COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-13-00466-CR
LONNIE CLIFTON COTHERN APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 1297383D
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MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
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In two points, Lonnie Clifton Cothern contends that (1) because of a
variance between the indictment and proof at trial, the evidence is insufficient to
support the jury’s verdict finding him guilty of the state jail felony of theft of
property valued at $1,500 or more but less than $20,000 and (2) the trial court
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
erred by instructing the jury on lesser-included offenses of theft of property of
lesser value. We affirm.
Background
A jury convicted appellant of the lesser-included offense of theft of property
of a value of $1,500 or more but less than $20,000 based on an indictment that
charged him with unlawfully appropriating “a metal manipulator” valued at
$20,000 or more but less than $100,000 with the intent to deprive Brad Peden,
the owner, of the property. The trial court denied appellant’s motion for a
directed verdict based on his contention that the State had proven only that he
had stolen part of a steel welding manipulator and not a “metal manipulator” as
alleged in the indictment. The charge also used the term “metal manipulator”
and included, at the State’s request, the lesser-included offenses of theft of
property valued at $1,500 or more but less than $20,000, theft of $500 or more
but less than $1,500, and theft of $50 or more but less than $500. See Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(e)(2)–(4)(A), (5) (West Supp. 2014). Because
appellant raises a sufficiency argument in his first point, we will discuss the
evidence in more detail in our discussion of that point.
Variance Between Indictment and Evidence
In his first point, appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient to prove
that he stole a “metal manipulator” as alleged in the indictment because the
evidence shows only that he stole part of a welding manipulator, i.e., the arm and
saddle.
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Standard of Review and Applicable Law
To determine whether the State has met its burden under Jackson v.
Virginia to prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, we compare the
elements of the crime as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge to the
evidence adduced at trial. Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014). A hypothetically correct jury charge is one that “accurately sets out the
law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s
burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and
adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.”
Id. (quoting Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). The
law as authorized by the indictment consists of the statutory elements of the
offense and those elements as modified by the indictment. Id.
There are two types of variances in an evidentiary-sufficiency analysis:
material variances and immaterial variances. Id. at 9. Immaterial variances do
not affect the validity of a criminal conviction; thus, a hypothetically correct jury
charge need not incorporate allegations that would give rise to only immaterial
variances. Id. But a material variance renders a conviction infirm, and the only
remedy is to render an acquittal. Id. In assessing materiality, we ask two
questions: first, “whether the indictment, as written, informed the defendant of
the charge against him sufficiently to allow him to prepare an adequate defense
at trial” and, second, “whether prosecution under the deficiently drafted
indictment would subject the defendant to the risk of being prosecuted later for
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the same crime.” Daugherty v. State, 387 S.W.3d 654, 665 n.7 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013) (quoting Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 248 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).
A person commits theft if he or she unlawfully appropriates property with
the intent to deprive the owner of that property. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(a)
(West Supp. 2014). The punishment range for theft varies depending on the
value of the stolen property. Id. § 31.03(e). The court of criminal appeals has
held,
[A] theft conviction can never rest in whole or in part upon theft of
property not alleged in the indictment as stolen. However, once the
defendant has been given proper notice that he must prepare to
defend himself against a charge that he has stolen a certain “bundle”
of property, there is no reason that he should be acquitted if the
evidence shows him guilty of stealing enough of the “bundle” to
make him guilty of the offense charged. . . . Likewise, the State
should be allowed to plead all property which the evidence may
ultimately prove stolen without thereby being required to prove theft
of any larger quantum of property than the statute at issue requires.
Lehman v. State, 792 S.W.2d 82, 84–85 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (citation omitted)
(reviewing theft case in which multiple items were alleged to have been stolen
during a continuing course of conduct); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
21.09 (West 2009) (requiring indictment to include description of personal
property, if known). But when a discrepancy between the charging instrument
allegation and the proof of theft at trial is that of entirely different property, the
discrepancy is not merely a variance, it is a failure of proof. Byrd v. State, 336
S.W.3d 242, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
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Evidence
Brad Peden, the former vice president of ArcMaster Supply, testified that
on April 10, 2012, he arrived at work and saw that the back gate was open and
the padlock was gone. He next noticed that what he described as the company’s
“welding manipulator” was missing from the back yard. When shown a
photograph of what the yard looked like on the day in question, he identified
scrape marks on the concrete pad where the manipulator had been stored; to
Peden, it indicated that the saddle part of it had been dragged. He described the
manipulator as having “an axis going up and down and an axis going horizontal,
and it can move up and down and in and out, and it holds a welding head out on
the end of it.” When asked if the “entire piece” of the equipment was on the
property that day, he answered, “No. Just the -- the horizontal arm that moved in
an out and the part we call the saddle that attaches the two pieces together.”
The other part of the equipment was stored with another company in Dallas.
Peden testified that he did not give anyone permission to remove the
“manipulator”––which he also described as a fourteen or fifteen foot telescoping
arm––and that he did not know appellant. When asked how he recognized “that
beam of your manipulator,” Peden answered,
[I]t’s a very specific piece of equipment. It’s got V ways on it, on the
top and lower, and it’s got a gear rack on it -- It’s telescoping, which
makes it very unusual. You know, as far as -- [p]robably less than
one in a hundred manipulators would have a telescope arm.
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After Peden made a police report and sent a copy of a reward poster he
had made with a photograph of the arm to Officer Don Hawkins of the Fort Worth
Police Department, the officer called Peden to let him know he might have found
the arm at a local scrapyard. In the reward poster, Peden had described the item
as a “beam.” When Peden arrived at the scrapyard, he identified what he called
the manipulator as ArcMaster’s missing equipment. It had orange spray paint on
the beam, and appellant had brought it to the scrapyard on his trailer.
Throughout his testimony, Peden referred to the missing equipment as either the
“manipulator” or “manipulator arm”; however, on both direct and cross-
examination, he is clear that what was missing was the arm and saddle of a
larger piece of equipment.
John Schak, a long-time employee of ArcMaster, testified that the missing
piece of equipment was the saddle and “long horizontal piece.” He also testified
that the stolen piece was made of metal. He had not seen a welding manipulator
operated before; he only knew what the stolen piece of equipment was called
because that is what he had been told. However, he identified from a
photograph the same piece of equipment that Peden did as being the item
missing from ArcMaster’s yard.
Officer Hawkins identified the missing equipment at a metal scrapyard
based on the description Peden gave him. He confirmed that Peden had
identified the missing equipment at the scrapyard and that Peden had explained
to him that it was only part of a larger piece of equipment. Officer Hawkins also
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found a motor that was part of the larger manipulator on appellant’s property,
along with orange spray paint.
Analysis
We conclude and hold that by charging appellant generally with theft of a
metal manipulator, the State necessarily charged appellant with theft of its
component parts. See Lehman, 792 S.W.2d at 84–85; cf. Uyamadu v. State, 359
S.W.3d 753, 758–59 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (holding
that value of “computer” alleged to have been stolen was not limited to hardware
only and included value of installed software); McClain v. State, No. 14-07-
00498-CR, 2008 WL 4911900, at *6 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 13,
2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that when
indictment alleged list of stolen property, State did not need to prove each item in
list was stolen); Mitchell v. State, No. 01-94-00403-CR, 1994 WL 575422, at *2
(Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 20, 1994, pet. ref’d) (not designated for
publication) (holding that State did not need to prove that appellant himself stole
twelve 12-packs of beer as charged when evidence showed that appellant was
part of a group and carried out at least two 12-packs). Accordingly, we conclude
and hold that there is not a variance between the indictment and the proof. 2
2
We note that the record contains testimony regarding the replacement
cost, original cost, and scrap value of the missing part of the manipulator. If the
State had proven only the value of the manipulator as a whole, the evidence
would not be sufficient as to the value element of the offense of theft for the
component part. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(e); Calton v. State, 176
S.W.3d 231, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (noting that value of property stolen is
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But even assuming there is a variance between the description of the
property in the indictment and the evidence at trial, it is immaterial. Nothing in
the record indicates that appellant did not know what the State was claiming he
stole or that he was misled by the allegation or surprised by the proof at trial.
See Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 258. In fact, appellant’s two defenses were that
(1) he was trying to sell a completely different type of equipment that belonged to
him and that he had kept on his property since 2003 and (2) the State did not
prove that the item Peden described as missing was made out of metal or
manipulated metal, that a metal manipulator is the same thing as a welding
manipulator, and that the item recovered at the scrapyard is the same item that
was missing from ArcMaster’s backyard. Thus, the issue at trial was whether the
State proved that the item Peden described as missing and identified on
appellant’s trailer at the scrapyard was the same item Officer Hawkins
discovered on appellant’s trailer at the scrapyard. See id.; see also Johnson v.
State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 296–99 (Tex. Crim. App.) (“The description of the item
taken in Gollihar—a go-cart with a certain model number—constituted a non-
statutory description of the gravamen element of property. The question we
faced in Gollihar was whether the variance was significant enough that we could
not conclude that the State had proved the same theft—the stealing of the same
go-cart—as the one it had alleged.”), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 536 (2012).
element of offense of theft). But the State introduced evidence that Peden had
purchased the part at issue for $6,228.75.
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The evidence shows that appellant and Peden had both sought return of
the same piece of equipment in a prior court proceeding and that appellant had
attended at least one hearing for that purpose. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 47.01(a) (West 2006). Therefore, regardless of what the piece of equipment
was called––“metal manipulator,” “welding manipulator,” “telescoping arm,” or
“automatic bin retriever”––the evidence shows that both appellant and the State’s
witnesses were referring to the same item: the piece of equipment seized by
Officer Hawkins on appellant’s trailer at the metal scrapyard. It was within the
purview of the jury to believe either the State’s witnesses who testified that the
item belonged to Peden or appellant’s testimony that it belonged to him. See
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (West 1979); Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d
166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
Moreover, considering the record as a whole, there is no danger of
appellant’s being prosecuted again for theft of the same item. See Gollihar, 46
S.W.3d at 258 (citing United States v. Apodaca, 843 F.2d 421, 430 n.3 (10th Cir.)
(holding that in event of subsequent prosecution, entire record of prior
proceeding may be considered to determine if double jeopardy bar applies), cert.
denied, 488 U.S. 932 (1988)).
We overrule appellant’s first point. 3
3
Cf. Banks v. State, No. 01-11-00766-CR, 2014 WL 2767125, at *4 (Tex.
App.––Houston [1st Dist.] June 17, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (holding that even if variance existed, it was immaterial because
appellant did not argue insufficient notice, her defense was that appropriation
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Lesser-Included Offense Instructions
In his second point, appellant contends that the trial court erred by
instructing the jury on the lesser-included offenses of theft of property in differing
amounts. According to appellant,
The trial court erred by charging the jury on all of the levels of theft
because the value is not an element of the offense. The value of the
stolen property is jurisdictional – it merely vests the court with
jurisdiction. Therefore, it was improper for the trial court to instruct
the jury on the various levels of theft because the value of the
property determines which court has jurisdiction to hear the case,
not whether the same or less than all of the facts required to
establish the commission of the offense charged. The facts required
to prove Third Degree Theft are entirely different than the facts
required to prove State Jail, or Misdemeanor, Theft.
Therefore, appellant argues that the jury could not have rationally determined
that if he was guilty he was guilty only of theft of $1,500 or more but less than
$20,000, “[g]iven the numerous [other] estimates concerning the value of the
property.”
Contrary to appellant’s jurisdictional argument, it is the presentment of the
indictment alleging a felony that vests the district court with jurisdiction. Tex.
Const. art. V, § 12(b). Once that jurisdiction attaches, the district court retains
was unintentional and result of mistake, and double jeopardy did not apply
because it was clear from a review of the entire record that what appellant stole
“is the same property as the ‘money’ described in the information as having been
misappropriated”); Duggan v. State, No. 01-90-00981-CR, 1992 WL 41691, at *2
(Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 5, 1992, pet. ref’d) (not designated for
publication) (holding that difference between testimony that stolen mullions were
about twelve feet long “give or take” and indictment which alleged they were
“twelve feet” long was immaterial).
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jurisdiction over any lesser-included offenses, even if they are misdemeanors.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 4.06 (West 2005); Golden v. State, 833 S.W.2d
291, 292 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d) (citing Mueller v.
State, 43 S.W.2d 589, 589–90 (Tex. Crim. App. 1931)). The value of the
property stolen is an element of the offense of theft, which determines the grade
of the offense and range of punishment. See Calton v. State, 176 S.W.3d 231,
235 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Martinez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 422, 428 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Accordingly, evidence that the property
stolen may have had a lesser value than that alleged in the indictment justified
the lesser-included offense instructions in this case. See Grey v. State, 298
S.W.3d 644, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding that second prong of Rousseau
does not apply when State requests lesser-included instruction). We overrule
appellant’s second point.
Conclusion
Having overruled both of appellant’s points, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ Terrie Livingston
TERRIE LIVINGSTON
CHIEF JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: May 7, 2015
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