In re Estate of Jepsen

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~Ronald R. carpentir
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

)
In the Matter of the Estate of )
)
VIRGINIA J. JEPSEN, )
)
Deceased ) No. 90874-5
)
JULIE MILES, as Personal )
Representative of the Estate of )
Virginia J. Jepsen, ) ENBANC
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) Filed: SEP 2 it 2015
)
MACK JEPSEN, )
)
Respondent. )
______________________)

YU, J.- In order to commence a will contest action, there must be timely

personal service of the will contest petition on the estate's personal representative.

Here, the will contest petition was never personally served on the personal

representative. The action was therefore never fully commenced and should have

been dismissed. We reverse the Court of Appeals.
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Virginia J. Jepsen executed her last will and testament on July 1, 2009, and

died on November 16, 2011. On December 20, 2011, the superior court admitted

Jepsen's will to probate, declared the estate was solvent, and appointed Julie Miles

as personal representative (PR) with nonintervention powers.

On March 22, 2012, Jepsen's adult son, Mack, 1 filed a petition contesting

the validity of Jepsen's will. Mack's attorney e-mailed the petition to the PR's

attorney the same day it was filed. There is nothing in the record showing that the

PR affirmatively agreed to accept e-mail service on her attorney in lieu of personal

service on the PR. On April27, 2012, the PR filed a response to Mack's petition,

denying its substantive allegations but not raising any affirmative defenses.

On October 31, 2012, the PR filed a motion to dismiss Mack's petition

because it was not personally served within 90 days of filing. The trial court

initially granted the PR' s motion but reversed itself on reconsideration, holding

that service under RCW 11.24.010 went solely to personal jurisdiction and that any

objection on that basis was waived. The PR appealed, and the Court of Appeals

affirmed in an unpublished decision. In re Estate of Jepsen, noted at 183 Wn. App.

1020 (2014), review granted, 182 Wn.2d 1002, 342 P.3d 326 (2015). 2

1
We use Mack's first name for clarity, intending no disrespect.
2
Mack died in August 20 13, and his estate was substituted as the party in interest. Jepsen, slip
op. at 2 n.l.

2
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

ISSUES

A. Did the Court of Appeals correctly hold that the PR waived any

objection to Mack's failure to comply with RCW 11.24.010?

B. Is either party entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal?

ANALYSIS

RCW 11.24.010 sets forth the steps necessary to commence a will contest

action, one of which is personally serving the will contest petition on the PR.

Mack did not do so, and the probate of Jepsen's will is now binding and final.

However, we disapprove of the PR's delay in raising the issue and therefore deny

both parties' requests for attorney fees and costs on appeal.

A. Under the plain language ofRCW 11.24.010, the probate of Jepsen's will is
binding and final

Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. In reMarriage

ofBuecking, 179 Wn.2d 438, 443, 316 P.3d 999 (2013). We must first consider

the statute's plain language. Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146

Wn.2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). In this case, our inquiry ends there. A will

contest petitioner must satisfy RCW 11.24.010's requirements in order to

commence a will contest action, and Mack did not do so.

3
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

Will contests are special statutory proceedings governed by ch. 11.24 RCW. 3

In re Estate ofToth, 138 Wn.2d 650, 653, 981 P.2d 439 (1999). RCW 11.24.010

sets a four-month limitations period for will contests and provides in relevant part:

For the purpose of tolling the four-month limitations period, a
contest is deemed commenced when a petition is filed with the court
and not when served upon the personal representative. The petitioner
shall personally serve the personal representative within ninety days
after the date of filing the petition. If, following filing, service is not
so made, the action is deemed to not have been commenced for
purposes of tolling the statute of limitations.

If no person files and serves a petition within the time under
this section, the probate or rejection of such will shall be binding and
final.

(Emphasis added.) This unambiguous language requires no construction. The PR

in this case was never personally served with the will contest petition. 4 The

probate of Jepsen's will is therefore binding and final.

Mack tries to avoid this plain language by contending that personal service

of a will contest petition is necessary only to gain personal jurisdiction over the PR

and that the PR waived any objection on that basis under CR 12(h)(l). His

primary support for this argument comes from In re Estate ofKordon, 157 Wn.2d

3The Trusts and Estates Dispute Resolution Act, ch 11.96A RCW, "shall not supersede, but shall
supplement" other Title 11 RCW statutes, including statutes governing will contests. RCW
11.96A.080(2). There is no need for supplementation to resolve the merits of this case.
4
An e-mail to an attorney cannot constitute substantial compliance with personal service on a
party where, as here, there is no express waiver of personal service, no agreement for electronic
service, see GR 30(b)(4), and no acceptance of service by the PR anywhere in the record. Mack
does not raise equitable estoppel, so we express no opinion on that issue.

4
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

206, 137 P.3d 16 (2006). In that case, we held that issuance of a "citation" under

former RCW 11.24.020 (1965) was "equivalent to a civil summons, conferring

personal jurisdiction over a party to a will contest." !d. at 210 (emphasis added).

Kordon, however, interpreted RCW 11.24.020, which (in both its current and

former versions) sets forth the requirements for giving notice of a will contest

action. By contrast, this case concerns RCW 11.24.010, which sets forth the

requirements for commencing a will contest action. Washington courts have

always strictly enforced the requirements for commencing will contest actions, and

we do so again today. See, e.g., Toth, 138 Wn.2d at 656; State ex rel. Wood v.

Superior Court, 76 Wash. 27, 30-31, 135 P. 494 (1913); In re Estate ofPeterson,

102 Wn. App. 456, 463, 9 P.3d 845 (2000).

Mack also contends that giving effect to the plain language ofRCW

11.24.010 would divest the superior courts of their constitutional jurisdiction over

"all matters of probate." CONST. art. IV, § 6. However, "the legislature may

prescribe reasonable regulations that do not divest the court of its jurisdiction."

Buecking, 179 Wn.2d at 449. RCW 11.24.010 does just that by setting forth

reasonable statutory prerequisites that must be fulfilled in order to commence a

will contest action, which, as noted above, is a special statutory proceeding. 5 Cf

5
Attempting to parse out the "fuzz[y]" distinction between procedural "litigation preconditions"
and "jurisdictional" statutes has led to significant confusion in prior cases. Howard M.
Wasserman, The Demise of "Drive-By Jurisdictional Rulings," 105 N.W. U.L. REv. 947, 954-55

5
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

Christensen v. Ellsworth, 162 Wn.2d 365, 370-71, 173 P.3d 228 (2007); James v.

Kitsap County, 154 Wn.2d 574, 587-89, 115 P.3d 286 (2005); 6 In re Parentage of

Ruff, 168 Wn. App. 109, 118, 275 P.3d 1175 (2012).

Mack did not complete the necessary steps to commence his will contest

action. 7 The probate of Jepsen's will is therefore binding and final.

B. Attorney fees and costs are denied

Both parties request attorney fees and costs on appeal pursuant to RCW

11.96A.150(1). Mack failed to comply with the plain language ofRCW

11.24.010, so we deny his request. However, we disapprove ofthe PR's delay in

raising the issue, contrary to her statutory duty "to settle the estate ... as rapidly

and as quickly as possible, without sacrifice to the probate or nonprobate estate."

RCW 11.48.010. We therefore deny her request as well.

(20 11 ). We decline to add to that confusion, particularly in the special statutory context of a will
contest, where there is "no functional difference between a court lacking power to hear the issue
[based on a jurisdictional statute] and a court lacking the opportunity to wield that power [based
on a litigation precondition]: either way, it is unable to adjudicate the issue." Id. at 959-60.
Instead, we adhere to our precedent strictly construing will contest statutes, which set forth
reasonable requirements that further the long-standing preference for efficient administration and
finality of judgments in probate matters. See Toth, 138 Wn.2d at 656; cf Henderson ex ref.
Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428,440, 131 S. Ct. 1197, 179 L. Ed. 2d 159 (2011) (quoting
United States v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 643, 647, 81 S. Ct. 1278, 6 L. Ed. 2d 575 (1961)) (holding that
the deadline for veterans to appeal administrative denial of benefits may be subject to equitable
tolling because "[t]he solicitude of Congress for veterans is of long standing").
6
Notably, the Land Use Petition Act at issue in James specifically provides that certain defenses
based on procedural noncompliance are waived if not timely raised. RCW 36.70C.080(2)-(3).
The will contest statutes do not contain similar waiver provisions.
7
Because Mack did not fully commence his will contest action, the PR's response to his petition
was superfluous. However, we note that automatic waiver under CR 12(h)(l) is inconsistent
with the plain language ofRCW 11.24.010 and so would not apply in any event. CR 81(a).

6
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Court of Appeals, deny both

parties' requests for attorney fees and costs, and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

7
In re Estate of Jepsen, No. 90874-5

WE CONCUR:

-~~-{-.9.

8
In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J Jepsen

No. 90874-5

STEPHENS, J. (dissenting)-The primary dispute in this case concerns

whether the personal service requirement in the statute governing will contests,

RCW 11.24.010, speaks to the superior court's subject matter jurisdiction over will

contest proceedings or to personal jurisdiction over the personal representative of

the decedent's estate. The distinction is pivotal because a defense that subject matter

jurisdiction is improper can be raised at any time, but a defense that personal

jurisdiction is improper may be waived. The superior court and the Court of Appeals

held that the statute concerns personal jurisdiction and the estate waived the defense.

I would affirm.

The majority takes a different approach. The majority concludes the statute

creates a defense that cannot be waived-but without discussing its jurisdictional

status at all. In my view, this avoids the proper analysis. Regardless of whether a

statute is phrased in "mandatory'' terms, the deeply rooted norm in our adversarial

litigation process is that a defense is waived if the defense is not timely asserted. CR

12(h)(l). A defense for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is the narrow exception
In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

to this rule. CR 12(h)(3). I would hold that RCW 11.24.010 is a claim-processing

rule concerning service of process and personal jurisdiction. Because the estate did

not timely assert this defense, it is waived and Mack Jepsen's will contest action

should proceed. I respectfully dissent.

I

This court recently "clarified that jurisdiction is comprised of only two

components: jurisdiction over the person and subject matter jurisdiction." In re

Marriage ofBuecking, 179 Wn.2d 438,447,316 P.3d 999 (2013). A defense that

personal jurisdiction is improper is waived if not timely asserted, CR 12(h)(1), but a

defense for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is never waived, CR 12(h)(3). Because

of this special allowance for raising issues of subject matter jurisdiction, determining

which rules concern subject matter jurisdiction can become a critical issue in

litigation.

We have recognized that confusion abounds in regard to subject matter

jurisdiction, and so our "recent cases have narrowed the types of errors that implicate

a court's subject matter jurisdiction." Buecking, 179 Wn.2d at 448. Likewise, the

United States Supreme Court's "recent cases [have sought] to bring some discipline

to the use of this term [jurisdiction]." Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428, 435,

131 S. Ct. 1197, 179 L. Ed. 2d 159 (2011). Recognizing that its prior cases had

'"more than occasionally [mis]used the term "jurisdictional,"'" Scarborough v.

Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 413, 124 S. Ct. 1856, 158 L. Ed. 2d 674 (2004) (alteration

in original) (quotingKontrickv. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443,454, 124 S. Ct. 906, 157 L. Ed.

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

2d 867 (2004)), the United States Supreme Court has discarded what the court now

refers to as "unrefined ... 'drive-by jurisdictional rulings' that should be accorded

'no precedential effect,"' Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 511, 126 S. Ct.

1235, 163 L. Ed. 2d 1097 (2006) (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizensfor Better Env't, 523

U.S. 83, 91, 118 S. Ct. 1003, 140 L. Ed. 2d 210 (1998)). As in this court, the result

has been that the United States Supreme Court has properly narrowed the types of

rules that confer subject matter jurisdiction. See, e.g., Howard M. Wasserman, The

Demise of "Drive-By Jurisdictional Rulings," 105 Nw. U.L. REv. 947 (2011)

(discussing recent United States Supreme Court cases).

The method of analysis followed in the United States Supreme Court's

jurisdiction cases provides a helpful framework for our analysis. In about a dozen

cases over the last decade or so, the court has refined its approach to deciding when

a rule will be consider jurisdictional. It now distinguishes between jurisdictional

rules, 1 on the one hand, and elements of the merits2 or claim-processing rules, 3 on

the other hand.

As noted, which side of the distinction a rule falls on "is not merely semantic

but of considerable practical importance for judges and litigants." Henderson, 562

1
See United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630, 122 S. Ct. 1781, 152 L. Ed. 2d 860
(2002) ("'[J]urisdiction' means ... 'the courts' statutory or constitutional power to
adjudicate the case."' (quoting Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 89)).
2
See Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 503 ("This case concerns the distinction between two
sometimes confused or conflated concepts: federal-court 'subject-matter' jurisdiction over
a controversy; and the essential ingredients of a federal claim for relief.")
3
See Gonzalez v. Thaler, U.S. , 132 S. Ct. 641, 648, 181 L. Ed. 2d 619
(2012) ("[W]e have pressed a stricter distinction between truly jurisdictional rules, which
govern 'a court's adjudicatory authority,' and nonjurisdictional 'claim-processing rules,'
which do not." (quoting Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 554-55)).

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

U.S. at 434; see also Gonzalez v. Thaler, _U.S._, 132 S. Ct. 641, 664, 181 L.

Ed. 2d 619 (2012) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("Terminology is destiny."). Rules that

grant a court subject matter jurisdiction "alter[] the normal operation of our

adversarial system" because the court has an obligation to ensure subject matter

jurisdiction is proper and the parties may raise the issue at any point, no matter how

late or how inequitable. Henderson, 562 U.S. at 434. These procedures can result

in the "waste of judicial resources and may unfairly prejudice litigants" when, after

"many months of work on the part of the attorneys and the court," a defect in subject

matter jurisdiction is raised for the first time. Id. at 434-35. Yet these procedures

are necessary to ensure that courts enter judgments only where they have the

jurisdictional power to do so. By contrast, in most other aspects of our adversarial

system, the "system is replete with rules requiring that certain matters be raised at

particular times" or else they are waived. Id. at 434. Because "the consequences

that attach to the jurisdictional label may be so drastic," the United States Supreme

Court has "urged that a rule should not be referred to as jurisdictional unless it

governs a court's adjudicatory capacity." Id. at 435. "Other rules, even if important

and mandatory, ... should not be given the jurisdictional brand." !d.

Applying the United States Supreme Court's three-part distinction, I turn first

to subject matter jurisdiction. Subject matter jurisdiction refers to the court's "ability

to entertain a type of case." Buecking, 179 Wn.2d at 448 (emphasis added); accord

Morrison v. Nat'! Austl. Bank Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, 254, 130 S. Ct. 2869, 177 L. Ed.

2d 535 (2010) ("Subject-matter jurisdiction ... 'refers to a tribunal's power to hear

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

a case."' (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of

Locomotive Eng'r & Trainmen, 558 U.S. 67, 81, 130 S. Ct. 584, 175 L. Ed. 2d 428

(2009)). The statute at issue here, RCW 11.24.010, does not grant the superior court

subject matter jurisdiction because it does not confer on the superior court the power

to hear this type of case. Indeed, the statute expressly recognizes that the question

of the court's jurisdiction will be determined from another source of law. See id.

(providing that a will contest petitioner may "petition to the court having jurisdiction

[to] contest the validity of said will" by following the statute's various timing and

service requirements (emphasis added)). As the statute thus anticipates, the superior

court already has subject matter jurisdiction under the Washington Constitution: the

Constitution provides that the "superior court shall have original jurisdiction ... of

all matters of probate." WASH. CoNST. art. IV, § 6. Under this constitutional

authority, the superior court has the power to adjudicate will contests.

On the other side of the distinction are elements of the merits and claim-

processing rules. The statute at issue, RCW 11.24.01 0, does not provide the

elements of the merits of a will contest petition, so I set that category aside. See,

e.g., Arbaugh, 546 U.S. 500 (regarding the distinction between elements of the

merits and jurisdictional rules). But as the United States Supreme Court has

explained, another category of "rules that should not be described as jurisdictional

are what we have called 'claim-processing rules."' Henderson, 562 U.S. at 435. A

claim-processing rule is one that "seek[s] to promote the orderly progress of

litigation by requiring that the parties take certain procedural steps at certain

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

specified times," yet it has nothing to do with the court's subject matter jurisdiction.

Id. "Filing deadlines, such as the 120-day day filing deadline at issue here, are

quintessential claim-processing rules." Id. At least eight times in the last decade,

the United States Supreme Court has overruled a lower court's incorrect

categorization of a rule as jurisdictional when the rule is truly a claim-processing

rule. 4 In all such cases, if a party believes the claim-processing rule was not properly

followed, that party must timely assert the defense, generally in its answer or in a

timely motion.

RCW 11.24.010's personal service requirement is a classic claim-processing

rule. The relevant portion of the statute provides simply that the "petitioner shall

personally serve the personal representative within ninety days after the date of filing

the petition" or else the probate of the will "shall be binding and final." RCW

11.24.01 0. This is a clear example of a claim-processing rule because it does not

speak to the court's adjudicatory power over a category of cases. It instead speaks

4
See Sebelius v. Auburn Reg'! Med. Ctr., _U.S._, 133 S. Ct. 817, 821, 184 L.
Ed. 2d 627 (2013) (statutory timeline for certain administrative appeal is a claim-
processing rule, not a jurisdictional rule); Henderson, 562 U.S. at 431 (statutory timeline
for certain judicial appeals is a claim-processing rule, not a jurisdictional rule); Eberhart
v. United States, 546 U.S. 12, 13, 126 S. Ct. 403, 163 L. Ed. 2d 14 (2005) (per curiam)
(Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(b)(2), which sets a timeline for filing a motion for
a new trial, is a claim-processing rule, not a jurisdictional rule); Scarborough, 541 U.S. at
413-14 (statutory timeline for seeking attorney fees in certain situations is a claim-
processing rule, not a jurisdictional rule); Gonzalez, 132 S. Ct. at 642 (statutory
requirement for a federal habeas corpus petitioners to obtain a certificate of appealability
to appeal a district court's final order is a claim-processing rule, not a jurisdictional rule);
United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa, 559 U.S. 260, 272, 130 S. Ct. 1367, 176 L. Ed.
2d 158 (2010) (rule requiring an adversarial proceeding for bankruptcy court to discharge
debt is a claim-processing rule, not a jurisdictional rule); Union Pac. R.R., 558 U.S. at 81-
86 (certain internal agency procedures are claim-processing rules, not jurisdictional rules).

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

to the procedure-a personal service requirement-by which the litigation will

unfold. Relatedly, "[p ]roper service of process 'is essential to invoke personal

jurisdiction over"' the personal representative. In re Estate ofKordon, 157 Wn.2d

206, 210, 137 P.3d 16 (2006) (quoting In reMarriage ofMarkowski, 50 Wn. App.

633, 635-36, 749 P.2d 754 (1988)). Because this is a rule governing service of

process and personal jurisdiction, a defense that the rule was not satisfied is waived

if not properly asserted. See CR 12(h)(1)(A) ("A defense oflack of jurisdiction over

the person, improper venue, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of

process is waived ... if omitted from [a CR 12 motion or a responsive pleading].").

The estate did not assert and preserve its defense based on noncompliance

with RCW 11.24.010, either in a CR 12 motion or its answer to the petition. Instead,

it answered, appeared at hearings, and conducted discovery before raising its

objection many months later. The superior court and the Court of Appeals correctly

recognized that the defense was waived and the will contest should proceed.

II

The majority's contrary conclusion appears to turn on the fact that the statute's

plain language says the will's admission to probate "shall be binding and final" if

the personal service requirement is not fulfilled, RCW 11.24.010; see also majority

at 4 ("This unambiguous language requires no construction. The [personal

representative] in this case was never personally served with the will contest petition.

The probate of Jepsen's will is therefore binding and final." (footnote omitted)).

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

This reliance on "shall" proves too much. Merely because a statute speaks in

mandatory terms-such as "shall be binding and final"-does not make it

jurisdictional so that a party can raise an objection at any point during or after the

litigation. 5 That would create an absurd result: all rules of law (save expressly

discretionary ones) set forth mandatory prescriptions, but we have never suggested

every claim, defense, or procedural issue can be raised at any time in litigation.

Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has flatly rejected the majority's line of

reasoning, holding that claim-processing rules, "even if important and
mandatory, ... should not be given the jurisdictional brand." Henderson, 562 U.S.

at 435 (emphasis added); see also Scarborough, 541 U.S. at 413 (noting that "'time

prescriptions, ... even rigid ones,"' are claim-processing rules (emphasis added)

(quoting Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 454)); Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456 ("[A] claim-

processing rule, ... , even if unalterable on a party's application, can nonetheless
be forfeited if the party asserting the rule waits too long to raise the point." (emphasis

added)).

In my view, the majority's focus on the mandatory nature of the rule misses

the core question this case presents: whether a defense based on noncompliance with

5
For example, a defendant's affirmative defense based on the plaintiffs failure to
file within the statute of limitations is waived if not timely asserted, irrespective of how
forceful or mandatory the statute of limitation's language. One statute of limitations
provides that a testamentary beneficiary must submit a claim for nonprobate assets within
six months of the date of probate and one year of the date of death or be ''forever barred
from making such a claim or commencing such an action." RCW 11.11.070(3) (emphasis
added). However, the Court of Appeals has properly held that a defendant waives the time
bar as a defense ifthe defendant does not raise the defense in the answer. See In re Estate
ofPalmer, 145 Wn. App. 249,258-59, 187 P.3d 758 (2008).

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

RCW 11.24.010's personal service requirement is waived ifit is not timely raised

and preserved. See Br. ofResp't at 12 (identifying question on appeal "whether the

provision in question relates to a requirement that can be waived"). As explained

above, the answer is yes. RCW 11.24.010's personal service requirement is a mere

claim-processing rule, and a defense that the rule was not followed must be raised

in the answer or in a timely motion.

III

The statutory history of RCW 11.24.010 also convinces me that its personal

service requirement can be waived if not timely asserted.

Prior to 2006, the will contest statute, RCW 11.24.010, had no personal

service requirement. See former RCW 11.24.010 (2004). It simply provided:

If any person interested in any will shall appear within four months
immediately following the probate ... thereof, and by petition to the court
having jurisdiction contest the validity of said will, ... he or she shall file a
petition containing his or her objections and exceptions to said will ....
If no person shall appear within the time under this section, the
probate ... of such will shall be binding and final.

!d. At that time, the statute's next section, RCW 11.24.020, created a related scheme

that governed the issuance of a "citation":

Upon the filing of the petition referred to in RCW 11.24.010, a citation shall
be issued to the executors . . . of the will, or to the administrators with the
will annexed, and to all legatees . . . , requiring them to appear before the
court, on a day therein specified, to show cause why the petition should not
be granted.

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

Former RCW 11.24.020 (2004). 6

This court interpreted both of these former provisions in Kordon, 157 Wn.2d

206. At issue there, the petitioner timely filed a will contest petition within RCW

11.24.010's four-month period but did not file a citation pursuant to RCW 11.24.020

for about two years following the filing of the petition. The superior court dismissed

the petition for lack of personal jurisdiction over the personal representative, and the

Court of Appeals affirmed.

We held that "[a] citation is equivalent to a civil summons, conferring

personal jurisdiction over a party to a will contest" and that the "failure to issue a

citation deprives the court of personal jurisdiction over the party denied process."

!d. at 210. And we recognized that "[w]hile RCW 11.24.020 imposes no explicit

statutory time limit on the issuance of a citation, it implicitly adopts the requirements

of the Superior Court Civil Rules and Title 4 RCW, governing civil procedure,"

specifically that a plaintiff must serve process on a defendant within 90 days of filing

a complaint under the general civil procedure statute, RCW 4.16.170. !d. at 213

(emphasis added) (discussing CR 1, CR 3(a), CR 81(a), and RCW 4.16.170). We

concluded that "a party contesting a will may request and serve citations any time

within the four-month statute of limitations on bringing a will contest [under RCW

11.24.01 0] or any time within 90 days of timely filing a petition contesting the will."

!d. Because the will contest petitioner in Kordon "served [the] citation more than

6
The concept of a "citation" was amended in 2006 to refer to "notice ... as provided
in RCW 11.96A.1 00," LAWS OF 2006, ch. 360, § 9 (codified at RCW 11.24.020), but this
change is immaterial here.

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

two years after timely filing a petition contesting Kordon's will," we affirmed the

dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction. I d. at 213-14.

Following our decision in Kordon, the legislature amended RCW 11.24.010.

See LAWS OF 2007, ch. 475, § 4. The amendment effectively codified our holding

by adding this new sentence to RCW 11.24.010:

For the purpose of tolling the four-month limitations period, a contest
is deemed commenced when a petition is filed with the court and not when
served upon the personal representative. The petitioner shall personally
serve the personal representative within ninety days after the date offiling
the petition. If, following filing, service is not so made, the action is deemed
to not have been commenced for purposes oftolling the statute oflimitations.

LAWS OF 2007, ch. 475, § 4 (emphasis added) (codified at RCW 11.24.010's

penultimate sentence). This new language simply makes explicit the time limitation

that Kordon held to be implicit. That is apparent because the amended RCW

11.24.010 substantially reproduces the language from the general civil procedure

statute in Title 4 RCW, RCW 4.16.170, that Kordon had held RCW 11.24.020

"implicitly adopts."7 See Kordon, 157 Wn.2d at 213. Nothing in the amendment

departs from our holding in Kordon that service of process "'is essential to invoke

7
That Title 4 RCW statute provides:
For the purpose of tolling any statute of limitations an action shall be deemed
commenced when the complaint is filed or summons is served whichever
occurs first. If service has not been had on the defendant prior to the filing
ofthe complaint, the plaintiffshall cause one or more ofthe defendants to be
served personally, or commence service by publication within ninety days
from the date offiling the complaint. If the action is commenced by service
on one or more of the defendants or by publication, the plaintiff shall file the
summons and complaint within ninety days from the date of service. If
following service, the complaint is not so filed, or following filing, service is
not so made, the action shall be deemed to not have been commenced for
purposes of tolling the statute of limitations.
RCW 4.16.170 (emphasis added).

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

personal jurisdiction over"' the personal representative. !d. 210 (quoting

Markowski, 50 Wn. App. at 635-36). As a personal service requirement concerning

personal jurisdiction, the defense is waived if the objection is not preserved in the

respondent's answer or CR 12 motion. CR 12(h)(l).

IV
I would hold that RCW 11.24.010's requirement for personal service on the

personal representative is a claim-processing rule that concerns service of process

and personal jurisdiction. Noncompliance with its terms does not deprive the

superior court of its subject matter jurisdiction over a will contest petition. Any

defense that the rule has been violated is waived if not timely asserted. Jepsen's will

contest action should be allowed to proceed. I would affirm the sensible decisions

of the superior court and the Court of Appeals. I respectfully dissent. 8

8
Jepsen seeks an award of attorney fees under RCW 11.96A.150. The decision to
grant fees is discretionary at each level of court based on the equities of the case. Though
the Court of Appeals declined to award fees, I believe it is appropriate to grant those fees
incurred during the pendency of this case before this court.

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In the Matter of the Estate of Virginia J. Jepsen, 90874-5 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

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