[J-67A-2014, J-67B-2014 and J-67C-2014] [MO: Eakin, J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 47 EAP 2013
:
Appellant : Appeal from the judgment of the Superior
: Court entered on 05/15/2012 at No. 1268
: EDA 2011, reargument denied
v. : 07/18/2012, vacating and remanding the
: judgment of sentence entered on
: 05/06/2011, in the Philadelphia Municipal
KATRINA MOODY, : Court, Criminal Division at No. MC-51-MD-
: 0000083-2011.
Appellee :
: ARGUED: September 9, 2014
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 48 EAP 2013
:
Appellant : Appeal from the judgment of the Superior
: Court entered on 05/15/2012 at No. 1310
: EDA 2011, reargument denied
v. : 07/18/2012, vacating and remanding the
: judgment of sentence entered on
: 05/06/2011, in the Philadelphia Municipal
BARBARA IVERY, : Court, Criminal Division at No. MC-51-MD-
: 0000085-2011.
Appellee :
: ARGUED: September 9, 2014
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 49 EAP 2013
:
Appellant : Appeal from the judgment of the Superior
: Court entered on 05/15/2012 at No. 1316
: EDA 2011, reargument denied
v. : 07/18/2012, vacating and remanding the
: judgment of sentence entered on
: 05/06/2011, in the Philadelphia Municipal
BERNADETTE ARCHIE, : Court, Criminal Division at No. MC-51-MD-
: 0000084-2011.
Appellee :
: ARGUED: September 9, 2014
CONCURRING OPINION
MR. JUSTICE BAER DECIDED: October 27, 2015
I join the Majority Opinion in its entirety. I agree that when misconduct occurs
within the immediate view of the court, it is under no obligation to place on the record
what it actually saw or heard regarding the contemptuous conduct as part of a summary
proceeding that dispenses with the normal due process requirements, such as affording
the accused counsel and an opportunity to call and cross-examine witnesses. I also
agree with the majority’s cogent observation that “[w]here testimony is required for the
court to determine what happened before it can make a finding of contempt, a different
scenario presents itself.” See Majority Opinion at 21. I write separately to address the
language on page 17 of the Majority Opinion suggesting that direct criminal contempt
may be employed when the offending conduct occurs outside the view of the presiding
judge.
While longstanding precedent confirms the power of courts to dispense with
normal due process requirements, such as the right to counsel and the right to offer
evidence, and impose summary punishment for direct contempts of court, the summary
contempt power is nonetheless narrowly limited. Specifically, as explained by the
United States Supreme Court, the summary contempt power is confined to instances of
misconduct that occur “in open court, in the presence of the judge, which disturb[] the
court’s business, where all of the essential elements of the misconduct are under the
eye of the court, are actually observed by the court, and where immediate punishment
is essential to prevent ‘demoralization of the court’s authority’ before the public.”
Pounders v. Watson, 521 U.S. 982, 988 (1997) (quoting In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 275
(1948)) (citations omitted). Elsewhere, the United States Supreme Court has stated
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that “[w]here the contempt is committed directly under the eye or within the view of the
court, it may proceed ‘upon its own knowledge of the facts, and punish the offender,
without further proof, and without issue or trial in any form’,” but “in cases of
misbehavior of which the judge cannot have such personal knowledge, and is informed
thereof only by the confession of the party, or by the testimony under oath of others, the
proper practice is . . . to require the offender to appear and show cause why he should
not be punished.” Cooke v. U.S., 267 U.S. 517, 535 (1925) (quoting Ex parte Savin,
131 U.S. 267, 277 (1889)) (citations omitted). Therefore, when the offense is not
observed and is indirect, such that the trial judge must depend upon statements made
by others for his knowledge about the essential elements of the alleged misconduct,
due process requires that the accused “be advised of the charges against him, have a
reasonable opportunity to meet them by way of defense or explanation, have the right to
be represented by counsel, and have a chance to testify and call other witnesses in his
behalf.” In re Oliver, 333 U.S. at 275.
Consonant with United States Supreme Court caselaw, 42 Pa.C.S. § 4132 limits,
in part, the power of courts in the Commonwealth to impose summary punishments for
contemptuous conduct to cases where a person misbehaves “in the presence of the
court, thereby obstructing the administration of justice.” As this Court has explained
“[m]isconduct occurs in the presence of the court if the court itself witnesses the conduct
. . . .” Commonwealth v. Garrison, 386 A.2d 971, 979 (Pa. 1978) (citing United States v.
Wilson, 421 U.S. 309, 315 n.6 (1975)).1 The implication is that the court itself either
1
Garrison also holds that there can be direct criminal contempt “if the conduct
occurs outside the courtroom but so near thereto that it obstructs the administration of
justice.” Id. This language, in my view, is ill-considered and more confusing than
helpful when one is determining whether an incident should be subject to summary
direct criminal contempt or indirect criminal contempt procedures with far more due
(Kcontinued)
[J-67A-2014, J-67B-2014 and J-67C-2014] [MO: Eakin, J.] - 3
saw or heard misconduct that disrupted the administration of justice, and therefore is
justified in dispensing with normal due process requirements in order to vindicate the
court’s authority and dignity.
This Court’s decision in Falana, which the majority cites at length, illustrates the
principles set forth above. See 696 A.2d 126. In Falana, the contemnor threatened the
victim as he was being escorted out of the courtroom and while the judge was on the
bench. Id. at 127-28. Because the misconduct occurred in open court, one would
presume that the judge saw and heard the misconduct, and there would be no need for
the court to prove its understanding of the facts. However, in Falana, the trial judge did
not hear the threatening statement. Id. at 129. The judge, therefore, appropriately
called witnesses, afforded the accused an opportunity to put on evidence, and permitted
the accused to avail himself of legal representation, indicating that his lack of knowledge
properly made the matter one of indirect rather than direct criminal contempt. Id. at 128.
By way of contrast, there is no question that in the present matter the trial judge
was entitled to dispense with normal due process requirements and conduct a summary
proceeding for direct criminal contempt for the purpose of restoring order in the
(continuedK)
process trappings. To the extent Garrison holds that the conduct was sufficiently close
to the judge to allow him to observe what occurred, it is consistent with the body of
caselaw regarding direct criminal contempt. To the extent it could be interpreted to hold
that conduct occurring outside the presence of the judge but adjacent to where he is
situated can also lead to direct criminal contempt, I believe the case should be
explained and narrowed. The gravamen of the distinction between direct and indirect
criminal contempt is quite simply whether the contempt occurs in the direct presence of
the judge ‒ whether he actually saw or heard the contemptuous conduct ‒ regardless of
the proximity of the conduct to the judge. This is exemplified by the explanation of
Commonwealth v. Falana, 696 A.2d 126 (Pa. 1997) in the body of this opinion, which I
believe was correctly decided.
[J-67A-2014, J-67B-2014 and J-67C-2014] [MO: Eakin, J.] - 4
courtroom and to vindicate the authority and dignity of the court. As the Majority
Opinion notes, the brawl involving Appellees and the defendant’s mother occurred in the
gallery of the courtroom within the immediate view of the bench. Moreover, the trial
judge, both during the summary proceeding and again in his Rule 1925(a) opinion,
affirmed that he observed the belligerent conduct. Because the misconduct at issue
occurred in the view of the judge, I agree with the majority’s assessment that a
summary proceeding for direct criminal contempt was proper in this instance. If,
however, the brawl had occurred beyond the observation of the court such that the trial
judge would have necessarily depended on the testimony of others to ascertain the
essential elements of the alleged misconduct, the facts would have instead warranted a
charge of indirect criminal contempt and the usual due process requirements would
have applied. See Crozer-Chester Med. Ctr. v. Moran, 560 A.2d 133, 136 (Pa. 1989)
(distinguishing between direct and indirect contempts).
Mr. Justice Stevens joins this concurring opinion.
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