Filed 10/28/15 In re Z.M. CA4/1
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
In re Z.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
D068187
SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,
(Super. Ct. No. J518307, J518307B)
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
ALFREDO M.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Edlene C.
McKenzie, Commissioner. Affirmed.
Katherine A. Clark, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Phillips, Chief Deputy County
Counsel, and Daniela Davidian, Deputy County Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Alfredo M. (Father) appeals an order terminating parental rights over his
biological daughter, Z.M. (Child). Father contends, and San Diego County Health and
Human Services Agency (the Agency) concedes, that during the course of proceedings,
the Agency and juvenile court did not fully comply with California Rules of Court1
concerning duties to inquire into Father's Indian status. (Rule 5.481(a); Welf. & Inst.
Code,2 § 224.3, subd. (a).) The inquiries are relevant to determining whether notice of
the proceedings must be given to an Indian child's tribe under the Indian Child Welfare
Act (ICWA). The sole issue on appeal is whether the lack of adequate inquiry constituted
harmless error. We conclude any error was harmless and affirm. Because substantial
evidence supports that Child is not an Indian child, any lack of inquiry was not
prejudicial.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Father and Child's mother (Mother) have an extensive history of substance abuse
as well as domestic violence. In a dependency case filed in San Diego Superior Court
concerning Child's older sibling, D.M. (Sibling), Father and Mother's parental rights were
terminated in August 2013 (Sibling's Case). In Sibling's Case, both Father and Mother
had completed forms entitled Parentage Inquiry and Parental Notification of Indian
Status, in which each declared under penalty of perjury that he or she had no known
1 All further rule references are to the California Rules of Court unless otherwise
indicated.
2 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise stated.
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Indian ancestry or American Indian heritage. These documents are part of the augmented
appellate record in this case.
In October 2013, infant Child was detained. Mother had used drugs while
pregnant with Child. The Agency's detention report reflects that Mother was asked if she
had any Indian heritage, and she denied it for herself and Father. The detention report
further references Sibling's Case and a court's finding that the ICWA did not apply in that
case. Mother also filed Parentage Inquiry and Parental Notification of Indian Status
forms, in which she denied Indian ancestry for herself and Father. At the detention
hearing, the court deferred making ICWA findings.
In December 2013, the court took dependency jurisdiction, made true findings on
section 300, subdivision (b) allegations, and then terminated its jurisdiction pursuant to
the parties' settlement agreement.
In April 2014, the Agency filed a second petition, alleging that Mother had
relapsed again, failed to routinely participate in a substance abuse treatment plan, and
was homeless at the time. On an Indian Child Inquiry form, which reflected that Mother
(but not Father) had been questioned, a social worker had marked the box: "The child
may have Indian ancestry." The same social worker's detention report indicated Mother
had been questioned, and Mother stated that neither she nor Father had any Indian
heritage. At the detention hearing on the second petition, the court "confirm[ed]" its prior
finding that the ICWA did not apply. At the disposition hearing, the court found that
notice under the ICWA was not required because it "knows the child is not an Indian
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child." These findings were repeated throughout several proceedings, including at the
contested section 366.26 hearing in 2015 when parental rights were terminated.
A paternity test verified that Father was Child's biological father. Father was
incarcerated during Child's dependency case, and there is no indication that the Agency
or court attempted to make, or made, direct inquiries of him regarding potential Indian
ancestry. The Agency had, however, presented the court with documents from Sibling's
Case file showing that Sibling, who shared the same biological parents, had been found
"not an Indian child."
DISCUSSION
Father argues the juvenile court erred by finding that the ICWA did not apply. His
argument is based on the conceded point that neither the Agency nor court strictly
complied with rule 5.481(a), regarding their affirmative and continuing duty to inquire
whether Child is or may be an Indian child. The Agency contends that any error was
harmless. We agree with the Agency.
If a court fails to ask a parent about his or her Indian heritage, reversal of an order
is not warranted "when the court's noncompliance with the inquiry requirement
constitutes harmless error." (In re A.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 832, 839.) The
circumstances in this case are remarkably similar to those in In re A.B. There, the
augmented record showed that the dependent child's biological parent had denied any
Indian heritage in a different case concerning the child's sibling. (Id. at p. 843.) While
not minimizing the importance of making statutory and rule-based inquiries, the court
held that the lack of inquiry in A.B.'s case was not prejudicial. (Ibid.)
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Here, the record does not show that Father was informed of the requirement, or
ordered, to complete a Parental Notification of Indian Status form (ICWA-020). (Rule
5.481(a)(2) & (a)(3).) Apparently no direct inquiries were made of him regarding his
potential Indian heritage. Nevertheless, like in In re A.B., reversal and remand for a
proper inquiry is not warranted. Substantial evidence supports the court's finding that
Child was not an Indian child.
"[T]o be an Indian child, a child must be either (1) a member of an Indian tribe, or
(2) both eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and the biological child of a member
of an Indian tribe. (25 U.S.C.1903(4).)" (In re S.B. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1162;
original italics.)
On Father's motion to augment, judicially noticeable documents from Sibling's
Case became part of the record on appeal. These documents show that Father—Child's
biological parent—denied having any Indian ancestry. Mother repeatedly attested that
she has no Indian ancestry. There is no evidence at all that either parent was a member of
an Indian tribe. Although a social worker indicated that Child "may have Indian
ancestry," this was due to the social worker's inability to contact Father, who was in
prison and unavailable. As we know, Father had already declared in Sibling's Case that
he had no American Indian heritage. The court was also aware that Sibling, born from
the same biological parents, was found not to be an Indian child.
Accordingly, even if there was a lack of adequate inquiry as to Father's potential
Indian heritage, the error was not prejudicial.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HUFFMAN, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
HALLER, J.
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