People v. Carballido

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court

People v. Carballido, 2011 IL App (2d) 090340

Appellate Court Caption THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
JUAN CARBALLIDO, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. Second District
Docket No. 2-09-0340

Filed March 17, 2011
Modified upon
denial of rehearing August 10, 2011
Held The summary dismissal of defendant’s pro se postconviction petition
(Note: This syllabus alleging that his counsel was ineffective in failing to pursue a motion
constitutes no part of the to suppress incriminating statements he made to the police was
opinion of the court but has reversed, where the trial court failed to apply the appropriate standard
been prepared by the when it went beyond a limited stage-one analysis and weighed various
Reporter of Decisions for factors in concluding that defendant’s statements were voluntary.
the convenience of the
reader.)

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 04-CF-3218; the
Review Hon. Theodore S. Potkonjak, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on Gary R. Peterson and Michael H. Vonnahmen, both of State Appellate
Appeal Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.

Michael J. Waller, State’s Attorney, of Waukegan (Lawrence M.
Bauer and Sally A. Swiss, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate
Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the
court, with opinion.
Justices Hudson and Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant Juan Carballido appeals the trial court’s first-stage dismissal of his pro se
postconviction petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2008). For the reasons that follow,
we reverse and remand.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Our background discussion is focused on those facts relevant to defendant’s
postconviction petition, particularly those facts relevant to defendant’s claim that trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress. However, further details of
the underlying offense and procedural history may be found in People v. Carballido, No. 2-
06-0397 (2007) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶4 On March 18, 2005, a jury found defendant guilty of first-degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-
1(a)(1) (West 2004)), under an accountability theory. Defendant, age 17 at the time of the
offense, drove the car to and from the scene where Eduardo Perez, age 21 and a member of
the Latin Kings gang, allegedly shot and killed the 15-year-old victim, Terreal Gates, whom
Perez believed to be associated with the Gangster Disciples gang. In sentencing defendant
to 35 years’ imprisonment, the trial court acknowledged defendant’s youth and comparatively
minor criminal history (i.e., possession of tobacco by a minor, truancy, and disorderly
conduct), but placed great emphasis on the seriousness of the offense, the involvement of a
gun, and the need to deter others. Perez was at large and believed to be in Mexico at the time
of defendant’s sentencing. The only other passenger in the car, Alvaro Jasso, pleaded guilty
to felony mob action and received 30 months’ probation and 9 months in work release in
exchange for testifying against defendant.
¶5 The State’s case largely turned on establishing that defendant knew that Perez possessed
a gun when he drove Perez to the Greenleaf Apartments, known to be Gangster Disciples

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 territory. A witness to the shooting, John Hood,1 testified that he pulled into the Greenleaf
apartment complex after work, around 4 p.m. He saw defendant, whom he recognized as an
acquaintance of his younger brother, driving a black Lumina. He also saw Gates and several
of Gates’ cousins in a green minivan. Both vehicles were moving slowly, and the occupants
were yelling at one another (defendant later testified that he made at least four loops around
the parking lot). The minivan stopped, and Gates and two or three others got out. Then the
Lumina stopped, slowly reversed, and stopped again. Hood did not think to take cover at this
point, because his assessment of the situation was that it was “just kids yelling.” However,
Perez exited the Lumina, pulled a gun, and fired shots. Defendant waited for Perez to get
back in the vehicle before fleeing. Hood followed defendant’s vehicle to get the plate
number, which he was able to punch into his cellular phone. When Hood returned to the
parking lot, the green minivan was gone (as Gates’ cousin was using it to drive Gates to the
hospital).

¶6 A. Interview
¶7 After the shooting, the police arrived at defendant’s family home. According to Detective
Andrew Jones, it was before 2 a.m. Jones informed defendant that they were investigating
a homicide and that witnesses had placed defendant at the scene. In response, defendant
stated that he had not expected things to become so serious. According to Jones, Jones
interrupted defendant at that point and orally advised him of his Miranda rights. Defendant
agreed to accompany the police to the station for questioning.
¶8 Jones testified that, while in the squad car, defendant provided his first explanation of
what happened, beginning with why he drove to the Greenleaf Apartments. Defendant said
that members of the Gangster Disciples gang had threatened him the day prior to the incident.
That day, a carload of Gangster Disciples followed defendant home. Defendant, who was
with his sister Lucy (age 14 at the time of trial), pulled into his driveway but did not exit the
vehicle. The Gangster Disciples “rolled” by his house and yelled threats and “dropped” gang
signs. Once the Gangster Disciples drove out of sight, defendant grabbed Lucy, ran inside,
and locked the doors. Then, the vehicle that had followed him returned, this time
accompanied by a second vehicle. Both vehicles stopped by defendant’s house and the
occupants again dropped gang signs and yelled threats at him. Eventually, both cars left.
Defendant explained to Jones that, although he was not a gang member, many of his friends
were members of the Latin Kings, a rival gang of the Gangster Disciples. The Gangster
Disciples’ threats caused defendant to be overcome with fear and anger. As a result,
defendant told Perez, a Latin Kings member, about the Gangster Disciples’ threats.
Defendant later drove Perez to the Greenleaf apartment complex, where Perez produced a
handgun and fired at a group of people in a van (i.e., Gates and his cousins) whom defendant
assumed to be affiliated with the Gangster Disciples. Defendant insisted that he did not know
that Perez had a handgun prior to the shooting. Rather, defendant maintained that he thought
they were going to stir up less serious trouble, such as a fistfight. After the shooting,

1
Both parties present Hood as a relatively neutral witness.

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 defendant drove to a park, and Perez exited the vehicle. Defendant then drove home and
locked his car in the garage.
¶9 Defendant arrived at the police station at approximately 2 a.m. There, he was taken to an
interview room, where he read and signed a preprinted Miranda form. Defendant repeated
his first version of events to police officers Jones and Wendell Russell (who did not testify
at trial). He formalized this version of events in a written statement. He began the written
statement at 2:30 a.m., accepted a Pepsi at 2:40 a.m., and took a bathroom break at 3:10 a.m.
¶ 10 Jones reviewed defendant’s written statement. At 3:40 a.m., Jones and Russell resumed
their interview with defendant. This time, according to defendant’s testimony at trial and as
is his position in his postconviction petition, Jones used a higher-pressure interview
technique, causing defendant to change his story to say that he did know that Perez had a
gun.
¶ 11 Regarding the manner in which Jones interviewed defendant after 3:40 a.m., defendant
testified:
“A. [They] come back and tell me that they had a problem. After they had read the
[first written] statement, they were telling me that I was lying to them.
Q. They had a problem?
A. Yes.
Q. Or had a problem with your statement?
A. Yes.
Q. Or actually, all three statements [i.e., the two oral statements and the one written
statement] you had given?
A. Yes.
Q. What was the problem?
A. After I had told them I didn’t know about the gun, they were saying I was lying
to them. After I explained it about three times to them, I had written it down on a piece
of paper, they still wouldn’t go with it.
Q. Were both of them in the room telling you that?
A. Yes.
Q. And how long did they tell you that?
A. About 20 minutes [i.e., between 3:40 a.m. and 4 a.m.].
Q. At some point, do you say: I knew he had a gun?
A. Yes.
Q. Why did you say that?
A. Because they wouldn’t leave me alone if I told them I didn’t know he had a gun.
I was exhausted. I didn’t know he had a gun. I had written it for them to leave me alone.
That’s what they wanted to hear. I just came up with that.
***
Q. Do they ask you whether you knew [Perez] was going to shoot anybody with the

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 gun?
A. Yes.
Q. Did they ask you that question directly?
A. Yes.
Q. What do you say?
A. I said yes.
Q. Why did you do that?
A. Because they wouldn’t leave me alone after I had told them that I didn’t know
about the gun.
Q. You had told them you didn’t know about the gun, right?
A. Yes.
Q. When they are asking you whether or not you knew he was going to shoot
somebody, you said yes, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. Why would you do that?
A. Because at that time, I was tired. I was exhausted. I wasn’t thinking right.
Anything that came to my mind just came out.
***
Q. *** [W]hen [Detectives] Jones and Russell came back in and went over your first
written statement with you, it’s your testimony they started to swear at you, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. They started to raise their voice with you, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. It was Detective Russell who began to swear at you?
A. Jones.
Q. It was Detective Jones. The six-foot four, 350 pound detective started yelling and
screaming at you?
A. Yes.
Q. That had to intimidate you.
A. He just started swearing at me; telling me after he had read the statement and I had
read it, he was telling me that I was lying; that I was full of bullshit.
Q. And according to you, he elevated his voice?
A. Yes.”
Following this line of questioning, defendant completed a second written statement, wherein
he stated that he knew that Perez had a gun when he drove Perez into Gangster Disciples
territory. The second written statement provided in its entirety:
“Basically we were at my house and [Perez] showed me the pistol and I did not ask
for no help or didn’t say anything to shoot nobody [but he said] that we got yo back Bro

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 we going to get those niggas.”
¶ 12 Also at trial, defendant’s father, Alfredo Carballido,2 testified that he had tried to speak
with his son while his son was in custody, but that the police denied him access:
“A. [At the house, after defendant was placed in a squad car] I ask [the officer] to
explain to me. This was the second time, and I wanted to know what was going on. He
didn’t give me any explanation at all.
Q. Do you know where your son is going?
A. When they took him, they went to Waukegan, and I was following them [in a car].
***
Q. Did you ask anyone there in Waukegan to see your son?
A. I arrived in the office, the Waukegan office. I knocked the door. One officer
passed in his car, and he asked me can he help me. And then I told him that I was coming
to see our son; that they came from home. A person came out, and I think it was an
officer, and I told him that I wanted to know about my son, and he told me–
***
He told me my son was in big trouble. I told him I wanted to know, and he said, I am
not going to give you any explanation at all.
***
Q. Did anyone allow you to see your son that night?
A. No.
Q. Did you talk to your son by telephone that night?
A. No.
Q. Did you see him the next day?
A. No.
Q. Did you talk to him the next day?
A. No.
Q. Did you attempt to call the police the next day?
A. I called back several times.
Q. Did you speak to anyone?
A. I never have an answer from him.
Q. That would have been the day of the 28th, is that right?
A. I tried Saturday, Sunday. There was 72 hours until they give me an answer.
Q. You had no contact with him during that time you just described?
A. No.”
¶ 13 Jones, on the other hand, testified that he did not yell or swear at defendant. However,

2
Alfredo Carballido testified primarily in English, but he utilized a Spanish-speaking
translator at various points in his testimony.

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 he acknowledged that there was no recording of the interview (or of his demeanor during that
interview). Jones conceded that he had access to both video and audio recording equipment
when he interviewed defendant. He explained, however, that the law at that time did not
require that defendant’s interview be recorded and he did not believe that recording the
interview was necessary. According to Jones, after 3:40 a.m., defendant changed his story
to say that he first saw the gun at around 2:30 p.m. at his house on the day of the incident.
He described the gun as a black revolver. He held it in his hand but did not know the caliber.
When Jones asked defendant what they were going to do with the gun, defendant said that
they were going to shoot someone. Perez and the Latin Kings were very upset that the
Gangster Disciples had followed defendant home the previous evening. Perez told defendant
that they were “going to get those niggers and that they had his back.” Defendant knew that
the Gangster Disciples congregated by the Greenleaf Apartments.
¶ 14 At trial, defendant testified as follows to his version of events. On the day of the
shooting, he was home with his older sister, Paula, while she styled hair for two family
friends. At around 2 p.m., Paula left for work and defendant remained at home alone. Shortly
thereafter, Perez “paged” defendant to pick him up. Perez asked defendant to drive him to
North Chicago because Perez wanted to talk to a person named Young Buck. Defendant did
not know Young Buck, but he recognized the name. When Perez went inside to talk to
Young Buck, defendant stayed in the car and talked on the phone to a female friend with
whom he had an upcoming dance date. When Perez returned to the car, defendant did not ask
him what he talked about with Young Buck; rather, defendant remained on the phone. Next,
defendant drove to a McDonald’s restaurant. Then, he went home to check on his sister Lucy
(who was expected home at that time), and Perez remained in the car. Defendant and Perez
then drove to a nearby park where they met up with four boys whom defendant knew from
school. One of the boys, Alvaro Jasso, got in defendant’s car and they listened to music.
Perez got out of the car and talked with the other boys. Defendant was about to give Jasso
a ride home, but then Perez jumped back in the car and told defendant to drive to the
Greenleaf Apartments. Defendant had not planned to go to the Greenleaf Apartments until
Perez jumped into the car. However, once they began to drive to the Greenleaf Apartments,
defendant knew that they would be looking for Gangster Disciples. Defendant drove around
the Greenleaf parking lot a couple of times until he spotted Gates and his cousins. Then,
defendant, Perez, and Jasso began yelling swear words and “throwing” gang signs at them.
Defendant believed that they were doing this to “get them pissed off.” He testified that he did
not know that Perez had a gun. When defendant drove past Gates’ group, Perez asked him
to stop and back up. Defendant did so slowly. Perez then got out of the car and began to
shoot. Defendant initially was scared that he himself was shot. Perez then got back in the car
and defendant drove away. Defendant drove home, but he did not allow Perez or Jasso in the
house. Perez and Jasso fled. Then, defendant told his sister Lucy what had happened.

¶ 15 B. Lucy’s Testimony
¶ 16 At trial, the State called Lucy to testify as to what defendant told her. She stated that
defendant told her that “he had picked [Perez] up and gave him a ride to North Chicago
around where Young Buck lives. And they went to a park, and after they were at a park they

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 went to the Greenleaf Apartments, and there was a shooting.” Lucy described defendant as
acting “nervous,” “shaky,” and “quiet.” Defendant told Lucy that he was scared, and he told
Lucy to stay away from the windows and to keep the shades closed.
¶ 17 The State asked Lucy, “Did you tell the police officer what [defendant] talked to you
about?” Lucy answered, “Yes.” The State then asked, “And did you tell the police officer that
[defendant] told you when they went to North Chicago with [Perez] and picked up a gun
from a person named [Young] Buck? You did not tell the officer that?” and Lucy answered,
“No.”3 (Emphasis added.)
¶ 18 On cross-examination, the defense attempted to elicit the context in which Lucy
volunteered information to Officer Dempsey, the officer who had interviewed her, regarding
the gun. Lucy testified that she heard the officer ask her father if he could search the family
home for a gun. Hearing this prompted her to come forward to tell the officer “about Young
Buck.”
¶ 19 The State then called Dempsey for the purposes of “impeaching” Lucy, likely because
she answered “no” to the State’s above-quoted question. The defense objected to Dempsey’s
testimony, stating that the State was trying to impeach its own witness (Lucy), but the court
overruled the objection. Dempsey testified that Lucy told him that defendant told her that
defendant “drove [Perez] to North Chicago to get a gun from a gentleman named Young
Buck.”
¶ 20 During cross-examination, Dempsey stated that he took handwritten notes during his
interview with Lucy. He still had the notes in his office. He did not turn them over during the
discovery process. Instead, he submitted a written report, which he drew up sometime after
the interview with Lucy. Dempsey again testified as to what Lucy told him. However, this
time he stated, “they [i.e., Perez and defendant] went to North Chicago and got a gun from
someone named Young Buck.” (Emphasis added.) The defense then responded, “[Lucy] said
‘they’?” (Emphasis added.) Dempsey replied, “Yes.” The defense then showed Dempsey a
copy of his written report, and Dempsey acknowledged that his report did not specify
whether Lucy had told him that (1) Perez and defendant picked up a gun from Young Buck;
or (2) Perez alone picked up a gun from Young Buck. Dempsey further conceded that Lucy
never stated whether defendant actually saw Young Buck.

¶ 21 C. Initial Motion to Suppress
¶ 22 Prior to trial, defendant’s trial counsel filed a motion to suppress the statements to police,
but he never caused the motion to be heard before the court. At a pretrial conference, counsel
stated, “At this time we are going to withdraw the motion. We are not going to proceed on
the motion to suppress statements. I am not going to say more now other than that we
discussed it.”
¶ 23 In the motion, counsel had requested that the court conduct a pretrial hearing to

3
It is unclear why Lucy answered “no” to this (somewhat confusing) question. Later, on
cross-examination, she acknowledged telling Officer Dempsey from where Perez likely got the gun.

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 determine whether the statements: (1) were in violation of Miranda; (2) were involuntary;
or (3) were the result of an unlawful detention in violation of County of Riverside v.
McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 56 (1991) (stating that a determination of probable cause must
generally be determined within 48 hours to pass constitutional muster). In the motion,
counsel requested that the court suppress evidence of any and all communications,
confessions, statements, admissions, or tests, whether inculpatory or exculpatory, written or
oral, made by defendant.
¶ 24 The first two issues, whether the statements were given in violation of Miranda and,
particularly, whether the statements were involuntary, are relevant to the instant
postconviction petition. As to whether the statements were given in violation of Miranda,
the motion set forth that defendant made incriminating statements (i.e., placing defendant at
the scene of the crime, etc.) resulting from pre-Miranda interrogation in that, under the
circumstances (where defendant was taken from his home in the middle of the night, was
placed in a squad car, and divulged some information before any warnings were given),
Jones’s oral warnings given from memory failed to convey a “real choice” between talking
and remaining silent.4 As to whether the statements given were involuntary, the motion
generally set forth that defendant’s later statement, wherein he admitted that he knew that
Perez had a gun, was the result of “psychological and mental coercion.”

¶ 25 D. Direct Appeal on Motion to Suppress
¶ 26 On direct appeal, defendant argued that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue
the motion to suppress his inculpatory statements made as a result of defective Miranda
warnings. Defendant argued that, pursuant to Duckworth v. Eagan, 492 U.S. 195 (1989), an
individual receiving Miranda warnings must be informed not only of his or her right to
remain silent, but also that he or she has a right to cease speaking or request a lawyer at any
time. The State did not dispute that defendant was not expressly informed that he had the
right to cease speaking once he had begun. Indeed, the preprinted Miranda warnings that
defendant signed stated:
“1. You have the right to remain silent.
2. Anything you say can be used against you in court or other proceedings.
3. You have the right to talk to a lawyer for advice before we ask you any questions,
and to have him/her with you during questioning.
4. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed to you, free of any cost to you,
before any questioning if you wish.” (Emphases added.)
Defendant essentially contended that he did not realize he could terminate the questioning
after he had begun and that, had he known he had this right, it was “highly probable” that he
would have exercised it.
¶ 27 This court rejected defendant’s reading of Duckworth, stating that the Court in

4
Defendant later filed an amended motion to suppress, which set forth that Jones did not
provide Miranda warnings until they had arrived at the police station.

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 Duckworth acknowledged merely that the warnings given there met Miranda’s requirements,
not that all of the warnings given (including the right to cease speaking or request a lawyer
after the questioning had begun) were now required. Carballido, slip order at 13. As a result,
this court determined that defendant’s Miranda warnings were not defective. Id.

¶ 28 E. Postconviction Claim on the Motion to Suppress
¶ 29 On November 5, 2008, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition. In it, defendant
again argued that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue the motion to
suppress. This time, defendant argued more generally that his confession was involuntary,
citing to a multitude of factors–his youth, his arguably low intelligence, his physiological
condition at the time of questioning (“exhausted”), and the police yelling and interference
with parental contact–rather than to the narrow issue of whether defendant received proper
Miranda warnings. The trial court found that defendant’s claim was not barred by res
judicata, because the issue considered by this court on direct appeal was a narrower question
than the one raised in the postconviction petition.
¶ 30 Nevertheless, on January 21, 2009, the trial court summarily dismissed defendant’s
postconviction claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a motion to
suppress on the basis that defendant’s statements to police were not voluntary. In its written
order, the court stated that it was “mindful that it is inappropriate to resolve factual questions
at the first stage of a postconviction proceeding.” The court recounted the trial record, stating
that it was doing so only for the purpose of establishing whether the allegations of the
postconviction petition were contradicted by the record. The court acknowledged that: (1)
the record “provides support for the finding that the police frustrated the attempts of
[defendant’s] father to speak to [defendant] during questioning”; (2) the police questioned
defendant persistently; and (3) defendant’s testimony that he was “sleepy and exhausted”
during the accusatory portion of the police questioning was “objectively supported” by the
fact that defendant was questioned in the early morning hours without an opportunity to sleep
that night.
¶ 31 Despite the above-listed factors, the court found that the “uncontradicted facts” in the
trial record show that defendant’s statements were voluntary, especially considering that: (1)
“the fact that [defendant’s] father was not allowed to speak to [defendant] [was] offset by the
fact that defendant never asked that he be allowed to speak with his father”; (2) the fact that
defendant’s father was prevented from speaking with defendant should be given minimal
weight in the instant case because defendant was “nearly 18” and “nothing in the record
indicates he was less mature than could be expected for a person of his age or that he was
unduly susceptible to coercion”; (3) the questioning as a whole was rather short, defendant
was treated well and had a long break before the accusatory portion of the questioning began,
and the accusatory portion of the questioning lasted only 20 minutes; (4) the officers’ use of
shouting and profanity should not have had a coercive effect on defendant, because defendant
cannot claim to be unaccustomed or especially sensitive to the use of profanity where he
testified at trial that he himself used profanity at the scene of the shooting; (5) defendant did
not testify at trial that the officers’ use of profanity caused him any distress; and (6) trial

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 counsel’s statements at the sentencing hearing, made in the context of defendant’s
rehabilitative potential, that defendant was “slow” and had difficulty with reading and math
did not prove defendant’s postconviction claim that he had a learning disability (and was
therefore disadvantaged in understanding the import of his statements). The trial court
concluded:
“[T]he court finds that [defendant’s statements to police] were voluntary. Accordingly,
the counsel[‘s] decision not to pursue a motion to [suppress] was not objectively
unreasonable. [Defendant’s] claims of ineffective assistance are without merit.”
This appeal followed.

¶ 32 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 33 A. Motion to Suppress
¶ 34 In his postconviction petition, defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to pursue the motion to suppress his statements to police, based on the totality of the
circumstances. A defendant has a sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.
People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d 356, 374 (2010). We review claims of ineffective assistance
according to the two-prong test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88
(1984) (adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 525-26
(1984)), which requires a defendant to show both that: (1) as determined by prevailing
professional norms, counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness; and (2) the defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance.
¶ 35 Under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2008)),
a defendant may collaterally challenge his conviction or sentence based on federal or state
constitutional violations. The Act limits the scope of a defendant’s challenge to constitutional
matters that have not been, and could not have been, previously adjudicated. People v.
Rissley, 206 Ill. 2d 403, 412 (2003). The State contends, and defendant seems to agree, that,
in order to avoid having forfeited his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel,
defendant must establish that his appellate counsel (who also represented defendant on his
motion for a new trial) was ineffective for failing to argue that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to pursue a motion to suppress based on the voluntariness of defendant’s
statements.
¶ 36 Here, appellate counsel did argue, though on a narrower basis, that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to pursue a motion to suppress. Apparently, he thought it was the
Miranda aspect of the ineffective-assistance claim that was best supported by the trial record
and could, conceivably, prove meritorious on direct appeal without further development of
the record. Appellate counsel can work only with the record as it exists. See, e.g., People
v. Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122, 135 (2008) (where the record on direct appeal is insufficient to
establish ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant may bring and develop the claim in a
postconviction proceeding). For this reason, we will restrict any further consideration of the
voluntariness of defendant’s statements to the question of whether trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to pursue a motion to suppress based on the totality of the
circumstances.

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¶ 37 Except in cases where the death penalty has been imposed, the Act establishes a three-
stage process for adjudicating a postconviction petition. People v. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d 498, 503
(2004). At the first stage, the trial court must review the petition within 90 days of its filing
to determine whether it is either frivolous or patently without merit. 725 ILCS 5/122-
2.1(a)(2) (West 2008). If the trial court determines that the petition is either frivolous or
patently without merit, it must dismiss the petition in a written order. Id. A pro se
postconviction petition is frivolous or patently without merit if it has “no arguable basis
either in law or in fact.” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 16 (2009). A petition has no basis
in law when it is based on an “indisputably meritless legal theory,” meaning that the legal
theory is “completely contradicted by the record.” Id. A petition has no basis in fact when
it is based on “fanciful factual allegation[s],” meaning that the factual allegations are
“fantastic or delusional.” Id. at 17. If the court does not dismiss the petition as frivolous or
patently without merit, then the petition advances to the second stage. Id. at 10. We review
de novo a trial court’s first-stage dismissal. Id. at 9.
¶ 38 Pro se petitions should be read with a lenient eye, allowing borderline cases to proceed
to stage two. Id. at 21. While a pro se defendant might be aware of the facts underlying his
claim, it is unlikely that he will be aware of the precise legal basis for his claim or of the
legal elements of his claim. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 245 (2001). It is for this
reason that he need present only the “gist” of a constitutional claim to survive the first stage
of the postconviction proceedings. Id.
¶ 39 We note that the trial court summarily dismissed defendant’s pro se postconviction
petition prior to the Illinois Supreme Court’s release of Hodges, which, as cited above,
reemphasized the liberal standard with which such petitions are to be evaluated. In any event,
the trial court did not evaluate defendant’s petition under the appropriate standard.
¶ 40 At the dismissal stage of a postconviction proceeding, all well-pleaded facts not
positively rebutted by the original trial record are taken as true. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill.
2d 366, 385 (1998). Here, defendant asserted that, based on several factors such as age,
fatigue, police interference with parental contact, etc., his statements were not voluntary and
his trial counsel therefore should have filed a motion to suppress. The trial court stated that
it examined the record to determine whether defendant’s postconviction allegations were
positively rebutted by the record. However, despite its assertions to the contrary, the trial
court went beyond the limited stage-one analysis and did weigh each of the various factors
against one another, ultimately concluding that defendant’s statements must have been
voluntary. For example, the court stated, “[T]he fact that [defendant’s] father was not
allowed to speak to [defendant was] offset by the fact that defendant never asked that he be
allowed to speak with his father.” This statement does not demonstrate reliance on the record
for the purpose of positively rebutting defendant’s assertion; a hypothetical example of
proper reliance on the record at stage one would be if the record showed that defendant did
speak with his father. The court also assessed defendant’s general character and personality,
stating, “nothing in the record indicates [that defendant] was less mature than could be
expected for a person of his age or that he was unduly susceptible to coercion.” Each of these
statements indicates that the court strayed from answering the limited stage-one questions
of whether defendant’s claim was frivolous or patently without merit and whether the record

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 positively rebutted defendant’s assertions; rather, it stepped into the role of fact finder. The
court’s weighing of evidence is appropriate at the third stage of a postconviction proceeding,
where the court has an evidentiary hearing on the specific issue at hand.
¶ 41 Here, mindful of the relatively low threshold to survive a first-stage dismissal, and taking
defendant’s allegations as true so long as they are not positively rebutted by the record, we
find that defendant raised the “gist” of a claim that his counsel was objectively unreasonable
for failing to pursue a motion to suppress based on the totality of the circumstances. In
determining whether a defendant’s statements were voluntarily made, a court must look to
the totality of the circumstances. People v. Armstrong, 395 Ill. App. 3d 606, 624 (2009). The
court looks to the defendant’s age, education, background, experience, mental capacity, and
intelligence, as well as the defendant’s physical and emotional condition at the time of
questioning, the duration of the questioning, and the police treatment of the defendant. Id.
Additionally, where a young defendant is being prosecuted outside of the Juvenile Court Act
of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/5-405 (West 2008)), it is proper for the court to consider the
common-law “concerned adult factor” in determining the voluntariness of the defendant’s
statements. People v. Westmorland, 372 Ill. App. 3d 868, 884-85 (2007) (17-year-old
defendant). Some courts have gone so far as to hold that when a young defendant’s parent
is present, requests to see his or her child, and is prevented from doing so by police, the
presumption arises that the young defendant’s will was overborne. See, e.g., People v.
Griffin, 327 Ill. App. 3d 538, 540 (2002) (First District) (15-year-old defendant prosecuted
as an adult in a murder case).
¶ 42 Here, many relevant factors were known to trial counsel when he chose not to pursue a
motion to suppress: (1) defendant’s youth; (2) defendant’s likely fatigue, considering that he
gave his statements in the early morning hours following a night without sleep; and (3) police
prevention of parental contact. Moreover, trial counsel had notice to further explore other
factors that are not necessarily rebutted by the record, such as: (1) defendant’s intelligence
and the tandem issue of whether he truly understood his constitutional rights; (2) defendant’s
maturity and the tandem issue of whether he was unduly susceptible to coercion; and (3)
whether the police treated defendant in a coercive manner. For example, counsel stated at
sentencing that defendant was “slow” and had difficulty with reading and math. The trial
court found that this did not establish that defendant had a learning disability (and therefore
would have had difficulty understanding his constitutional rights and the import of his
statements). However, as noted above, it is not defendant’s burden to establish at the first
stage that he had a special impediment to understanding his rights or that he was unduly
susceptible to coercion–the point is that, so long as the record does not rebut defendant’s
assertion, it must be taken as true. Likewise we disagree with the trial court’s summary
assessment that the facts establish as a matter of law that police did not treat defendant in a
coercive manner. The police had the ability to record defendant’s interrogation, but they
declined.5

5
Though not required at the time of defendant’s 2004 interrogation, we consider the lack of
the recording to be relevant to the totality of the circumstances surrounding defendant’s
interrogation. See People v. Buck, 361 Ill. App. 3d 923, 945 (2005) (whether a defendant’s

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¶ 43 As mentioned above, this court rejected on direct appeal defendant’s argument that a
motion to suppress would have been successful based on an alleged deficit in defendant’s
Miranda warning, but that decision does not bar this court from considering in a
postconviction proceeding the broader question of whether a motion to suppress would have
been successful based on the broader allegation that defendant’s statements were involuntary,
nor does it bar this court from considering the adequacy of defendant’s Miranda warnings
as a part of this broader question. Certainly, the failure to properly warn a defendant pursuant
to Miranda may, in and of itself, provide a basis for suppressing a defendant’s statement to
police. However, even if arguable “imperfections” in defendant’s Miranda warnings would
not warrant suppression on that basis alone, imperfections in a defendant’s Miranda
warnings should still be considered in determining the voluntariness of a defendant’s
statement, particularly as those imperfections may have affected the defendant’s ability to
understand his or her constitutional rights and as they likely speak to the totality of the
circumstances surrounding the defendant’s custodial experience and his ultimate statement.
Here, the State did not dispute that defendant was not expressly informed that he could cease
speaking once he began. Therefore, this factor may be considered in subsequent evaluations
of defendant’s postconviction petition.
¶ 44 Finally, we understand that a trial attorney’s decision to abandon a motion to suppress
is typically considered a matter of strategy. People v. Mabry, 398 Ill. App. 3d 745, 752-53
(2010) (trial counsel not ineffective where, after viewing the videotaped interrogation and
“presumably” speaking to witnesses, counsel selected only what he believed to be the most
viable grounds upon which to base the motion to suppress, rather than including every single
ground suggested by the defendant). Here, we have only trial counsel’s statement that he
knew the reasons he was withdrawing the motion to suppress. Taking defendant’s allegations
as true at this stage, the motion to suppress had a “reasonable, if not high, probablility of
success.” People v. Marshall, 399 Ill. App. 3d 626, 636 (2010); cf. People v. Orange, 168
Ill. 2d 138 (1995) (the case upon which the State relies, where the court affirmed a second-
stage dismissal where defense counsel, in a deposition, explained his strategic reasons for
declining to pursue a motion to suppress). A successful motion to suppress had at least a
reasonable probability of changing the outcome of this case because, without defendant’s
statements, the State would have been without direct evidence that defendant knew that Perez
had a gun–the lynchpin of the State’s entire case.

interrogation was recorded is a circumstance to be considered in determining the weight to be given
to the defendant’s statement (citing People v. Richmond, 341 Ill. App. 3d 39, 55-56 (2003) (same))).
Beginning in 2005, “[a]n oral, written, or sign language statement of an accused made as a result of
a custodial interrogation at a police station or other place of detention shall be presumed ***
inadmissible as evidence against the accused in any criminal proceeding brought under [certain
sections of the Criminal Code of 1961, including first-degree murder] unless *** an electronic
recording is made of the custodial interrogation.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(b) (West
2008) (added by Pub. Act 93-517, § 25 (eff. Aug. 6, 2003)). The presumption of inadmissibility can
be overcome by a preponderance of the evidence that the statement was voluntarily given and is
reliable, based on the totality of the circumstances. 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(f) (West 2008).

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¶ 45 B. Notes From the Interview With Lucy: Failure to Disclose
¶ 46 Having determined that, based on the motion-to-suppress issue, the trial court should not
have summarily dismissed defendant’s petition and the petition in its entirety may proceed
to the second stage, we need not address defendant’s remaining allegations. Nevertheless,
we briefly discuss defendant’s discovery-violation issue because it too raises the “gist” of a
constitutional claim, and we wish for the lower courts, state prosecutors, and public
defenders, as well as investigative personnel, to be aware of proper discovery protocol.
¶ 47 Defendant argues that trial counsel and appellate counsel were ineffective because they
failed to argue that he was entitled to a new trial because the State (inadvertently or not)
failed to turn over certain police notes, thereby violating his constitutional right to a fair trial.
As authority, defendant cites Illinois Supreme Court Rule 412 (eff. Mar. 1, 2001). Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 412 states:
“[T]he State shall, upon written motion of defense counsel, disclose to defense counsel
the following information within its possession or control:
(i) the names and last known addresses of persons whom the State intends to call
as witnesses, together with their relevant written or recorded statements, memoranda
containing substantially verbatim reports of their oral statements, and a list of
memoranda reporting or summarizing their oral statements.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(a) (eff.
Mar. 1, 2001).
¶ 48 Although defendant does not mention it, because this is a first-stage case, we take the
liberty of noting that section 114-13(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 also
provides legal authority for defendant’s claim. That section states:
“Any public investigative, law enforcement, or other public agency responsible for
investigating any homicide offense or participating in an investigation of any homicide
offense, other than defense investigators, shall provide to the authority prosecuting the
offense all investigative material, including but not limited to reports, memoranda, and
field notes, that have been generated by or have come into the possession of the
investigative agency concerning the homicide offense being investigated. *** Every
investigative and law enforcement agency in this State shall adopt policies to ensure
compliance with these standards.” (Emphases added.) 725 ILCS 5/114-13(b) (West
2008).
¶ 49 A failure to disclose evidence (as required by Rule 412 and section 114-13(b)) might
violate a defendant’s due process rights where the State, regardless of motive, fails to
disclose evidence that is material to the guilt or innocence of the defendant after the
defendant has made a request for the production of that evidence. People v. Wilken, 89 Ill.
App. 3d 1124, 1128 (1980) (quoting People v. Nichols, 63 Ill. 2d 443 (1976)).6

6
Both the trial court and the State characterize the alleged discovery violation as a Brady
issue. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). This is not quite accurate. Under Brady, the State
violates a defendant’s due process rights if it fails to disclose to the defendant, either willfully or

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¶ 50 Here, Dempsey failed to provide the State with the field notes from his interview with
Lucy. The State, therefore, did not have the opportunity to review the notes and determine
whether there was additional discoverable material contained in the notes beyond what was
contained in Dempsey’s report. We remind the State of its affirmative obligation under
Supreme Court Rule 412(f) that “[t]he State should ensure that a flow of information is
maintained between the various investigative personnel and its office sufficient to place
within its possession or control all material and information relevant to the accused and the
offense charged.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(f) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001).
¶ 51 Lucy and Dempsey each testified for the State as to the substance of that interview
without the defense having access to Dempsey’s field notes from that interview. Lucy’s
testimony and Dempsey’s “impeachment” thereof is generally confusing because it is
unclear, through two layers of hearsay, whether each respective witness asserts that: (1)
defendant told Lucy that he knew prior to the shooting that Perez acquired a gun from Young
Buck; or (2) defendant told Lucy that he realized, after the shooting had taken place and
upon review of the day’s events, that Perez must have acquired the gun from Young Buck.
In any case, both parties characterize Dempsey’s testimony as intimating that Lucy was not
being truthful in her assertion that defendant merely provided her with a time-line of the
day’s events (apparently to warn her of a potential retaliation for the shooting) but that
defendant did not tell her one way or the other whether he had prior knowledge that Perez
had a gun. Whether Perez acquired a gun without defendant knowing is a central question in
this case. In failing to ensure compliance with section 114-13(b) and Rule 412, the State and
the investigators denied the defense access to the field notes wherein the State’s witness
(Dempsey) believes he recorded Lucy’s statement that defendant told her that he knew prior
to the shooting that Perez had a gun.
¶ 52 We make no suggestion that the State or the investigators engaged in any intentional
misconduct. However, section 114-13(b) and Rule 412 impose mandatory obligations that
are intended to prevent surprise and avoid situations such as the one presented here. On
remand, the State is directed to ensure compliance with section 114-13(b) and Rule 412 so
that it can fulfill its discovery obligations prior to any further proceedings on defendant’s
petition.

¶ 53 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 54 For the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for
defendant’s postconviction petition to proceed to stage two.

¶ 55 Reversed and remanded.

inadvertently, exculpatory evidence that is material to guilt or punishment. Id. at 87. Here, defendant
is arguing that the State failed to disclose inculpatory evidence, i.e., evidence that tends to lessen the
credibility of a witness who testified favorably for defendant.

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