Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
OPINION
No. 04-13-00108-CV
LOWER COLORADO RIVER AUTHORITY,
Appellant
v.
City of Boerne,
CITY OF BOERNE, Texas,
Appellee
From the 216th Judicial District Court, Kendall County, Texas
Trial Court No. 12-502
Honorable Bill R. Palmer, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Delivered and Filed: January 8, 2013
AFFIRMED
The Lower Colorado River Authority (“LCRA”), a political subdivision of the State,
appeals the portion of the trial court’s order granting the City of Boerne’s plea to the jurisdiction,
thereby immunizing the City from LCRA’s suit for declaratory relief. We decline to overrule City
of San Antonio ex rel. City Pub. Serv. Bd. v. Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc., 381 S.W.3d
597 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied), and affirm the trial court’s order.
04-13-00108-CV
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 1974, under the authority of its enabling legislation, LCRA entered into Wholesale
Power Agreements (“WPAs”) with several dozen cities and electric cooperatives, including the
City of Boerne. Boerne agreed to purchase 100% of its total annual electric power and energy
requirements from LCRA in a WPA with a 25-year term that extended for a successive 25-year
term unless terminated by either LCRA or the City of Boerne. The WPA contained a Uniform
Rate Clause by which LCRA agreed that if it supplied electricity to another similarly-situated
customer at a lower rate than that set out in Boerne’s rate schedule, LCRA would make the lower
rate available to Boerne.
In 1987, LCRA and Boerne signed an amendment to the WPA extending its term to June
25, 2016, and requiring either party to provide notice of termination by June 25, 2011. In 2011,
LCRA again renegotiated many of its customer agreements, extending the terms of those WPAs
to 2041 in exchange for a reduction in the energy purchase requirements. Rather than negotiate a
second extension with LCRA, Boerne provided timely notice that it would allow its WPA to expire
by its terms on June 25, 2016.
On June 28, 2012, however, Boerne sent a letter to LCRA claiming that it had materially
breached the WPA by violating the Uniform Rate Clause when it permitted other customers to
reduce their energy requirements. The letter also stated that Boerne would terminate the WPA if
LCRA did not cure the breach within thirty days. On August 13, 2012, Boerne notified LCRA
that, because it had failed to cure the breach, it would terminate the WPA in thirty days’ time on
September 13, 2012.
LCRA filed a lawsuit seeking a declaratory judgment confirming that it had neither
breached the WPA nor violated its enabling legislation. LCRA additionally pleaded a claim for
breach of contract and damages. The City of Boerne filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting
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governmental immunity as to LCRA’s declaratory judgment claim and its breach of contract claim.
The trial court denied Boerne’s plea to the jurisdiction as to the breach of contract claim, but
granted the plea as to the declaratory judgment claim. This appeal by LCRA followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To have authority to resolve a case, a court must have subject matter jurisdiction. Tex.
Ass’n of Bus. v. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993). Sovereign and governmental
immunity from suit deprive a trial court of subject matter jurisdiction. Reata Const. Corp. v. City
of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2006). In a suit against a governmental entity, the plaintiff
must prove a valid waiver of immunity from suit and must plead sufficient facts demonstrating the
trial court’s jurisdiction in order to invoke the court’s subject matter jurisdiction over the claim.
Tex. Dept. of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Ass’n of Bus.,
852 S.W.2d at 446. A governmental entity properly raises immunity through a plea to the
jurisdiction. Reata, 197 S.W.3d at 374. The reviewing court does not examine the merits of the
cause of action when considering a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction, but considers
only the plaintiff’s pleadings and any evidence relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 227; County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002). If the relevant
evidence creates a fact question regarding jurisdiction, the trial court cannot grant the plea to the
jurisdiction and the fact issue must be resolved by the fact finder; however, if the relevant evidence
is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court must rule on
the plea as a matter of law. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227-28. We construe the pleadings liberally
in favor of jurisdiction, and accept the pleadings’ factual allegations as true. Id. at 226. Whether
subject matter jurisdiction exists is a question of law to be reviewed de novo. Tex. Nat’l Res.
Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. 2002); Mayhew v. Town of
Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998).
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LIMITED WAIVER OF GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY
Governmental immunity has two components—immunity from liability and immunity
from suit. Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex. 2006). The State and any units of
State government are immune from suit and liability unless the State consents. Ben Bolt-Palito
Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Political Subdivis. Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund, 212
S.W.3d 320, 323-24 (Tex. 2006) (the sovereign is immune from both liability and suit). Similarly,
governmental immunity protects political subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities, and
school districts. Id. at 324; City of Houston v. Williams, 353 S.W.3d 128, 134 n.5 (Tex. 2011)
(distinguishing governmental and sovereign immunity). A governmental entity such as a city that
enters into a contract waives immunity from liability by voluntarily binding itself to the contract
terms, but it does not thereby waive its immunity from suit. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8
S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999). A political subdivision such as the City of Boerne is immune from
suit unless expressly waived by the legislature. Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 134. Only “clear and
unambiguous” language within a statute will be interpreted as waiving immunity, and it has long
been recognized that the power to waive immunity from suit lies solely with the legislature. TEX.
GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.034 (West 2013); Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 134; IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d at
853-54. Immunity from suit functions as a jurisdictional bar, while immunity from liability
operates as an affirmative defense. Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 134; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, LCRA argues the trial court has jurisdiction over its declaratory judgment
claim, and thus erred in granting Boerne’s plea to the jurisdiction as to that claim, because:
(1) a city does not have any governmental immunity against a suit based on a
contract involving a proprietary function, such as provision of electrical power
to its citizens, rather than a governmental function;
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04-13-00108-CV
(2) even if immunity against suit exists with respect to such a contract,
(i) immunity is not implicated here because LCRA’s declaratory judgment
claim does not attempt to impose liability on the City of Boerne or to
control its actions; or
(ii) the statutory waiver of immunity for certain breach of contract claims
in section 271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code is broad
enough to encompass declaratory judgment claims that may result in
contractual liability by a city.
1. No Immunity Against Suit Exists — Proprietary-Governmental Dichotomy
LCRA argues that the City of Boerne was engaged in a proprietary function when it entered
into and agreed to extend the WPA for the purpose of providing its citizens with energy and
electrical power, and thus no immunity against a claim based on the WPA exists. In support,
LCRA relies on the common law principle stated in Gates v. City of Dallas, 704 S.W.2d 737 (Tex.
1986), which held that a city has immunity for governmental functions performed as an agent of
the State “in furtherance of general law for the interest of the public at large,” but no immunity for
proprietary functions performed in its private capacity for the benefit of only its own citizens. Id.
at 738-39. Because the provision of electrical power to the city’s residents is a proprietary
function, LCRA contends that the City of Boerne has no immunity against LCRA’s suit arising
out of the WPA. Id.; see Int’l Bank of Commerce of Laredo v. Union Nat’l Bank of Laredo, 653
S.W.2d 539, 546 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (noting that a municipality’s
proprietary functions include providing gas and electric service to its citizens).
Subsequent to Gates and its progeny, in 2005, the legislature adopted Subchapter I of
Chapter 271 of the Local Government Code which expressly waives immunity from suit for certain
contractual claims against local governmental entities. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.151-
.160 (West 2005 & Supp. 2013); Ben Bolt, 212 S.W.3d at 327. For the waiver to apply, (1) the
party against whom waiver is asserted must be a “local governmental entity,” (2) authorized by
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statute or the constitution to enter into contracts, and (3) the local governmental entity must have
in fact entered into a “contract subject to this subchapter.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.152
(West 2005); Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 134. The statute defines “a contract subject to this
subchapter” as “a written contract stating the essential terms of the agreement for providing goods
or services to the local governmental entity that is properly executed on behalf of the local
governmental entity.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.151(2)(A) (West Supp. 2013). The
statutory waiver of immunity is limited to a “suit for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach
of the contract.” Id. § 271.152.
In view of section 271.152’s statutory waiver for certain breach of contract claims against
governmental entities, this Court has declined to apply Gates’s proprietary-governmental
dichotomy to contractual or quasi-contractual claims. See Wheelabrator, 381 S.W.3d at 605. As
a matter of first impression, we rejected the subcontractor’s argument that the City of San Antonio
had no immunity from its quasi-contractual quantum meruit claim because the City’s operation of
a public utility was a proprietary function, and the proprietary-governmental distinction
established in Gates and incorporated into the Texas Tort Claims Act should be applied to quasi-
contractual claims such as quantum meruit. Id. We reasoned that by restricting section 271.152’s
waiver of immunity for contractual claims to suits for breach of express written contracts for goods
and services, the legislature consciously chose to exclude other contractual and quasi-contractual
claims from the statutory waiver; as it did in the Tort Claims Act, the legislature could have
incorporated the proprietary-governmental dichotomy into the statutory waiver for breach of
contract claims, but chose not to do so. Id. at 603-04; see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§§ 101.001—.029 (West 2011 & Supp. 2013). We further noted that Gates’s common law
principle that when a municipality engages in a proprietary function it is subject to the same
liability as a private person pre-dates the 2005 enactment of the statutory scheme waiving
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immunity for certain contract claims, and also pre-dates Tooke. Wheelabrator, 381 S.W.3d at 603-
04. In Tooke, the Supreme Court made clear that sovereign immunity is the default rule with
respect to all types of claims against municipalities and explicitly stated that “we have never held
that this same distinction [proprietary/governmental functions] determines whether immunity from
suit is waived for breach of contract claims, and we need not determine that issue here.” Id. at 604
(quoting Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343). As we noted in Wheelabrator, the Supreme Court had not
revisited the issue since Tooke. Id.
Making basically the same arguments that we rejected in Wheelabrator, LCRA asserts that
Wheelabrator is wrong and should be overturned. In arguing that after the 2005 enactment of the
statutory waiver the Supreme Court and several courts of appeals have “applied” the
governmental-proprietary dichotomy in determining a city’s immunity in a contract case, LCRA
relies on several of the same cases we discussed, and distinguished, in the Wheelabrator opinion.
See id. at 604-05 (distinguishing several post-Tooke cases by noting that none of the opinions
actually reached the issue of whether the governmental-proprietary dichotomy applies to
contractual or quasi-contractual claims because the municipalities were all found to be engaged in
a governmental function). Without raising any new authority or arguments, LCRA calls
Wheelabrator an “outlier” and asks this court to reconsider the applicability of the governmental-
proprietary dichotomy to contractual and quasi-contractual claims. LCRA asserts that
Wheelabrator’s reasoning is flawed because section 271.152’s waiver of immunity was intended
to broaden, not narrow, the scope of contract claims that could be filed against cities, and the
statutory waiver scheme is inapplicable in contract cases in which no immunity exists in the first
place, i.e., when a city engages in a proprietary function. We are not persuaded that any of LCRA’s
arguments undermine Wheelabrator’s analysis. Moreover, the Supreme Court recently denied the
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petition for review filed in Wheelabrator. Until either the legislature 1 or the Supreme Court
resolves this issue to the contrary, we are bound by the precedent of our prior opinion and decline
to undertake en banc consideration as suggested by LCRA. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.1(a), 41.2(c).
2. If Immunity Against Suit Exists — Immunity is Either Not Implicated or Waived
LCRA argues that, even if immunity against suit exists here, either (i) the immunity is not
implicated because LCRA’s declaratory judgment claim does not attempt to impose liability on
the City of Boerne or to control its actions, or (ii) section 271.152’s waiver of immunity against
suit for certain breach of contract claims is broad enough to encompass LCRA’s declaratory
judgment claim.
With respect to the nature of its cause of action, we look to LCRA’s second amended
petition. LCRA specifically requested a “determination of the questions of construction arising
under the statutes and contract” as well as a “declaration of rights, status, and legal relations of the
parties, particularly in regard to the Defendant’s assertion of a breach of contract based on the
construction of the Uniform Rate Clause and Defendant’s claimed right to unilaterally terminate
the contract based on that clause.” The cause of action seeks to establish the legal and factual
foundation for LCRA’s breach of contract claim against the City of Boerne, which in turn seeks to
impose liability on the City. LCRA’s declaratory judgment claim is essentially duplicative of its
breach of contract claim.
As to the scope of section 271.152’s waiver of immunity for breach of contract claims,
LCRA argues the other side of the same coin, stating that its declaratory judgment claim is a claim
which seeks to “adjudicate[] a claim for breach of contract” within the meaning of section 271.152.
Section 271.152 provides that, “A local governmental entity . . . that enters into a contract subject
1
The legislature adopted amendments to Subchapter I of Chapter 271 in 2013, after Wheelabrator was issued in 2012,
but did not amend section 271.152.
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to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to suit for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for
breach of the contract, subject to the terms and conditions of this subchapter.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T
CODE ANN. § 271.152 (emphasis added). Under the statute, “adjudication” of a claim “means the
bringing of a civil suit and prosecution to final judgment in county or state court” or through an
arbitration proceeding. Id. § 271.151(1) (West Supp. 2013). LCRA argues that nothing in section
271.152 excludes declaratory judgment actions based on written contracts from the statutory
waiver. On the other hand, nothing in the statute expressly includes declaratory judgment claims.
The City of Boerne argues that LCRA’s declaratory judgment claim is not “for the purpose
of adjudicating a claim for breach of contract,” and thus does not fall within section 271.152’s
waiver of immunity. It cites us to cases, including Wheelabrator, which have held that in the
absence of a properly pleaded breach of contract claim, section 271.152 does not waive immunity.
See Wheelabrator, 381 S.W.3d at 605 (no waiver of immunity under section 271.152 for quantum
meruit claim); see also Ghidoni v. Bexar Metro. Water Dist., No. 04-07-00377-CV, 2007 WL
2481034, at *1-2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Sept. 5, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (no waiver for fraud
claims instead of breach of contract claim); McCandless v. Pasadena Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 03-09-
00249-CV, 2010 WL 1253581, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 2, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). We
agree with the City of Boerne. The Supreme Court stated in Tooke that Chapter 271 only waives
immunity for suits that seek the remedies specifically set out in the statute. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at
345. Based on the plain language of section 271.152, the legislature has not expressly and
unambiguously waived immunity from suit for a declaratory judgment claim. As the City of
Boerne notes, by granting its plea to the jurisdiction only on LCRA’s declaratory judgment claim,
the trial court has allowed LCRA to proceed on its breach of contract claim, for which immunity
is expressly waived under section 271.152. Therefore, LCRA will be permitted to adjudicate the
breach of contract issue when the trial resumes.
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CONCLUSION
Based on our Wheelabrator precedent and our analysis of section 271.152, we affirm the
trial court’s order granting the City of Boerne’s plea to the jurisdiction on LCRA’s declaratory
judgment claim.
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
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