USCA1 Opinion
[NOT FOR PUBLICATION]
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For The FIRST CIRCUIT
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No. 92-2192
DAVID & ANN MARIE NIEMELA,
Plaintiffs, Appellants,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant, Appellee.
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Douglas P. Woodlock, U.S. District Judge]
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____________________
Before
Torruella, Cyr and Stahl,
Circuit Judges.
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David W. Niemela and Ann Marie Niemela on brief pro se.
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A. John Pappalardo, United States Attorney, James A. Bruton,
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Acting Assistant Attorney General, Gary R. Allen, David I. Pincus, and
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Jordan L. Glickstein, Attorneys, Tax Division, Department of Justice,
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on brief for appellee.
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June 11, 1993
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Per Curiam. Claiming that the Internal Revenue Service
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(IRS) violated an array of statutory requirements in its
effort to collect unpaid taxes, David and Ann Marie Niemela
filed this pro se action seeking to "quiet title" to their
property and requesting injunctive relief and damages. From
an award of summary judgment to the IRS, they now appeal. We
agree with the district court's conclusions in all but two
particulars, as to which we find the IRS' evidence wanting.
I.
David Niemela, a plumber by trade and a member of an
organization opposed to this country's system of income
taxation, filed a "protest return" for 1980 on behalf of
himself and his wife. For the years 1981 and 1982, the
Niemelas filed no returns at all. Prompted by the protest
return, the IRS audited their 1979 return and determined that
a deficiency existed for that year. The Niemelas sought to
challenge this finding in Tax Court, but their petition was
later dismissed on procedural grounds. Thereafter, based on
"substitute returns" prepared under 26 U.S.C. 6020, the IRS
determined that deficiencies also existed for the years 1980-
82. As to these findings, no Tax Court petition was filed.
After allegedly making the requisite assessments and issuing
the requisite notices, the IRS attempted to recoup the
deficiencies--first by levying on money owed to David Niemela
by a local school, and then by filing various liens on the
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couple's real and personal property. The IRS calculates
that, as of 1989, a debt of some $180,000 remained unpaid,
consisting of back taxes, interest and penalties.
The assessment and notice requirements at issue here can
be outlined as follows. Upon determining that a deficiency
exists, the IRS first must send a notice of deficiency to the
taxpayer. 26 U.S.C. 6212. The taxpayer then has ninety
days to file a petition in the Tax Court in order to contest
the deficiency determination. Id. 6213. If such a
___
petition is filed, the IRS is barred from taking any action
to collect the debt until the Tax Court decision has become
final. Id. 6213(a), 6215. If no such petition is filed
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(or once the Tax Court decision becomes final), the IRS must
then make an assessment of the deficiency, id. 6203, and
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send a notice and demand for payment to the taxpayer, id.
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6303. If the deficiency is not paid, a lien arises in favor
of the United States on all real and personal property of the
taxpayer, id. 6321, as of the date of the assessment, id.
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6322. The IRS may thereafter levy upon such property after
providing the taxpayer with notice of its intention to do so.
Id. 6331.
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The Niemelas contend that none of these safeguards was
followed. In particular, they argue that: (1) no proper
notices of deficiency were sent; (2) no assessments of the
deficiencies were made; (3) no notices and demands for
-3-
payment were mailed; and (4) no notice of intent to levy was
provided. For these reasons, they say that relief is
warranted under the quiet title statute, 28 U.S.C.
2410(a).1 They also seek damages pursuant to three other
provisions: under 26 U.S.C. 7431 for unlawful disclosure of
return information; under 7432 for failure to release
liens; and under 7433 for unauthorized collection actions.
Finally, they seek an injunction under 7426 for wrongful
levy. Apart from these various claims (each of which the
district court rejected), the Niemelas advance an additional
contention on appeal: that the district court erred in
denying their motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) to defer
consideration of the summary judgment motion pending further
discovery. We review the district court's award of summary
judgment in plenary fashion, construing the record in the
light most favorable to the opposing party. See, e.g.,
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Pagano v. Frank, 983 F.2d 343, 347 (1st Cir. 1993).
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II.
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1. A taxpayer in a quiet title action cannot contest the
merits of the underlying tax assessment, but can challenge
alleged defects in the procedures giving rise to an IRS lien
or levy. See, e.g., Geiselman v. United States, 961 F.2d 1, 6
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(1st Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 261 (1992);
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McMillen v. Department of Treasury, 960 F.2d 187, 189 (1st
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Cir. 1991) (per curiam). In Geiselman, we noted that courts
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had divided as to whether a defect in a notice of deficiency
may be challenged in such an action. See id. at 6 n.1. We
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need not address this issue here, however, as the government
has not raised it, and as we find no such defect in any
event.
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The Niemelas have devoted only cursory attention on
appeal to several of these claims, to the point where a
waiver might well be inferred. Nonetheless, in light of
their pro se status, we shall address each of their
contentions in turn.
A. Notices of Deficiency
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The IRS submitted copies of two notices of deficiency
said to have been sent to the Niemelas: one dated April 6,
1983 pertaining to the year 1979, the other dated September
7, 1988 pertaining to the years 1980-82.2 The Niemelas
argue, somewhat paradoxically, both that no notices of
deficiency were sent and that such notices were inadequate in
form. Yet in 50 of their original complaint, they
acknowledged having received the notices.3 And a notice of
deficiency is adequate so long as it satisfies the "minimum
requirements" of setting forth the amount of the deficiency
and the tax year involved. Geiselman v. United States, 961
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F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct.
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261 (1992). The notices here did just that.
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2. Contrary to the taxpayers' suggestion, the IRS does not
contend that the second notice was sent on February 9, 1989.
Its statement to that effect in its brief is obviously an
inadvertent misstatement.
3. Section 6212 requires only that the IRS mail a notice of
deficiency to the taxpayer's last home address, not that the
taxpayer actually receive it. See, e.g., Guthrie v. Sawyer,
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970 F.2d 733, 737 (10th Cir. 1992); United States v. Zolla,
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724 F.2d 808, 810 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 830
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(1984).
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B. Assessments; Notices and Demands for Payment
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An assessment is made "by recording the liability of the
taxpayer in the office of the [Treasury] Secretary in
accordance with rules or regulations prescribed by the
Secretary." 26 U.S.C. 6203.
The assessment shall be made by an assessment
officer signing the summary record of assessment.
The summary record, through supporting records,
shall provide identification of the taxpayer, the
character of the liability assessed, the taxable
period, if applicable, and the amount of the
assessment.... The date of the assessment is the
date the summary record is signed by an assessment
officer.
26 C.F.R. 301.6203-1. Within sixty days of an assessment
being made, the IRS must "give notice to each person liable
for the unpaid tax, stating the amount and demanding payment
thereof." 26 U.S.C. 6303(a). Such notice must be left at
the taxpayer's dwelling or usual place of business or sent by
mail to his last known address. Id. No particular form is
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required, so long as the notice "provides the taxpayer with
all the information required under ... 6303(a)." Elias v.
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Connett, 908 F.2d 521, 525 (9th Cir. 1990).
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The IRS alleges that, for the 1979 deficiency, an
assessment was made and notice sent on January 22, 1985; it
states that, for the 1980-82 deficiencies, assessments were
made and notices sent on February 9, 1989. To substantiate
these claims, the IRS did not submit copies of the summary
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record, known as Form 23C,4 nor did it provide copies of the
actual notices and demands for payment. Instead, it provided
several "certificates of assessments and payments." Known as
Form 4340, these are computer-generated transcripts showing
all transactions in a taxpayer's account for a particular
year. Each of the certificates contains a column entitled
"23C Date," which lists the date or dates on which the
assessment officer signed a Form 23C. And each contains a
notation entitled "First Notice," which documents when notice
and demand for payment was sent.
We held in Geiselman, in accordance with the vast weight
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of authority, that such certificates are "routinely used" to
prove that the assessment and notice procedures were
satisfied. 961 F.2d at 6. More particularly, we held that
the 23C Date is presumptive proof that a valid assessment
occurred, and that the First Notice is likewise presumptive
proof that the IRS gave notice and demand for payment.5
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4. The taxpayers, however, did obtain copies of the
applicable Forms 23C through an earlier Freedom of
Information Act request and attached them to their pleadings
below. As these documents reveal, and as other courts have
noted, a Form 23C contains no individualized information as
to any specific taxpayer, but rather simply summarizes the
total assessments made by the IRS service center for each
class of tax on a particular day. See, e.g., Stallard v.
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United States, 806 F. Supp. 152, 158 (W.D. Tex. 1992).
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5. The Niemelas allege that the certificates are
inadmissible for sundry reasons--for example, that they lack
a Treasury seal, were not properly certified, are hearsay,
are not best evidence, and were prepared for purposes of this
litigation. These and related arguments have been rejected
-7-
Id.; accord, e.g., Farr v United States, ___ F.2d ___, 1993
___ ______ ____ ____ _____________
WL 86986, at *2 (9th Cir. 1993 ("certificates were proper
evidence of the propriety of the assessment proceedings in
all particulars"); Long v. United States, 972 F.2d 1174, 1181
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(10th Cir. 1992); Gentry v. United States, 962 F.2d 555, 557
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(6th Cir. 1992); Rocovich v. United States, 933 F.2d 991, 994
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(Fed. Cir. 1991); United States v. Chila, 871 F.2d 1015,
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1017-18 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 975 (1989).
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With one exception, the certificates here contain 23C
Date and First Notice entries that substantiate the IRS's
claim that the assessments were made and the notices mailed
on the dates indicated. Nothing offered by the Niemelas
calls this evidence as a whole into question. The one
exception is the absence in the 1982 certificate of any 23C
date corresponding to the alleged February 9, 1989
assessment. On account of this omission, and because the IRS
relied solely on the certificate for its proof on this issue,
we conclude that a factual dispute remains as to whether a
valid assessment occurred for the year 1982.6 See, e.g.,
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on numerous occasions. See, e.g., Long v. United States, 972
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F.2d 1174, 1181 (10th Cir. 1992); Hughes v. United States,
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953 F.2d 531, 539-40 (9th Cir. 1992); McCarty v. United
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States, 929 F.2d 1085, 1089 (5th Cir. 1991).
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6. To be sure, there are other intimations in the record
that an assessment did occur for that year. The 1982
certificate contains a First Notice entry for February 9,
1989; the sending of notice and demand suggests (but does not
confirm) that an assessment was first made. In addition, the
liens filed on July 10, 1989 make reference to an assessment
-8-
Brewer v. United States, 764 F. Supp. 309, 315-16 (S.D.N.Y.
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1991) (issue of fact remained where certificate did not
contain 23C dates) (noted in Geiselman, 961 F.2d at 6).
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C. Notice of Intent to Levy
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As mentioned, the IRS in November 1986 levied on monies
owed by the North Middlesex Regional School System to David
Niemela, presumably in response to the 1979 deficiency which
had been assessed the previous year. The school ended up
forwarding approximately $790 to the IRS. The Niemelas claim
that no notice of intent to levy was provided, as required by
26 U.S.C. 6331(d).7 The government failed to address this
claim in its various submissions, either below or on appeal,
and the district court made no mention of it in its decision.
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for 1982. Most important, the taxpayers have submitted a
copy of their Individual Master File (obtained through a
Freedom of Information Act request). For the year 1982, in
entries dated February 9, 1989, the deficiency, penalties and
interest are all listed, together with the notation "ASED."
We assume, but are reluctant to conclude without
confirmation, that this refers to an assessment. Under the
circumstances, we think a limited remand for clarification on
this point is warranted--either through a renewed motion for
summary judgment or by other means.
7. See also 26 C.F.R. 301.6331-2(a):
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Levy may be made upon the salary or wages of a
taxpayer for any unpaid tax only after the district
director ... has notified the taxpayer in writing
of the intent to levy. The notice must be given in
person, left at the dwelling or usual place of
business of the taxpayer, or be sent by mail to the
taxpayer's last known address, no less than 10 days
before the day of levy. The notice of intent to
levy is in addition to, and may be given at the
same time as, the [ 6331] notice and demand ....
-9-
This is hardly surprising. The Niemelas have advanced a
welter of prolix, often far-fetched, allegations, accompanied
by a profusion of supporting materials.8 And their
complaint contains only an oblique reference to the alleged
lack of notice of intent to levy--identifying such
requirement only by statutory citation, not by name.9
Nonetheless, construing the complaint liberally in light of
the Niemelas' pro se status, we think it can and should be
read to advance such a claim. We also note that the Niemelas
voiced this allegation more explicitly in subsequent
submissions, such as in their response to the IRS's motion
for summary judgment and in their Rule 56(f) motion to defer.
Accordingly, we think a remand is warranted as well for
consideration of this claim.10
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8. For example, in their original complaint, the taxpayers
alleged, inter alia, that the failure to publish Treasury
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Department delegation orders in the Federal Register deprived
the IRS of authority to collect taxes, and that the use of
Form 1040 was invalid under the Paperwork Reduction Act of
1980.
9. The amended complaint asserts ambiguously that the IRS
failed to send "valid lawful Notices of Deficiency, or
Notices of Assessment and Demand for Payment based on Form
23C Certificate of Assessment and other required
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documentation, as required by Sections 6212(a) and (b),
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6303(a), and 6331(b) and (d)(2) ...." Amended Compl. 21
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(emphasis added). Their original complaint contained
identical language.
10. It appears from the amended complaint that no ongoing
levy is in place, and that the taxpayers are seeking simply
to recover previously garnisheed wages now in the IRS' hands.
If so, a quiet title action may not lie. See, e.g., Farr,
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___ F.2d at ___, 1993 WL 86986, at *2; Hughes, 953 F.2d at
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D. Claims for Damages and Injunctive Relief
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The Niemelas contend that the IRS is subject to damages
for unlawfully disclosing return information to third parties
in connection with the issuance of the liens and levy. This
claim, as they acknowledge, is largely derivative of those
described above. Under 26 U.S.C. 7431, a taxpayer may
recover damages for the intentional or negligent disclosure
of return information in violation of 6103. Section 6103,
in turn, establishes the general rule that such information
is confidential, subject to various enumerated exceptions.
It is well settled that one such exception, contained in
6103(k)(6), authorizes the disclosure of tax return
information to the extent necessary to effect a valid lien or
levy.11 See, e.g., Farr, ___ F.2d at ___, 1993 WL 86986,
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at *3 to *4; Long, 972 F.2d at 1180; Hughes v. United States,
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538. Nonetheless, if the notice of intent to levy were
deemed invalid, the taxpayers might still have a viable claim
for damages for unlawful disclosure under 26 U.S.C. 7431.
See, e.g., Rorex v. Traynor, 771 F.2d 383 (8th Cir. 1985).
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We express no opinion on these issues, preferring that the
lower court address them in the first instance, if necessary.
11. Section 6103(d)(6) provides that an IRS employee may, in
connection with "his official duties relating to ...
collection activity," disclose return information where
necessary to obtain information "with respect to the
enforcement of any other provision of this title." The
accompanying regulation states that such disclosure is
warranted in order "to apply the provisions of the Code
relating to establishment of liens against [the taxpayer's]
assets, or [a] levy on ... the assets to satisfy any
[outstanding] liability." 26 C.F.R. 301.6103(k)(6)-
1(b)(6).
-11-
953 F.2d 531, 542 (9th Cir. 1992); Maisano v. United States,
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908 F.2d 408, 410 (9th Cir. 1990); Bleavins v. United States,
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807 F. Supp. 487, 488 (C.D. Ill. 1992) ("In other words, the
IRS may disclose information when attempting to collect
taxes."). Given our earlier findings that the procedures
giving rise to the liens with respect to the assessed
deficiencies for the years 1979-81 were valid, the Niemelas'
7431 claim with respect thereto must fail. On the other
hand, we have found that factual disputes exist as to whether
a proper assessment for 1982 was made and whether a notice of
intent to levy was issued. Should it be determined on remand
that either of these procedures was deficient, the 7431
claim should then be addressed to that limited extent. See,
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e.g., James v. United States, 970 F.2d 750, 757 n.13 (10th
____ _____ _____________
Cir. 1992).
Such a "contingent" remand is likewise appropriate for
the Niemelas' 7433 claim. That provision permits the
recovery of damages for the IRS' intentional or reckless
disregard of any provision of the tax laws "in connection
with any collection of Federal tax." 26 U.S.C. 7433(a).
The Niemelas claim entitlement to such relief on account of
the allegedly deficient assessment and notice procedures
discussed above. Again, however, the only potential defects
involved the assessment for 1982 and the notice of intent to
levy. And because 7433 applies only to actions occurring
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after November 10, 1988, see, e.g., Gonsalves v. Internal
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Revenue Service, 975 F.2d 13, 16-17 (1st Cir. 1992) (per
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curiam), any defect in the 1986 levy would provide no basis
for recovery. By contrast, should the assessment for 1982 be
deemed invalid, a 7433 claim might lie to the extent that
the 1989 lien pertained to the deficiency for that year.12
The district court should likewise address this issue on
remand should it prove necessary.
The Niemelas' remaining two claims require little
comment. Section 7432 authorizes an award of damages where
the IRS fails to release a lien in accordance with 6325--
i.e., where the lien is satisfied or unenforceable or a bond
is accepted by the Treasury Secretary. There has been no
showing that any of these conditions has been satisfied.
Section 7426, in turn, permits an award of injunctive relief
and damages for wrongful levy. Yet only a person "other than
the person against whom is assessed the tax out of which such
levy arose" may file such an action. 26 U.S.C. 7426(a)(1).
The Niemelas obviously do not fit such description.
E. Rule 56(f) Motion to Defer
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Finally, the Niemelas argue that the district court
erred in granting summary judgment to the IRS without
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12. The government argues that the Niemelas' 7431 claim
has been superseded by 7433, and that their 7433 claim is
barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. We
leave these issues for the district court to decide in the
first instance, if necessary.
-13-
allowing them an adequate opportunity to obtain discovery.
The Niemelas sought to obtain a multitude of documents
pertaining to the assessment and notice procedures, along
with depositions of various IRS officials with regard
thereto--all without success.13 They later asked that any
ruling on the IRS' summary judgment motion be deferred
pending such discovery, and filed a detailed affidavit
attempting to explain how such materials would lead to "facts
essential to justify [their] opposition" to the motion. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(f). In the course of its ruling on the summary
judgment motion, the district court denied this request on
the ground that none of the proposed discovery "could
plausibly be said to have led to the development of evidence
actually relevant to my disposition of the government's
motion." We review an order denying relief under Rule 56(f)
for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Bank One Texas, N.A. v.
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A.J. Warehouse, Inc., 968 F.2d 94, 100 (1st Cir. 1992).
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A party seeking a Rule 56(f) deferral must, inter alia,
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"articulate a plausible basis for the belief that
discoverable materials exist which would raise a trialworthy
issue." Price v. General Motors Corp., 931 F.2d 162, 164
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13. The IRS declined to respond to such requests pending
decision on its motion to dismiss or in the alternative for
summary judgment. The Niemelas then moved to compel
production, and the IRS responded with a motion for a
protective order. These various motions were never acted on
by the court.
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(1st Cir. 1991); see also Mattoon v. City of Pittsfield, 980
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F.2d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 1992) (must show that "specified
discoverable material facts" likely exist). While the
Niemelas sought materials pertaining to all aspects of the
collection process, their request focused on the original
documents underlying the assessments--the "supporting
records" mentioned in 26 C.F.R. 301.6203-1 from which Form
23C is prepared. Their request in this respect was two-
pronged. They contended that they were specifically entitled
to such records under the terms of the regulation. And they
argued more generally that obtaining such evidence was their
only means of rebutting the presumption of validity arising
from the Form 4340 certificates.
The IRS' submission of the certificates satisfied the
disclosure requirements of 26 C.F.R. 301.6203-1. That
regulation specifies that a taxpayer is entitled only to a
copy of the "pertinent parts" of the assessment record.14
And as the Ninth Circuit has explained:
Those pertinent parts need only provide the five
items listed in the Regulations [taxpayer's name,
date of assessment, character of liability, tax
period if applicable, and amounts assessed]....
Neither the Tax Code nor the Treasury Regulations
require those pertinent parts to be original
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14. Section 301.6203-1 states in relevant part: "If the
taxpayer requests a copy of the record of assessment, he
shall be furnished a copy of the pertinent parts of the
assessment which set forth the name of the taxpayer, the date
of assessment, the character of the liability assessed, the
taxable period, if applicable, and the amounts assessed."
-15-
documents, and the IRS has selected the certificate
of assessments and payments as the means for
providing the information specified.
.... We therefore conclude that the
plaintiffs are not entitled to the original
supportingdocuments usedtocompilethe summaryrecord.
Gentry, 962 F.2d at 558; see also Hughes, 953 F.2d at 539 &
______ ________ ______
n.4; Chila, 871 F.2d at 1017. With the exception of a "23C
_____
Date" for the 1982 assessment, the certificates submitted in
the instant case contain all of the specified information.
Assuming arguendo that this regulation does not
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prescribe the range of permissible discovery, we likewise
find no abuse of discretion in the court's decision to
address the summary judgment motion without affording the
Niemelas the opportunity to secure such materials. To be
sure, the Niemelas' central argument--that it is difficult,
in the absence of discovery, to adduce evidence rebutting the
presumption of correctness arising from the certificates--is
not without some force. Yet whether or not the supporting
documents underlying the assessments might be deemed relevant
to their claims,15 the circumstances here amply support the
court's ruling.
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15. Compare, e.g., Guthrie v. Sawyer, 970 F.2d 733, 738
_______ ____ _______ ______
(10th Cir. 1992) (supporting documents not relevant) and
___
McCarty v. United States, 929 F.2d 1085, 1088-89 (5th Cir.
_______ _____________
1991) (same) with, e.g., Farr, ___ F.2d at ___
____ ____ ____
(notwithstanding submission of certificate, taxpayer should
have "been given the opportunity to conduct some discovery
before judgment was entered") and Rand v. United States, ___
___ ____ _____________
F. Supp. ___, 1993 WL 127098, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. 1993) (original
notices, while "clear[ly] ... relevant," need not be
produced).
-16-
First, at the root of the Niemelas' Rule 56(f) motion
were the allegations that the certificates were inadequate to
satisfy the regulation's disclosure requirements and were
otherwise inadmissible. As mentioned, these arguments are
misplaced. Second, the Niemelas had already obtained many of
the underlying documents--including all Forms 23C and their
individual master files--through earlier Freedom of
Information Act requests. See Brewer, 764 F. Supp. at 318
___ ______
(denying Rule 56(f) motion, among other reasons, because of
information obtained through FOIA requests). Third, apart
from their unilateral assertions, the Niemelas articulated no
reason to suspect that procedural irregularities attended the
assessment process.16 And the district court was warranted
in discounting those assertions, inasmuch as the Niemelas
voiced similar allegations with respect to every aspect of
the collection process. Fourth, in light of the number of
claims advanced and the extent to which they were "wrong-
headed" (to use the district court's term), the court could
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16. The Niemelas place considerable emphasis on an April
1990 IRS memorandum reporting that a small number of
irregularities had occurred in the process by which the 23C
Forms were signed. Yet, through an FOIA request, the
Niemelas received copies of the 23C Forms applicable to their
assessments. They have voiced no complaint regarding the
signatures appearing thereon. The Niemelas also allege that
the number of entries in their individual master files
differs from the number appearing on the certificates. Any
such discrepancy is beside the point, given that the master
files do contain pertinent entries for each of the dates on
which the assessments in question hereallegedly occurred.
-17-
well have concluded that the discovery requests amounted to a
"fishing expedition."
Finally, we note that the Niemelas' claim in this regard
falls under the vast weight of authority. To be sure, a
handful of lower courts, in unpublished decisions, have
permitted discovery of the original assessment documents or
have granted Rule 56(f) motions for that purpose. The
Niemelas point to several; others exist. Yet in the clear
majority of cases (including dozens of unpublished
decisions), courts have denied such relief, even in the face
of a proper Rule 56(f) affidavit. See, e.g., Guthrie v.
___ ____ _______
Sawyer, 970 F.2d 733, 738 (10th Cir. 1992); Montgomery v.
______ __________
United States, 933 F.2d 348, 350 (5th Cir. 1991); McCarty v.
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United States, 929 F.2d 1085, 1088-89 (5th Cir. 1991);
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Brewer, 764 F. Supp. at 318; Rossi v. United States, 755 F.
______ _____ ______________
Supp. 314, 319 (D. Or. 1990), aff'd, 983 F.2d 1077 (9th Cir.
_____
1993). We are unaware of any appellate court reversing such
a ruling in this context.17
III.
In summary, the judgment is affirmed in part, vacated in
part and remanded. On remand, the sole issues are whether
the assessment for 1982 was valid and whether the IRS
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17. We reject without comment the Niemelas' remaining
claims, including the allegation that they were improperly
selected for audit.
-18-
provided notice of intent to levy, along with the damage-
claim issues that are contingent upon those findings.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part and remanded.
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