THIRD DIVISION
May 10, 2006
No. 1-05-2761
COMMERCE TRUST COMPANY, as Personal ) Appeal from the
Representative of the Estates of Christine Marie White, ) Circuit Court of
deceased, and John Michael White, Deceased, and ADAM ) Cook County
WHITE, KATHERINE WHITE, IAN WHITE and GIOVANNA )
WHITE, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellees, )
)
v. )
)
AIR 1ST AVIATION COMPANIES, INC., a Corporation, )
)
Defendant-Appellant )
)
(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd, a Corporation; Mitsubishi )
Heavy Industries America, Inc., a Corporation; Honeywell )
International, Inc., a Corporation; Woodward Governor )
Company, a Corporation; Stan Blaylock and Wayne Bates, ) Honorable
) Dennis J. Burke,
Defendants). ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE KARNEZIS delivered the opinion of the court:
Christine Marie White and John Michael White (White) were killed when the small
plane piloted by White crashed in New Mexico. Plaintiffs, the Commerce Trust
Company, as the personal representative of the Whites's estates, and the Whites's four
children, Adam White, Katherine White, Ian White and Giovanna White, filed a wrongful
death and survivorship action in the circuit court of Cook County against manufacturers
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and sellers of the plane and its component parts, including against defendant Air 1st
Aviation Companies (Air 1st Aviation), the firm that sold the plane to White. Air 1st
Aviation filed a motion to dismiss the action against it for lack of personal jurisdiction.
The court denied the motion. On interlocutory appeal, Air 1st Aviation argues that the
court erred in finding personal jurisdiction. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On June 10, 2001, the Whites were killed when their plane, a model MU-2B-20
passenger aircraft manufactured by Mitsubishi, crashed in Cerrillos, New Mexico, upon
approach to land in Santa Fe, New Mexico. White, a licensed private pilot, was flying
the plane from Peoria County, Illinois, to Santa Fe. Illinois residents, the Whites resided
in Woodford County, the county adjacent to Peoria County. An orthodontist, Michael
had offices in Peoria County, Woodford County, Tazewell County, LaSalle County,
Fulton County and Bureau County and business interests in several subdivisions and a
shopping center in Peoria County.
White bought the plane from Air 1st Aviation, an aircraft brokerage firm, in South
Carolina on April 27, 2001. He signed an agreement with Royal Robbins, president and
coowner of Air 1st Aviation, for the purchase of the plane for $285,000. Pursuant to the
agreement, White paid $75,000 by check and signed bills of sale for two aircraft he
already owned, a Cessna and an Aerostar, transferring title to the two aircraft to Air 1st
Aviation. The agreement provided that Air 1st Aviation would tender any offers to
purchase it received on the two aircraft to White for his approval. Upon sale of one or
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both aircraft, the $210,000 balance due under the agreement would be paid to Air 1st
Aviation and any overage received by Air 1st Aviation would be remitted to White.
White was to pay monthly interest at a 10% annualized rate on the unpaid balance. The
full amount due under the agreement was due and payable on or before September 1,
2001.
White flew the Cessna to Air 1st Aviation in South Carolina and left it there when
he took possession of the Mitsubishi. The Aerostar remained in Illinois pending repair
of a broken propellor. After White's death, Air 1st Aviation submitted offers to purchase
it received on the Cessna to the executor of White's estate. None were accepted. Air
1st Aviation sent a letter to the executor stating its claim to the $210,000 balance due
under the agreement. In December 2001, Air 1st Aviation filed an action in the Aiken
County, South Carolina, court of common pleas against White's estate for the balance
and interest due under the agreement. In November 2002, Air 1st Aviation won a
summary judgment motion against the estate for $241,986.68. The estate satisfied the
judgment in June 2003.
In February 2003, plaintiffs filed a wrongful death and survival action in Cook
County against defendants Honeywell International, Inc.; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Ltd.; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc.; Woodward Governor Company; Stan
Blaylock and Wayne Bates. 1 On June 9, 2003, in their 22-count first amended
1
In an unpublished order, we previously affirmed the circuit court's denial of
Honeywell's motion to transfer the case from Cook County to Peoria County on forum
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complaint, plaintiffs added Air 1st Aviation as a defendant. The complaint alleged that
Air 1st Aviation entered into a purchase and sale agreement with White under which
White would receive the Mitsubishi MU-2B-20 aircraft in exchange for a sum of money
and ownership of two aircraft located in Illinois and that, on April 27, 2001, White
obtained ownership of the Mitsubishi pursuant to the agreement.
Product liability counts XVII and XVIII charged that, when the plane left Air 1st
Aviation's control, it was defective, unreasonably dangerous and/or unfit for its intended
use, proximately causing the crash that killed the Whites. Negligence counts XIX and
XX charged that Air 1st Aviation breached its duty of care to decedents and plaintiffs by
negligently selling a defective and unreasonably dangerous aircraft, selling an aircraft
that had not been properly maintained or repaired and failing to provide adequate
instructions regarding the aircraft, proximately causing the crash that killed the Whites.
Breach of warranty counts XXI and XXII charged that Air 1st Aviation breached express
non conveniens grounds. See Commerce Trust Co. v. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Inc., No. 1-04-0102 (August 11, 2004).
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and/or implied warranties that the aircraft was airworthy, of merchantable quality, fit and
safe for the purpose for which it was designed, manufactured, serviced and sold and
free from defects, thereby proximately causing the crash that killed the Whites.
In August 2003, Air 1st Aviation filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal
jurisdiction pursuant to section 2-301 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735
ILCS 5/2-301 (West 2002)). It argued that it was a Georgia corporation with its principal
place of business in South Carolina and registered offices in Georgia and South
Carolina, it neither transacted business in Illinois nor specifically marketed its products
to Illinois consumers and it did not have the requisite minimum contacts for jurisdiction
under the Illinois and United States Constitutions. On August 2, 2005, the court denied
the motion to dismiss. It found Air 1st Aviation submitted to personal jurisdiction in
Illinois pursuant to sections 2-209(a)(2) and 2-209(a)(7) of the Illinois long-arm statute
(735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(2), (a)(7) (West 2002)) and the due process requirements of the
United States and Illinois Constitutions. On September 1, 2005, Air 1st Aviation filed a
timely petition in this court for leave to file an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Supreme
Court Rule 306(a)(3) (166 Ill. 2d R. 306(a)(3)). We granted the petition.
ANALYSIS
The sole question in this case is whether the court erred in denying Air 1st
Aviation's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Plaintiffs have the burden
of establishing a prima facie basis for in personam jurisdiction over Air 1st Aviation, a
nonresident defendant. Kostal v. Pinkus Dermatopathology Laboratory, P.C., 357 Ill.
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App. 3d 381, 383, 827 N.E.2d 1031, 1033 (2005). Where, as here, the circuit court
decided the issue of jurisdiction without an evidentiary hearing, we review the court's
decision de novo. Kostal, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 383, 827 N.E.2d at 1034.
In determining whether an Illinois court may assert personal jurisdiction over a
nonresident defendant, we traditionally used a two-prong analysis, evaluating whether
the facts of the case meet the requirements for (1) personal jurisdiction under the Illinois
long-arm statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2002)) and (2) due process under both the
United States and Illinois Constitutions. Rollins v. Ellwood, 141 Ill. 2d 244, 275, 565
N.E.2d 1302, 1314 (1990). The long-arm statute enumerates 14 specific acts upon
which jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant can be exercised. Plaintiffs assert three
of those acts as bases for jurisdiction over Air 1st Aviation: the transaction of any
business within Illinois (section 2-209(a)(1)), the commission of a tortious act within
Illinois (section 2-209(a)(2)) and the making or performance of any contract or promise
substantially connected with Illinois (section 2-209(a)(7)). Plaintiffs also assert that
exercising personal jurisdiction over Air 1st Aviation meets the due process
requirements of both the United States and Illinois Constitutions.
This two-step analysis is, however, no longer necessary. Kostal, 357 Ill. App. 3d
at 386, 827 N.E.2d at 1036. Section 2-209(c) of the long-arm statute, commonly
referred to as a "catch-all provision," extends the scope of the statute to allow a court to
"exercise jurisdiction on any other basis now or hereafter permitted by the Illinois
Constitution and the Constitution of the United States." 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West
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2002); Kostal, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 386, 827 N.E.2d at 1036. Section 2-209(c) is an
independent basis for asserting personal jurisdiction over a defendant. Kostal, 357 Ill.
App. 3d at 386, 827 N.E.2d at 1036. Therefore, where the contacts between an out-of-
state defendant and Illinois plaintiff satisfy both federal and state due process concerns,
the requirements of the long-arm statute have been met and no other inquiry, i.e.,
whether the defendant did any of the acts enumerated in sections 2-209(a) (1) through
(a) (14), is required. Kostal, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 387, 827 N.E.2d at 1036. Because a
difference could exist between federal due process guarantees and Illinois due process
guarantees, we must consider whether the court's exercise of personal jurisdiction
satisfies both the federal and state due process guarantees. Kostal, 357 Ill. App. 3d at
387-88, 827 N.E.2d at 1037, following Rollins, 141 Ill. 2d at 275, 565 N.E.2d at 1316
("[t]he Illinois Constitution contains its own guarantee of due process to all persons (Ill.
Const.1970, art. I, ' 2), a guarantee which stands separate and independent from the
Federal guarantee of due process").
1. Dead-Man's Act
As a preliminary matter, we must consider Air 1st Aviation's argument that the
court erred in not ruling on plaintiffs' motion to bar portions of Robbins' affidavit attached
to Air 1st Aviation's motion to dismiss for violating the Dead-Man's Act (735 ILCS 5/8-
201 (West 2002)). The Dead-Man's Act provides that, when a deceased is a party to a
lawsuit, no adverse or interested party may testify on his or her behalf to any
conversation with the deceased person or to any event that took place in the presence
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of the deceased. 735 ILCS 5/8-201 (West 2002); Moran v. Erickson, 297 Ill. App. 3d
342, 360-61, 696 N.E.2d 780, 792 (1998). The contested evidence concerns Robbins'
averments that White initiated the contact with Air 1st Aviation by calling Air 1st Aviation
in South Carolina regarding the plane; White flew to South Carolina twice to negotiate
the purchase of the plane; all oral and written agreements and negotiations occurred in
South Carolina; and the agreement was signed by White and Robbins in South
Carolina.
During the nonevidentiary hearing on the motion to dismiss, plaintiffs reiterated
their objection to certain portions of Robbins' affidavit and also stated their objections to
Robbins' deposition testimony on the same basis. Air 1st Aviation responded that an
exception to the Dead-Man's Act, section 8-201(a) of the Act, applied because, in
response to the motion to dismiss, plaintiffs submitted affidavits by White's personal
assistant and White office receptionist, each of whom stated that she took telephone
calls to White's office from Robbins and was "unaware of any reason that Zipper
Robbins and Dr. White would correspond other than the purchase and sale of
airplanes." Air 1st Aviation argued that by submission of the affidavits, plaintiffs waived
any Dead-Man's Act objections to Robbins' testimony regarding those conversations.
See In re Estate of Sewart, 274 Ill. App. 3d 298, 306, 652 N.E.2d 1151, 1157 (1995);
Moran, 297 Ill. App. 3d at 361, 696 N.E.2d at 793.
Although the court and the parties discussed the Dead-Man's Act issue, the court
did not rule on the motion to exclude Robbins' testimony. It is the responsibility of the
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party filing a motion to request the trial court to rule on the motion, and when no ruling
has been made on a motion, it is presumed to have been abandoned absent
circumstances indicating otherwise. People v. Flynn, 341 Ill. App. 3d 813, 821-22, 792
N.E.2d 527, 535 (2003). Plaintiffs did not obtain a ruling on the motion to strike portions
of Robbins' affidavit, either during the hearing on the motion to dismiss or during the
court's extensive oral ruling on the motion to dismiss some three weeks later. Where,
as here, a party moves to strike an affidavit, its failure to obtain a ruling on its motion to
strike operates as a waiver of the objections to the affidavit. Woolums v. Huss, 323 Ill.
App. 3d 628, 633, 752 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (2001). Moreover, Dead-Man's Act
objections notwithstanding, the contested evidence is solely relevant to White's contacts
with South Carolina: his initial call to, two trips to, negotiations in and signing of the
contract in South Carolina. Asserting personal jurisdiction is not a contest between two
states, with the "winning" state being the one with the most contacts and thus able to
assert jurisdiction. Viktron Ltd. Partnership v. Program Data Inc., 326 Ill. App. 3d 111,
118, 759 N.E.2d 186, 194 (2001). Conduct that would provide a basis for jurisdiction
over Air 1st Aviation in South Carolina is irrelevant in determining whether jurisdiction
exists in Illinois. Viktron Ltd. Partnership, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 119, 759 N.E.2d at 194.
The proper jurisdictional inquiry focuses on Air 1st Aviation's conduct relative to Illinois,
not South Carolina. Viktron Ltd. Partnership, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 119, 759 N.E.2d at 194.
The circuit court's detailed oral ruling did not rely on any of the contested evidence.
Rather, the court properly focused on White's contacts with Illinois, not South Carolina.
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2. Federal Due Process Standards
Assertion of personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant satisfies federal
due process guarantees so long as the defendant has sufficient "minimum contacts"
with the forum state, such that maintaining an action there comports with " 'traditional
notions of fair play and substantial justice.' " International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326
U.S. 310, 316, 90 L. Ed. 95, 102, 66 S. Ct. 154, 158 (1945), quoting Milliken v. Meyer,
311 U.S. 457, 463, 85 L. Ed. 278, 283, 61 S. Ct. 339, 343 (1940). Those minimum
contacts must involve "some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the
privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and
protections of its laws." Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283, 1298,
78 S. Ct. 1228, 1240 (1958). In order to find sufficient minimum contacts/purposeful
availment, we must look to whether the defendant deliberately reached out and created
continuing obligations between itself and residents of the forum state. Burger King
Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 473, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528, 541, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2182
(1985). The contacts cannot be merely " 'random,' 'fortuitous,' 'attenuated' " or result
from the unilateral actions of a third party. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 475, 85 L.
Ed. 2d at 542, 105 S. Ct. at 2183, quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S.
770, 774, 79 L. Ed. 2d 790, 797, 104 S. Ct. 1473, 1478 (1984). The defendant's
conduct and connections with the forum state must be such that "he should reasonably
anticipate being haled into court there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson,
444 U.S. 286, 297, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490, 501, 100 S. Ct. 559, 567 (1980).
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In addition to establishing the nonresident defendant has sufficient minimum
contacts with the forum state, a plaintiff must also establish that the cause of action
arises out of those contacts and that it is reasonable to require the defendant to litigate
in that state. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 471-78, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 540-44, 105 S. Ct.
at 2181-85.
a. Minimum Contacts
In order to determine whether sufficient minimum contacts exist to support
personal jurisdiction, we do not focus on the mere existence of a contract between the
parties, nor on the place of contracting or of performance. Viktron Ltd. Partnership, 326
Ill. App. 3d at 121, 759 N.E.2d at 196, citing Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 478-79, 85
L. Ed. 2d at 544-45, 105 S. Ct. at 2185. Rather, in assessing whether the defendant
purposely established minimum contacts with the forum state, where, as here, a
contract exists, we focus on prior negotiations and future consequences, as well as on
the terms of the contract and the course of dealing between the parties. Viktron Ltd.
Partnership, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 121, 759 N.E.2d at 196, citing Burger King Corp., 471
U.S. at 479, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 545, 105 S. Ct. at 2185. A defendant has accepted the
privilege of conducting business within the forum state and can reasonably be required
to litigate there if he engaged in significant activities within the forum state or created
continuing obligations with a citizen of that state. Viktron Ltd. Partnership, 326 Ill. App.
3d at 121, 759 N.E.2d at 196, citing Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 475-76, 85 L. Ed. 2d
at 543, 105 S. Ct. at 2184.
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There is no question that Air 1st Aviation created such continuing obligations
here. It created an ongoing business relationship with White, an Illinois resident. It
entered into an agreement with White pursuant to which it agreed to try to sell White's
Cessna and Aerostar planes in order to satisfy White's outstanding balance due under
the agreement. Under the agreement, White continued to be obligated to Air 1st
Aviation for the balance and interest due and Air 1st Aviation continued to be obligated
to sell the planes, tender any offers to White in Illinois and, in the event of an overage in
receipts, pay that overage to White in Illinois. Further, one of the planes, the Aerostar,
was disabled and remained in Illinois pending further action by White to repair and
transport it to South Carolina in satisfaction of his obligation.
Looking to prior negotiations and the course of dealing between the parties, there
is no question that some of those negotiations occurred over the phone between
Robbins in South Carolina and White in Illinois. Robbins testified that he called White in
Illinois regarding the sale of the Mitsubishi. This is verified by the affidavits submitted by
White's assistants, who testified to receiving at least six calls from Robbins to White.
The future consequences of the agreement are clear. Air 1st Aviation remained
tied to White, an Illinois resident, until that resident repaired and transported the
Aerostar, approved the sales of the Cessna and Aerostar and/or paid the amount due
under the agreement by September 1, 2001. In order to retrieve the Aerostar and/or
receive interest or payment under the agreement, Air 1st Aviation necessarily had to
continue dealing with Illinois resident White, calling him in Illinois, submitting offers to
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him in Illinois, paying overages to him in Illinois or receiving the monies from him in
Illinois.
Air 1st Aviation clearly reached into Illinois to reach potential customers for its
planes. Robbins testified that Air 1st Aviation advertised its plane brokerage services in
national magazines, including the Wall Street Journal, Executive Controller and Trade-
A-Plane, and maintained a website accessible to all. Further, here, Air 1st Aviation
purposely reached out to one particular customer in Illinois.
Air 1st Aviation could reasonably expect to be haled into court in Illinois if it
reneged on its agreement or something went wrong with the plane because the
agreement was with an Illinois resident, the Mitsubishi it sold was in Illinois and part of
the collateral for the agreement was still in Illinois. Air 1st Aviation communicated with
White in Illinois before entering into the agreement; knew it was entering into the
agreement with an Illinois resident because the agreement listed White's Illinois
address; knew the Aerostar was still in Illinois; knew it had to submit offers to Illinois;
knew it had to communicate with Illinois to get the balance due under the contract; and
knew an Illinois resident would keep his new plane in Illinois, where he had kept his two
other planes. Despite knowing all this, Air 1st Aviation still chose to enter into a
continuing relationship with an Illinois resident. It purposefully established minimum
contacts with Illinois and it should be no surprise that it is now being sued in Illinois.
b. "Arising Out Of"
An action arises out of a defendant's contacts with a forum state where that
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cause " 'lie[s] in the wake of the commercial activities by which the defendant submitted
to the jurisdiction' of the forum state." West Virginia Laborers Pension Trust Fund v.
Caspersen, 357 Ill. App. 3d 673, 681, 829 N.E.2d 843, 850 (2005), quoting Heritage
House Restaurants, Inc. v. Continental Funding Group, Inc., 906 F.2d 276, 281 (7th Cir.
1990). Plaintiffs' cause of action lies in the wake of Air 1st Aviation's contacts with
Illinois. Plaintiffs charged that Air 1st Aviation breached its duty of care to the Whites
and plaintiffs by negligently selling a defective and unreasonably dangerous aircraft,
selling an aircraft that had not been properly maintained or repaired and failing to
provide adequate instructions regarding the aircraft; Air 1st Aviation was negligent
because the plane was defective, unreasonably dangerous and unfit for its intended
purpose when it left Air 1st Aviation's control; and Air 1st Aviation breached express
and/or implied warranties that the aircraft was airworthy, of merchantable quality, fit and
safe for the purpose for which it was designed, manufactured, serviced and sold and
free from defects; all of which proximately caused the crash that killed the Whites and
injured plaintiffs.
These charges arise out of Air 1st Aviation's sale of the Mitsubishi to an Illinois
resident. It was not coincidental that the Mitsubishi began its fatal flight in Illinois. As
noted above, Air 1st Aviation knew it was selling the plane to an Illinois resident and that
the plane would be housed in Illinois. The sale of the Mitsubishi was partly negotiated in
Illinois and Air 1st Aviation had a continuing business relationship with the Illinois
resident. The sale of the allegedly defective aircraft, failure to provide adequate
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instruction and breach of any warranties are inextricably linked to Air 1st Aviation's sale
of the aircraft to an Illinois resident and its continuing contacts with Illinois.
c. Reasonableness
Five factors guide the inquiry into whether it is reasonable to require a
nonresident defendant to litigate in the forum state: (1) the burden on the defendant to
defend the action in the forum state; (2) the forum state's interest in adjudicating the
dispute; (3) the plaintiff's interest in obtaining effective relief; (4) the interstate judicial
system's interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of the action; (5) the shared
interests of the several states in advancing fundamental social policies. Viktron Ltd.
Partnership, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 123, 759 N.E.2d at 198, citing World-Wide Volkswagen
Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 292, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490, 498, 100 S. Ct. 559, 564
(1980). Once a plaintiff has established that the defendant purposely directed his
activities at the forum state, the defendant must present a compelling case that litigating
the dispute there would be unreasonable. Viktron Ltd. Partnership, 326 Ill. App. 3d at
123, 759 N.E.2d at 198, citing Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 477, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 544,
105 S. Ct. at 2184-85. Plaintiffs have shown that Air 1st Aviation purposely directed its
brokerage activities to Illinois and entered into a sale and continuing business
relationship with an Illinois resident. Air 1st Aviation, therefore, must show that litigating
this action arising out of that sale and relationship in Illinois would be unreasonable.
First, Air 1st Aviation has not shown that it would be unduly burdensome to
defend in Illinois. It may be inconvenient for Robbins to leave "his small operation," but
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that does not make it burdensome. Second, Illinois obviously has a strong interest in
providing its citizens with a convenient forum to litigate. The fact that previous litigation
regarding the agreement and construction of its terms has taken place in South Carolina
has little bearing on whether Illinois has an interest in adjudicating the dispute. The
existence of the agreement and any payments due thereunder are no longer contested.
The instant action concerns entirely different issues regarding product liability, breach
of warranty and negligence. Similarly, with regard to the third factor, plaintiffs' interest in
obtaining effective relief in Illinois is not impacted by the fact that an entirely different
matter, payment due under the agreement, was adjudicated in South Carolina. Any
damages plaintiffs sustained were sustained in Illinois, not South Carolina.
Lastly, Air 1st Aviation advances no compelling argument regarding factors four
and five, that litigating in South Carolina would best serve the interstate judicial system's
interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of the action or the shared interests of
the several states in advancing fundamental social policies. Air 1st Aviation posits that,
because the agreement has been adjudicated in South Carolina with counsel from both
sides already familiar with the case, it would be efficient for plaintiffs to litigate against
Air 1st Aviation in South Carolina while continuing to litigate against the other
defendants in Illinois. Since a different issue was litigated in South Carolina and
requiring plaintiffs here to litigate in two forums would result in inefficient, duplicative
litigation, Air 1st Aviation's argument fails.
In sum, Air 1st Aviation has sufficient "minimum contacts" with Illinois, plaintiffs'
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cause of action arises out of those contacts and it is reasonable to require Air 1st
Aviation to defend in Illinois such that maintaining an action against Air 1st Aviation in
Illinois comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice under the
federal due process standards.
3. Illinois Due Process Standards
For many of the same reasons that asserting personal jurisdiction over Air 1st
Aviation in Illinois would not offend federal due process guarantees, Illinois due process
guarantees are satisfied. Under the Illinois Constitution's guarantee of due process,
"[j]urisdiction is to be asserted only when it is fair, just, and reasonable to require a
nonresident defendant to defend an action in Illinois, considering the quality and nature
of the defendant's acts which occur in Illinois or which affect interests located in Illinois."
Rollins, 141 Ill. 2d at 275, 565 N.E.2d at 1316. Air 1st Aviation's acts in Illinois, its
national advertising and its entering into an agreement and ongoing relationship with
and supplying a plane to an Illinois citizen affected many Illinois interests, including the
health and safety of that citizen and his wife, the well-being of his children and the
safety of Illinois aircraft and air traffic. It was entirely foreseeable that if an injury
happened to White or his family as a result of his purchase of the plane from Air 1st
Aviation, that injury would primarily be felt in Illinois. It is, therefore, fair, just and
reasonable to require Air 1st Aviation to defend a wrongful death and survival action in
Illinois.
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the decision of the circuit court denying
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Air 1st Aviation's motion to dismiss this cause for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Affirmed. HOFFMAN, P.J., and ERICKSON, J., concur.
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