
FORT BEND COUNTY
C OCHRAN, J., filed a concurring opinion in which J OHNSON and H ERVEY, JJ.,
joined.
OPINION
I join in the Court’s opinion. I agree that appellant’s trial attorney was not ineffective
for failing to request a jury instruction on the statutory mistake-of-fact defense for two
distinct reasons: (1) It is not at all clear that appellant was entitled to any instruction on
mistake of fact, and (2) The jury instruction that the trial judge gave was more favorable to
appellant’s defensive theory than an instruction on the statutory mistake-of-fact defense
would have been. Furthermore, appellant cannot show prejudice even if his counsel should
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 2
have requested such an instruction because the jury rejected the more defense-friendly theory
of appellant’s honest, if stupid, mistaken belief in the authenticity of the bills.
Appellant was a Nigerian engineer who worked for a large oilfield company in the
Houston area. He testified that he had been sent $60,000 in cash in a newspaper-wrapped
box by a fellow Nigerian named Baba Tunde. Appellant did not know Baba Tunde, but that
stranger wanted him to deposit the cash in appellant’s bank. Appellant refused to get his
bank involved, but he agreed to purchase a series of money orders for Baba Tunde instead.
First, appellant stopped at a nearby Wal-Mart and bought a currency detector pen
which, he said, is designed to distinguish authentic bills from counterfeit ones. When he
tested it on some of the bills, the pen’s ink remained a yellowish hue, which indicated that
the bills were authentic.1 Then appellant went back to Wal-Mart and bought a money order
for $852. The clerk tested appellant’s cash with a currency detector pen, and the ink
remained yellowish, so the clerk completed the sale. Appellant then went to a nearby Kroger
and bought another money order, this one for $568. Once again, the clerk used a pen
detector, and once again the cash passed this test. At the third store, an H-E-B, the clerk
refused to issue the money order and told appellant that the currency did not look real.2
Appellant then suggested that the clerk try some other bills with his pen, but the clerk called
1
According to appellant, the pen’s ink turns black or brown when marked on any surface
other than authentic U.S. currency bills.
2
Secret Service agents testified that a number of special security features that are
contained in authentic bills were missing in appellant’s currency.
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 3
the police. Appellant cooperated with the police, told them there was more currency in his
car’s glove compartment, and helped them gather it up. Appellant was arrested on suspicion
of passing counterfeit money.
Appellant’s sole defensive theory was that he “honestly believed the bills to be
genuine.”3 Maybe he was dumb not to realize that the bills were forgeries, but he did not
intend to harm or defraud anyone. His theory was explicitly set out in the application
paragraph of the jury instructions, which required the State to prove that appellant
unlawfully and with intent to defraud and harm another, possess[ed] a forged
writing, namely money, and [appellant] possessed the writing with the intent
to pass the writing and with knowledge that the writing was forged[.]
Under these jury instructions, if the State did not prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
appellant knew that the money was counterfeit, then the jury was required to find him not
guilty. It would not matter if appellant were reckless or negligent in his belief that the money
was genuine, because even a patently unreasonable belief, if honestly held, negates the
culpable mental state of “knowing that the writing was forged.” 4 This was the defensive
3
Okonkwo v. State, 357 S.W.3d 815, 818 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2012).
4
See Green v. State, 221 S.W.2d 612, 616 (Tex. Crim. App. 1949) (op. on reh’g) (farmer
who killed hogs that he mistakenly believed belonged to him was not required to show that his
mistake was reasonable because “[a]n intent to steal property and a bona fide claim of right to
take it are incompatible. One who takes property in good faith, under fair color of claim or title,
honestly believing that he is its owner and has a right to its possession or that he has a right to
take it, is not guilty of larceny even though he is mistaken in such belief, since in such case the
felonious intent is lacking”; defendant’s mistake negated the essential element of “intent to
steal,” therefore, jury should not have been instructed that it could acquit only if defendant’s
mistaken claim of ownership was reasonable as well as in good faith) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 4
theory and this is what defense counsel stressed in his closing argument, noting that even the
police said, “These are pretty damn good fakes[.]”
So this is not a case where there was an obvious bell that should have gone off
that these are definitely fake. Now, that being said, clearly Mr. Okonkwo was
reckless. Clearly, he was negligent. . . [but] Mr. Okonkwo’s guilt does not–is
not proven by showing recklessness or negligence. It’s only proven by
showing intent. And recklessness and negligence fall far short of intent.
Counsel admitted that it was “unusual and out of the ordinary” to think that someone
would send $60,000 in cash through the mail from Nigeria to Texas, but his “lack of common
sense” did not mean that he intended to defraud or harm anyone when he tried to buy a
money order at the H-E-B. Counsel stressed that
[y]our sole duty and your oath is to consider the question of whether
[appellant] acted with intent to defraud or harm another by passing counterfeit
money that he knew was counterfeit. You can’t . . . intend to act to defraud or
harm another with currency that you don’t know is counterfeit.
The prosecutor argued that appellant knew full well that the money was counterfeit:
There’s something wrong here, ladies and gentlemen, when you have this
much money from someone you don’t know, from someone who tells you, I
need you to purchase things for me, but I can’t purchase them; I need you to
buy money orders. We’re not saying he was in cahoots with the guy. We
don’t even know if this guy really does exist, but what we do know is, he
received a package with this much money.
And the defendant, ladies and gentlemen, knew. How can you not
know? And that whole talk about not having any common sense doesn’t
matter here, ladies and gentlemen.
The jury rejected appellant’s theory that he did not know that the money was counterfeit and
that he was honestly mistaken about its authenticity.
In his motion for new trial and on appeal appellant argued that his counsel was
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 5
ineffective for failing to ask for a jury instruction on the statutory defense of mistake of fact.
That defensive instruction would have required the jury to believe both that (1) appellant
honestly believed that the bills were authentic and (2) his belief was a reasonable one that
the ordinary, prudent person would have held under the same circumstances.5 Obviously the
jury would have rejected that two-pronged theory because they had rejected the first
prong–that appellant honestly believed the bills were authentic.
A. Counsel’s Conduct Was Not Constitutionally Deficient Because the Law on
Appellant’s Entitlement to an Instruction on the Statutory Defense of Mistake
of Fact is Unsettled.
First, it is far from certain that appellant was entitled to an instruction on the statutory
defense of mistake. The elements of forgery applicable in this case are:
(1) The defendant;
(2) acting with the intent to defraud or harm another;
(3) possesses a writing that is forged [counterfeit bills];
(4) with the intent to pass it.6
The statute does not explicitly require the defendant to know that the writing is counterfeit
because the legislature did not attach a culpable mental state to the status of the forged
5
TEX . PENAL CODE § 8.02(a) (“It is a defense to prosecution that the actor through
mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated the kind
of culpability required for commission of the offense.”); see Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 383
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (“The statutory mistake-of-fact defense explicitly requires that the
defendant’s mistaken belief about the existence of a fact is a ‘reasonable’ one ‘that would be held
by an ordinary and prudent man in the same circumstances as the actor.’”).
6
TEX . PENAL CODE § 32.21(a)(1)(C), (b).
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 6
writing. In Baker v. State,7 this Court noted that the current forgery offense is a combination
of two former penal provisions: the act of forging a writing with the intent to defraud
another, and the act of passing a forged writing to another knowing that the writing was
forged.8 The Court in Baker then quoted another forgery case in which we had stated,
While the requisite culpable mental state under Sec. 32.21(b) [the forgery
statute] is “intent to defraud or harm,” we fail to perceive how such culpable
mental state can be shown absent proof of knowledge that the instrument is
forged.9
And, based on that reasoning, we and other Texas courts have simply added a culpable
mental state of “knowing” that the writing was forged in all cases.10
7
552 S.W.2d 818, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).
8
Id. (citing Article 979 of the former Penal Code setting out the offense of forgery as the
making of a false instrument in writing, purporting to be the act of another, with the intent to
injure or defraud and Article 996 which required proof that “(1) a person must pass as true (2) a
forged instrument in writing (3) knowing that it was forged at the time of the passing.”).
9
Id. (quoting Stuebgen v. State, 547 S.W.2d 29, 32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)).
10
Pfleging v. State, 572 S.W.2d 517, 519-20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (“[T]he State
proved that the instrument was in fact forged, but there is no evidence, circumstantial or
otherwise, to show the appellant’s knowledge that the instrument was forged or that the
instrument was passed with intent to defraud or harm.”); see also Crittendon v. State, 671
S.W.2d 527, 528 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (evidence was insufficient to prove that defendant
knew that the check he presented was forged and thus that he intended to harm or defraud
another); Solis v. State, 611 S.W.2d 433, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); Hill v. State, 608 S.W.2d
932, 934 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); Landry v. State, 583 S.W.2d 620, 621 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).
However, a good argument can be (and has been) made that “knowledge” of the forgery is
not a required element of the offense if the State can otherwise prove an intent to defraud or
harm. See Jones v. State, 545 S.W.2d 771, 777-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (op. on reh’g) (“[W]e
hold that an indictment or information for forgery which fails to allege knowledge as an essential
element is not fundamentally defective. However, because knowledge that the instrument is
forged is an element which is strongly implied in the statutory definition of forgery, we hold that
its absence in an indictment is a matter which may be raised by a motion to quash, but may not
be raised for the first time after trial has commenced.”); id. at 780 (“The Legislature was within
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 7
If the State must prove that the defendant “knew” that the writing he possessed and
intended to pass to another was forged, then I believe that evidence of an honest, albeit
unreasonable, mistake directly rebuts that knowledge and no special mistake-of-fact
instruction is required.11 If the courts have inappropriately added a culpable mental state of
“knowing that the writing was forged” when the Texas Legislature did not specify any such
culpable mental state, then the statutory mistake-of-fact defense could apply12 because a
its authority in defining the offense and repealing the forgery statutes in the former Code. It has
provided that it is unlawful to pass an instrument that is forged with intent to defraud even
though the person passing the instrument is unaware that it is forged provided that he intends to
defraud with that instrument. This is the wrongful conduct that the Legislature has the authority
to penalize. There is no need, cause or justification to add an element to the offense not provided
for in the statute.”) (Douglas, J., concurring); see id. at 781 (“In my opinion knowledge that the
instrument was forged is an essential element of forgery under the mode of prosecution in this
case. In the absence of such a requirement, the innocent passing of a forged check received in
payment is a felony even if the recipient has no knowledge that the check was forged.”) (Odom,
J., dissenting).
11
See Celis v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, Nos. PD-1584-11 & 1585-11, at *5-21 (Tex.
Crim. App. May 15, 2013) (Cochran, J., concurring).
12
The Stuebgen reasoning–it is illogical to think that a defendant could intend to harm or
defraud another by passing a writing that he did not know was forged–is sensible. I have been
unable to find that reasoning rebutted by this Court in any other case. However, the legislature is
entitled to add (or not add) a culpable mental state to the forgery statute beyond that of “intent to
defraud or harm.” Examining the explicit words of the forgery statute, the State need only prove
that the writing is, in fact, forged; it need not shoulder the burden of production of showing that
the actor knew the writing was forged. See Burks v. State, 693 S.W.2d 932, 936 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1985) (setting out the elements of “forgery by possession with intent to utter are (1) a
person (2) ‘forges’ (3) a writing (4) within intent to defraud or harm (5) another.”). Evidence
that establishes the actor’s intent to defraud or harm carries with it the implication that the actor
“knew” the writing was forged. See Jones, 545 S.W.2d at 777-78. The statute was written for
the ordinary case in which those who possess a forged writing and intend to defraud or harm
another surely must know that the writing is forged. The Legislature was entitled to rely upon
the “80-20 rule” in drafting a statute for the vast majority of cases in which “knowledge” of the
forgery is subsumed by an intent to defraud or harm another. Thus, the State need not, as part of
its initial burden of production and proof, independently prove the actor’s knowledge that the
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 8
reasonable belief that the writing (or, as in this case, the currency) is authentic, “negates the
kind of culpability required by the offense.”13 If the actor’s mistaken belief were true–the
money was authentic–he would be acting lawfully and not be guilty of any offense.14 But the
drawback is that the actor must offer proof that his mistake was a reasonable one that an
ordinary prudent person would likely make under the same circumstances.15
The law is unsettled on this precise issue, although it seems that the overwhelming
weight of cases have held that the State is required to prove, as an element of its case, that
the actor actually knew that the writing he possessed was forged.16 If so, appellant was not
writing was forged. If the actor claims that his is an unusual case in which he does not know that
the writing he possesses is forged, that is precisely the situation for which the statutory defense of
mistake of fact was enacted. The actor may raise that defense with some evidence of his
reasonable belief that the writing is authentic and then the State must shoulder the burden of
proof to establish either that the actor did, in fact, know the writing was forged or the actor’s
belief in the writing’s authenticity was unreasonable.
13
TEX . PENAL CODE § 8.02(a).
14
See Celis v. State, ___ S.W.3d at ___, Nos. PD-1584-11 & 1585-11, at *17 & n.45
(Cochran, J., concurring) (quoting ROLLIN M. PERKINS & RONALD N. BOYCE , CRIMINAL LAW
1045 (3d ed. 1982), for the proposition that “[M]istake of fact will disprove a criminal charge if
the mistaken belief is (a) honestly entertained, (b) based upon reasonable grounds and (c) of such
a nature that the conduct would have been lawful and proper had the facts been as they were
reasonably supposed to be.”).
15
See Mays, 318 S.W.3d at 383.
16
Of course, this element is usually established by circumstantial evidence. See Baker v.
State, 552 S.W.2d 818, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (circumstantial evidence that defendant
knew check was forged was sufficient); see also Williams v. State, 688 S.W.2d 486, 488-90 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1985) (in forgery, the culpable mental state of intent to harm or defraud requires
proof of knowledge that the check is forged, but if the State proves that an actor has knowledge
that a particular check is forged, proof of intent to defraud is inferred, and both knowledge and
intent to defraud may be established with circumstantial evidence).
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 9
entitled to any additional instructions. But because the law is unsettled on this issue,
appellant’s counsel could not be found ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction on
the statutory mistake-of-fact defense.17
B. Counsel’s Conduct Was Not Constitutionally Deficient Because the Jury
Instruction Given Was More Favorable Than an Instruction on Mistake of Fact.
The trial judge in this case instructed the jury that the State was required to prove that
appellant knew that the bills he tried to pass to another were counterfeit. Under these
instructions, any mistake, even a “reckless or negligent” one, would, if believed, rebut the
culpable mental state and exculpate appellant.
Therefore, appellant’s attorney was not ineffective when he could establish his
defensive theory and obtain an acquittal merely by raising a doubt in the jury’s mind that
appellant honestly and sincerely believed that the currency he tried to change into a money
order was authentic. He did not need to take on the additional burden of showing a second
prong–required under the statutory mistake-of-fact defense–that a reasonable person in
appellant’s position would have believed that the currency was authentic.
Appellant’s attorney urged the easier defense–an honest mistake–rather than the more
onerous one–an honest and reasonable mistake. Given the evidence in this case–in which
it is hard to argue that appellant’s mistaken belief about the authenticity of the $60,000 cash
17
See Ex parte Smith, 296 S.W.3d 78, 81 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (counsel may not be
held to have provided ineffective assistance when the pertinent law is unsettled); Ex parte
Chandler, 182 S.W.3d 350, 358-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Ex parte Welch, 981 S.W.2d 183,
184 (Tex. Crim. App.1998) (“[W]e will not find counsel ineffective where the claimed error is
based upon unsettled law.”).
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 10
he was sent in a newspaper-wrapped box through the mail from a stranger in Nigeria was
reasonable–counsel’s decision, albeit inadvertent, was a wise one given the paucity of
evidence suggesting the reasonableness of appellant’s belief.
C. Assuming Counsel’s Conduct Was Deficient, Appellant Has Not Proven
Prejudice.
If one could assume both that appellant was clearly entitled to a jury instruction on
mistake of fact and that the evidence supported a finding that appellant’s mistaken belief was
reasonable, then counsel’s action in failing to request a jury instruction on the statutory
defense of mistake of fact might be found defective. That would satisfy the first prong of the
Strickland test,18 but not the second prong, that of prejudice.
Here, the jury was instructed that it must acquit unless it believed, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that appellant did know that the currency he gave to the H-E-B clerk to buy
a money order was counterfeit. The entire closing argument by appellant’s counsel was
directed toward that single fact, while the prosecutor’s argument stressed that appellant did
know that the money was counterfeit. The jury obviously rejected appellant’s claim of an
honest or good-faith mistake by finding him guilty. If the jury rejected that claim, then it
inexorably follows that it would have rejected the two-pronged claim that appellant made an
honest mistake and that his mistake was a reasonable one that an ordinary prudent person in
18
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984); see Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137,
142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (Strickland requires defendant to show “that (1) counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense.”).
Okonkwo Concurring Opinion Page 11
his position would have likely made. Appellant has failed to show that, even if his counsel’s
conduct had been deficient, there is any reasonable likelihood that the verdict would have
been different had the jury been instructed on the statutory mistake-of-fact defense.19
Filed: May 15, 2013
Publish
19
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998) (to establish ineffective assistance of counsel claim, defendant must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness based upon prevailing norms and that there is a reasonable probability that but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is defined as a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome of the proceedings.”) (citations omitted).