ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
People v. Fuller, 2013 IL App (3d) 110391
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption JAMES FULLER, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Third District
Docket No. 3-11-0391
Filed May 30, 2013
Held Defendant’s convictions and sentences for home invasion and criminal
(Note: This syllabus sexual assault were upheld over his claim that the conviction for criminal
constitutes no part of sexual assault had to be vacated as a lesser included offense of home
the opinion of the court invasion, since it is not a lesser included offense, but the cause was
but has been prepared remanded for consideration of defendant’s pro se claims of ineffective
by the Reporter of assistance of counsel, because defendant’s initial notice of appeal was
Decisions for the filed while his motion to reconsider his sentences was pending, and
convenience of the although the appellate court dismissed the appeal and remanded the cause
reader.)
for consideration of the motion to reconsider, the trial court failed to
address the pro se claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, No. 08-CF-360; the
Review Hon. Michael Brandt, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed in part and remanded in part.
Counsel on Bryon Kohut (argued), of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa,
Appeal for appellant.
Jerry Brady, State’s Attorney, of Peoria (Terry A. Mertel and Gary F.
Gnidovec (argued), both of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s
Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice McDade specially concurred, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant James Fuller was convicted of home invasion (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(6) (West
2006)) and criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2006)). The trial court
sentenced him to two concurrent terms of natural life in prison. On appeal, defendant argues
that (1) his criminal sexual assault conviction must be vacated because it is a lesser included
offense of home invasion, and (2) the case should be remanded because the trial court failed
to conduct an adequate inquiry into his posttrial claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
We affirm in part and remand for further posttrial proceedings.
¶2 Defendant was charged with home invasion and two counts of criminal sexual assault.
The bill of indictment alleged that on June 3, 2006, defendant broke into S.S.’s home and
sexually assaulted her. Count I of the indictment charged defendant with home invasion,
alleging that he entered the dwelling place of the victim and “committed upon [S.S.] within
that dwelling a criminal sexual assault in violation of Chapter 720 Act 5 Section 12-13(A)(1)
[sic].” Counts II and III alleged that defendant “committed an act of sexual penetration with
[S.S.] by the use of force or threat of force” and cited section 12-13(a)(1) of the Criminal
Code of 1961 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2006)).
¶3 At trial, S.S. testified that she woke up around 4 a.m. on the morning of June 3, 2006. As
she rolled over, a man grabbed her wrists and told her that he would not hurt her if she was
quiet. The man climbed in bed behind her and said that he was in a fight and needed a place
to hide until the police were gone. He knew her name because he had gone through her purse.
He let her stand up and then pushed her back on the bed. The man inserted his finger into
S.S.’s vagina. He then grabbed her right hand and placed it on his penis over his pants. S.S.
pulled her hand away and accidentally scratched him. S.S. told the man that she would hide
her head under a pillow if he would leave the house. When she put her head under the pillow,
the man ran out of the house.
¶4 S.S. stated that she never saw the man’s face. After the incident, she noticed that some
money had been taken out of her purse and a bottle of bleach was sitting by the front door
with a sock on it. As part of their investigation, the police collected fingernail clippings of
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S.S.’s right hand.
¶5 Debra Minton, a State Police forensics officer, testified that she analyzed a buccal swab
obtained from defendant and the fingernail clippings from S.S. Minton tested one of the
fingernails in 2006. The clippings were resubmitted in 2008, and she tested more of the
sample. The DNA profile of the material obtained from the fingernails matched defendant’s
DNA.
¶6 The court allowed evidence of other crimes to establish propensity, identity and modus
operandi. Two other witnesses testified that they were sexually assaulted in a manner similar
to the sexual assault of S.S. Both women testified that they were alone at home in bed in the
early morning hours of the day. The man climbed in bed behind them, said he needed a place
to hide from the police, and had oral and vaginal sex with them. He then used bleach to clean
the women’s bodies, took their bedding and left. DNA samples were recovered and tested
from both scenes. Defendant could not be excluded as the male contributor from either
sample. Neither witness could identify defendant at trial.
¶7 Defendant testified on his own behalf. He denied entering the homes of S.S. and the other
two victims.
¶8 The jury found defendant guilty of home invasion and criminal sexual assault. The State
filed a verified statement that defendant was a habitual criminal based on a 1982 conviction
for rape in Kansas and a 1991 Peoria County conviction for armed robbery. The trial court
sentenced defendant to two terms of natural life as a habitual criminal on January 26, 2010.
¶9 On February 24, 2010, defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence. On April 9,
2010, prior to the hearing on the motion to reconsider, defendant filed a notice of appeal
from the January 26 order.
¶ 10 In response to a motion filed by defendant’s attorney on appeal, this court entered a
minute order dismissing the appeal, which stated:
“Motion of Appellant to Dismiss Appeal and Remand the Cause to the Circuit Court for
a Ruling on Defendant’s Timely Filed Motion to Reconsider Sentence is ALLOWED.
APPEAL DISMISSED AND REMANDED.”
¶ 11 On remand, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion to reconsider. At the
hearing, defendant filed a pro se motion alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
Defendant claimed that counsel was ineffective for, among other things, failing to (1) obtain
a DNA report from defendant’s retained expert, (2) present evidence to show that S.S.’s
fingernails were tested in 2006, (3) show where S.S.’s fingernails had been kept between
2006 and 2008, and (4) challenge the chain of custody of the DNA evidence.
¶ 12 In ruling on defendant’s motions, the trial court stated that “the appellate court
specifically directed that the Court hear defendant’s timely filed motion to Reconsider
Sentence and for no other purpose was the matter remanded.” The court declined to address
defendant’s ineffective assistance claims and denied his motion to reconsider.
¶ 13 I
¶ 14 Defendant argues that his conviction for criminal sexual assault must be vacated because,
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as charged in the indictment, it is a lesser included offense of home invasion.
¶ 15 When multiple charges arise out of the same act, a defendant may be convicted and
sentenced for only the most serious offense. People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551 (1977). Under
King, a court first must determine whether a defendant’s conduct consisted of separate acts
or a single physical act. King, 66 Ill. 2d at 566; People v. Rodriguez, 169 Ill. 2d 183 (1996).
If the court determines that the defendant committed multiple acts, the court then must
determine whether any of the offenses are lesser included offenses. If so, under King,
multiple convictions are improper. King, 66 Ill. 2d at 566; Rodriguez, 169 Ill. 2d at 186.
¶ 16 Here, defendant does not argue that his conduct involved a single act. Thus, the only
question we must answer is whether the offense of criminal sexual assault is a lesser included
offense of home invasion.
¶ 17 In Illinois, courts have identified three possible methods for determining whether a
certain offense is a lesser included offense of another: (1) the “charging instruments”
approach; (2) the “abstract elements” approach; and (3) the “factual” or “evidence” adduced
at trial approach. See People v. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d 93 (1994). King itself did not expressly
state which approach should be used in determining whether one offense is a lesser included
offense of another. However, in People v. Miller, 238 Ill. 2d 161 (2010), our supreme court
held that the abstract elements approach governs whether a charged offense is a lesser
included offense of another charged offense. Miller, 238 Ill. 2d at 166-73.
¶ 18 Under the abstract elements approach, if all the elements of one offense are included in
a second offense and the first offense contains no element not included in the second offense,
the first offense is a lesser included offense of the second. Miller, 238 Ill. 2d at 166. This test,
while easy to apply, is more rigid than the charging instrument approach; it considers “solely
theoretical or practical impossibility” based on the statutory elements of each offense. In
other words, it must be impossible to commit the greater offense without necessarily
committing the lesser offense. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d at 106. Whether one charge is a lesser
included offense of another is a question of law, which we review de novo. People v. Nunez,
236 Ill. 2d 488 (2010).
¶ 19 In Miller, the court was asked to determine whether retail theft was a lesser included
offense of burglary. The court held that it was not a lesser included offense of theft because
“it is possible to commit burglary without necessarily committing retail theft.” Miller, 238
Ill. 2d at 176.
¶ 20 In People v. Bouchee, 2011 IL App (2d) 090542, the appellate court applied the reasoning
in Miller and concluded that it is possible to commit home invasion without necessarily
committing criminal sexual assault. Bouchee, 2011 IL App (2d) 090542, ¶ 10, appeal denied,
No. 113473 (Jan. 25, 2012). In Bouchee, the court noted that although the abstract elements
approach considers the “ ‘statutory elements of the charged offenses,’ ” it still considers the
charged offenses in the statutory abstract, not in terms of how the offenses were framed in
the charging indictment. (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 11 (quoting Miller, 238 Ill. 2d at 175).
¶ 21 We agree with Bouchee that we must consider the “statutory abstract” of the charged
offenses to determine whether criminal sexual assault is a lesser included offense of home
invasion. Under section 12-11(a) of the Code, a person commits home invasion when he or
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she “without authority *** knowingly enters the dwelling place of another when he or she
knows or has reason to know that one or more persons is present” and:
(1) while armed with a dangerous weapon, other than a firearm, uses force or
threatens the imminent use of force;
(2) intentionally causes any injury to any person within the dwelling place
(3) while armed with a firearm, uses force or threatens the imminent use of force;
(4) uses force or threatens the imminent use of force and during the commission of
the offense personally discharges a firearm;
(5) personally discharges a firearm that causes great bodily harm or death; or
(6) “[c]ommits, against any person or persons within that dwelling place, a violation
of Section 12-13, 12-14, 12-14.1, 12-15, or 12-16 of the Criminal Code of 1961.” 720
ILCS 5/12-11(a)(1)-(6) (West 2006).
Section 12-13 of the Code defines the offense of criminal sexual assault as “an act of sexual
penetration by the use of force or threat of force.” 720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2006).
¶ 22 A comparison of the statutory elements of both offenses demonstrates that it is possible
to commit home invasion without necessarily committing the offense of criminal sexual
assault. A person can commit home invasion by entering a home and threatening the use of
force with a knife or firearm. A person can also commit home invasion by entering a home
and personally discharging a firearm that causes great bodily harm. Those acts, however,
would not fulfill the statutory elements of criminal sexual assault. For that reason, criminal
sexual assault is not a lesser included offense of home invasion.
¶ 23 Even if we were only to consider section 12-11(a)(6), the statutory subsection for home
invasion provided in the indictment, it is still possible to commit home invasion without
committing criminal sexual assault. For example, a person, while in the dwelling place of
another without authority, can commit criminal sexual abuse (section 12-15) or predatory
criminal assault of a child (section 12-14.1) and commit the offense of home invasion. Thus,
under the abstract elements approach, criminal sexual assault is not a lesser included offense
of home invasion. See Bouchee, 2011 IL App (2d) 090542, ¶ 10.
¶ 24 II
¶ 25 Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by failing to conduct an inquiry into his
posttrial allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The State responds by claiming
that the trial court correctly refused to consider defendant’s posttrial pro se motion because
consideration of defendant’s ineffective assistance claims went beyond the mandate of this
court’s remand order.
¶ 26 Supreme Court Rule 606(b) provides that when a timely posttrial motion directed against
the judgment has been filed, any notice of appeal filed before the entry of the order disposing
of all posttrial motions shall have no effect and shall be stricken by the trial court. Ill. S. Ct.
R. 606(b) (eff. Mar. 20, 2009). When there has been no disposition of a timely posttrial
motion directed against the judgment, a notice of appeal does not vest the appellate court
with jurisdiction. People v. Willoughby, 362 Ill. App. 3d 480 (2005).
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¶ 27 The right to effective assistance of counsel includes the right to conflict-free
representation. People v. Hardin, 217 Ill. 2d 289 (2005). Thus, new counsel may be required
in cases where a defendant presents a posttrial pro se claim of ineffective assistance. People
v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984). While new counsel is not automatically required, the trial
court must examine the factual bases of the defendant’s claims. People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d
68 (2003). If the court determines that the claims lack merit or pertain only to matters of trial
strategy, the court need not appoint new counsel; but if the allegations show possible neglect,
new counsel should be appointed. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-78. The primary concern for the
reviewing court is whether the trial court conducted an adequate inquiry into the defendant’s
pro se allegations. Id. at 78. When a defendant makes a posttrial pro se claim alleging
ineffective assistance of counsel, the circuit court must act on the motion if it has
jurisdiction. People v. Patrick, 2011 IL 111666.
¶ 28 In this case, defendant’s first notice of appeal had no effect, and the circuit court had
continuous jurisdiction over the case because it had not ruled on defendant’s timely filed
postsentencing motion. Under Supreme Court Rule 606(b), the circuit court was required to
strike the notice of appeal and hear defendant’s motion to reconsider his sentence. Ill. S. Ct.
R. 606(b) (eff. Mar. 20, 2009); see also People v. Serio, 357 Ill. App. 3d 806 (2005) (circuit
court erred in failing to strike notice of appeal and consider defendant’s pro se claims of
ineffective assistance where defendant’s pro se motion was filed while a timely filed motion
was pending). Indeed, the notice of appeal did not vest the appellate court with jurisdiction.
See Willoughby, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 482. Under the circumstances, the only course of action
we could take as an appellate court was to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction; we did
not have jurisdiction to order the circuit court to consider any issue. Thus, the State’s
argument that we remanded the cause for a specific or limited purpose lacks merit.
¶ 29 The circuit court should conduct the required preliminary examination into the factual
basis of defendant’s pro se claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and determine
whether new counsel is needed. See Patrick, 2011 IL 111666, ¶ 39 (if it has jurisdiction, the
circuit court must act on defendant’s allegations regardless of timeliness). Thus, we remand
the cause to allow the trial court to conduct an adequate inquiry into defendant’s allegations.
¶ 30 CONCLUSION
¶ 31 The judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County convicting defendant of home
invasion and criminal sexual assault is affirmed, and the cause is remanded for a posttrial
inquiry.
¶ 32 Affirmed in part and remanded in part.
¶ 33 JUSTICE McDADE, specially concurring.
¶ 34 I had hoped this would be a well-reasoned and legally sound dissenting opinion, but I am
forced to concur because the result we reach appears compelled by the supreme court’s
decision in People v. Miller, 238 Ill. 2d 161 (2010). That conclusion is buttressed by the
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Second District’s decision in People v. Bouchee, 2011 IL App (2d) 090542, which deals with
the same crime with which the instant defendant was charged–that is, home invasion (720
ILCS 5/12-11(a)(6) (West 2006)).
¶ 35 Even though I concur, I write specially to express my concern that this case does not
seem to me to present a question of lesser included offense. The criminal sexual offense at
issue here and in Bouchee is, in its entirety, the second element of the home invasion with
which defendant was charged.
¶ 36 The State alleged that Fuller was guilty of home invasion because he:
“(1) without authority knowingly entered the dwelling place of S.S. when he knew
or had reason to know that one or more persons was present, and
(2) committed against S.S. within that dwelling place a violation of Section 12-
13(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961. 720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2006).” (Emphasis
added.)
¶ 37 In selecting this second element, the State’s Attorney could have chosen any one of six
possible forms of offensive conduct under the home invasion statute. Comprehended within
the sixth form were five separate options. In the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, he chose
the commission of section 12-13(a)(1). 720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2006). He thereby
established for his office, for the defendant, and for the courts the burden of proof for the
charged home invasion. In other words, the State chose and defined the second element of
the home invasion with which this defendant was charged and which it had to prove.
¶ 38 The crime of home invasion with which Fuller was charged required the State to prove
both entry into the home and commission of the sex offense defined in section 12-13(a)(1).
The sex offense was therefore an element of the crime, not a lesser included offense.
¶ 39 The crime constituting this second element is the same crime with which defendant was
charged in count III. It cannot be a lesser included offense–it is the same offense.
¶ 40 Again distilled to its essence, this situation does not appear to me to be substantively
distinguishable from felony murder, where the State can select any felony it can prove in
tandem with the killing of a person during its commission. These make up the elements of
the charged crime. When each element has been proven, the person is convicted of and
sentenced for felony murder and cannot be sentenced again for the underlying felony.
¶ 41 In this case, Fuller was convicted of home invasion. To secure the conviction the State
was required to prove two elements: an illegal entry as defined in the statute and the sexual
offense as defined in the statute. He was then sentenced, as a habitual criminal, to a natural
life term for the home invasion. He was also independently convicted of section 12-13(a)(1)
as charged in count III and sentenced to a second natural life term on that conviction. The
two sentences are being served concurrently.
¶ 42 The supreme court’s decision in Miller does not address the exact charging situation
found in this case, but it appeared to the Bouchee court and to this panel that this is where
the Miller analysis requires us to go–I just do not understand how doing so comports with
the traditional notions of justice and fairness which have long prevailed in the Illinois courts.
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